Isolated splenic metastasis from colorectal cancer

Splenic metastases are unusual, arising in less than 1% of all metastases. Isolated solitary splenic metastasis from colorectal carcinoma is considered exceptional. This rarity has been explained by several hypotheses relating to the anatomical, histological, and immunological features of the spleen. We review the reported cases of isolated solitary splenic metastasis from colorectal carcinoma and discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic options for this entity. We searched the English-language medical literature, using the Medline and Pubmed databases from January 1966 through July 2010, for articles reporting isolated splenic metastasis from colorectal carcinoma. Only 26 cases have been reported; four cases had synchronous splenic metastasis. Fifteen patients had regional lymph node involvement on diagnosis of primary carcinoma. The primary tumor was located in the left colon or in the rectum in 18 cases. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level was elevated in 73% of cases. All patients underwent curative splenectomy; only one patient had laparoscopic resection of the spleen. Mean reported survival interval was 19.5 months; only three patients were deceased at last follow-up. Solitary splenic metastasis from colorectal carcinoma is very rare; clinicians are advised to pay close attention when routinely evaluating patients with serial CEA levels and abdominal scans. Splenectomy seems to be the preferred treatment modality with improvement of long-term survival. However, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn from the small number of case reports available.     

Isolated splenic metastasis from colon cancer

Solid-tumor metastases of the spleen are rare and usually associated with disseminated disease. There are only seven reports in literature of isolated splenic metastases from colorectal carcinoma, which generally metastasize to regional lymphonodes, liver and abdominal peritoneum. We report a case of isolated splenic metastasis in a 55-year-old woman who had undergone left hemicolectomy, lymphadenectomy and chemotherapy 18 months earlier for adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon with positive pericolic and inter-aortocaval lymphonodes. This is the eighth documented case of isolated splenic metastasis from colon cancer. Previously reported cases of this type are reviewed along with the mechanism underlying neoplastic spread to the spleen.     

Two cases with atypical metastasis in colorectal cancer: splenic and renal metastasis

Atypical metastasis, such as splenic and renal metastasis is rare in colorectal cancer. There have been case reports of colorectal cancer patients with isolated splenic metastasis, even after years of surgery in the literature. AIM: To report two colorectal cancer cases with atypical metastasis. RESULTS: The first patient was a 58-year old man who had isolated splenic metastasis after 20 months of surgery. The other one was a 51-year old male patient with both lung and renal metastasis at rectal cancer diagnosis. Splenic and renal metastases have been histopathologically documented in both of them. The first patient was given chemotherapy after splenectomy. The other one had also multiple lung metastases besides renal metastasis. He received palliative chemotherapy.     

Impact of splenic node dissection on short-term outcome and survival following esophagectomy

Background

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of splenic node dissection on short-term outcomes and survival after esophagectomy in patients with thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

卵巢透明细胞癌脾脏转移并文献回顾

目的:探讨卵巢透明细胞癌脾脏转移的临床特点和治疗策略。方法:报告1例卵巢透明细胞癌脾脏转移的详细临床资料,并进行系统文献回顾。结果:卵巢癌出现脾脏转移以浆液性乳头状囊腺癌多见,卵巢透明细胞癌发生脾脏转移极为罕见。卵巢癌出现脾脏转移时间多在卵巢癌术后,少数出现于首次就诊时,多数表现为同时多发性的大网膜及盆腔转移,个别患者可表现为孤立性脾转移病灶。结论:卵巢癌脾脏转移诊断的确立需要结合肿瘤标志、影像学资料和组织病理;治疗方面需采取综合手段,应在准确评估病情的前提下,及时行减瘤术和脾切除术,以提高患者生存质量。     

卵巢透明细胞癌脾脏转移并文献回顾

目的：探讨卵巢透明细胞癌脾脏转移的临床特点和治疗策略。方法：报告1例卵巢透明细胞癌脾脏转移的详细临床资料,并进行系统文献回顾。结果：卵巢癌出现脾脏转移以浆液性乳头状囊腺癌多见,卵巢透明细胞癌发生脾脏转移极为罕见。卵巢癌出现脾脏转移时间多在卵巢癌术后,少数出现于首次就诊时,多数表现为同时多发性的大网膜及盆腔转移,个别患者可表现为孤立性脾转移病灶。结论：卵巢癌脾脏转移诊断的确立需要结合肿瘤标志、影像学资料和组织病理;治疗方面需采取综合手段,应在准确评估病情的前提下,及时行减瘤术和脾切除术,以提高患者生存质量。     

Isolated splenic metastasis from a thymic carcinoma: A case report

Thymic carcinomas are rare tumors that arise in the anterior mediastinum. Most of these malignancies develop local metastases limited in the thorax. Splenic metastases from thymic carcinomas are extremely rare. Here we report a case of isolated splenic metastasis from a 38-year-old female patient with Stage IV thymic carcinoma, who was treated with chemoradiotherapy. At twenty-2 months follow-up, the patient was found to have an isolated spleen metastasis, which was treated by Cyberknife with a reduced size of the metastasis, representing a partial response. Although splenic metastasis is a rare phenomenon, physicians need to be aware of the possibility of such metastases.     

Unusual metastasis in colorectal cancer

Metastasis from colorectal carcinoma occurs by either lymphatic or hematogenous spread. The most common sites of colorectal metastasis are the liver and lung. Involvement of the skin, muscles and bones are quite rare. The prognosis in such patients is usually poor. Herewith, we are reporting a case of colonic carcinoma who had cutaneous metastasis, muscular involvement and diffuse skeletal metastasis. At the end, she had brain metastasis, but liver and lung involvement was not observed till the end.     

Solitary splenic metastasis: case report and review of the literature

Solitary splenic lesion is a rare presentation of a previous or current malignancy. We describe a case of an isolated splenic lesion caused by endometrial carcinoma and summarize all the published reports on solitary splenic metastasis.     

Gastrointestinal (GI) leiomyosarcoma (LMS) case series and review on diagnosis,management, and prognosis

This review of 76 gastrointestinal (GI) leiomyosarcoma (LMS) cases that include 11 cases from the American University of Beirut Medical Center represents, to our knowledge, the largest number of combined GI LMS cases reported. The age range of GI LMS is variable, and the presentation is non-specific, making pathological diagnosis essential. LMSs usually lack CD117 and CD 34 mutations and are usually positive for smooth muscle cell markers. The review highlights surgery as the mainstay of treatment with negative margins attained most of the times. Adjuvant chemotherapy is used in around 7–27 % of the cases mainly for small intestinal and colorectal LMS. The relatively small number of patients is a limitation on outcome analysis. However, LMS has a risk of recurrence reaching 39–80 % and secondary metastasis reaching 55–71 % in small intestinal and colorectal cases. In light of the high frequency of recurrence and metastasis, enrolling patients in clinical randomized trials to investigate the role of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy is required for better control of this rare aggressive GI tumor.     

Isolated splenic metastasis from colon cancer. Report of a case

Isolated splenic metastasis is an uncommon event, except in the case of secondary involvement by lymphoma. The most common sites of metastases of colorectal cancer are the regional lymph nodes, liver and peritoneum; lung and bone are rarely involved, the spleen exceptionally. In this paper we report a case of metachronous isolated splenic metastasis of transverse colon cancer in an 80-year-old woman who was successfully treated by splenectomy. The peculiar clinical-pathological aspects of this kind of metastasis are discussed on the basis of our clinical observation and a review is presented of similar cases reported in the literature. Only 14 reported cases of isolated splenic metastasis from colorectal cancer were found in Medline.     

Comparison of the chemosensitivity of the primary lesion and a pancreatic metastasis of colon cancer: a case report

Pancreatic metastasis from colorectal cancer is rare, and accounts for less than 2% of all pancreatic metastases. There have been no studies that have reported the differences in the sensitivity to chemotherapy between the primary lesion and the pancreatic metastasis in colorectal cancer. We experienced a rare example of pancreatic metastasis from colorectal cancer, and report here the difference in the sensitivity to the antitumor drug. A 68-year-old female underwent colectomy for rectal carcinoma with a mass in the pancreatic tail and the liver. The patient also underwent a distal pancreatectomy and a segmental liver resection at the same time. v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) and tumor protein 53 (TP53) gene mutation analyses, in addition to the histopathological examinations, revealed tumors of the liver and the pancreatic tail as being metastases from the primary carcinoma. We employed a collagen gel droplet-embedded culture drug sensitivity test for both the primary lesion and the pancreatic metastasis. The sensitivity to oxaliplatin and FOLFOX (5-flurouracil, folinic acid and oxaliplatin) were lower in the pancreatic metastasis compared to the primary lesion. In conclusion, pancreatic metastasis from colorectal malignancy is rare, and the present results suggest that there are potential differences in the sensitivity to chemotherapy between the primary colorectal tumor and its pancreatic metastasis.     

Effects of initial disease status on lymph flow following gastrectomy in cases of carcinoma in the remnant stomach

Purpose

In cases of carcinoma in the remnant stomach (CRS), the lymphatic flow may be altered by the initial surgery. In this study of CRS after gastrectomy, we investigated how the regions of lymph node metastasis and changes in lymphatic flow depend on initial disease status.

Method

The study included 76 patients with CRS who underwent gastrectomy between September 2002 and November 2014. We analyzed and compared the clinicopathological factors and survival periods between patients after distal gastrectomy for malignant disease (group M, 33 patients) and patients after distal gastrectomy for benign disease (group B, 43 patients).

Results

The depth of tumor invasion was more advanced in group B (T1/T2/T3/T4: group M 18/1/7/7, group B 8/11/8/16; P = 0.002). However, the degree of lymph node metastasis did not differ significantly between the two groups. The incidence of lymph node metastasis was high at stations 2 (19 %), 4sa (17 %), 10 (25 %), 11p (19 %), and 11d (27 %) in group M and 1 (14 %), 3 (23 %), and 4sb (15 %), and the mesojejunal lymph node (21 %) in group B. Lymph node dissection was highly beneficial at station 3, station 7, and the mesojejunum in both groups, but not at stations 10 or 11d.

Conclusion

As compared with group B, group M showed higher incidences of lymph node metastasis in the greater curvature, splenic hilum, and lymph nodes along the splenic artery, suggesting the predominance of lymphatic flows from the greater curvature to the splenic hilum and from the remnant stomach to the splenic artery.

     

Clinical Analysis of Primary Colorectal Signet-Ring Cell Carcinoma

The objective of the study was to investigate the clinicopathological features of primary colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and survival data of 37 patients with primary colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma. The mean survival time of patients in stage II, III, and IV were estimated using Student t test and the cumulative survival rates were estimated according to the method of Kaplan–Meier. The significance of the differences in survival rates were calculated using the log rank test. The incidence of primary colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma was 1.40%, the median age of 37 patients was 50 years, the male to female ratio was 1.47:1, and 21 patients (56.8%) received a radical resection. Most patients 33 (89.2%) had an advanced tumor stage at the time of diagnosis (17 patients 45.9% stage III and 16 patients 43.2% stage IV), 34 (94.5%) patients showed a tumor depth of >T3, lymph node involvement occurred in 26 patients (70.3%), patients had a high incidence of peritoneal metastasis (16 patients 43.2% at presentation, 30 patients 81.1% at presentation and recurrence) and a low incidence of liver metastases (1 patients 2.7% at presentation, 5 patients 13.5% at presentation and recurrence). The 5-year survival rate after the initial surgery was 10.8%, the mean survival time of 37 patients was 27.1 ± 3.3 months, the mean survival time of patients in stage II, III, and IV were 47.0 ± 12.8 months, 37.1 ± 3.9 months, and 10.5 ± 1.4 months, respectively (P < .000). Colorectal signet-ring cell carcinoma is a rare neoplasm with a predominance in men. Its characteristic features were the advanced stage at the time of diagnosis, a high incidence of peritoneal metastases, a low incidence of liver metastasis, and a poor prognosis.     

Splenic infarct as a diagnostic pitfall in radiology

Follow-up of colorectal carcinoma after therapy is based on symptoms, tumor markers, and imaging studies. Clinicians sometimes face diagnostic dilemmas because of unusual presentations on the imaging modalities coupled with rising serum markers. We report a case of colorectal carcinoma that presented with gastrointestinal symptoms 14 months after completion of treatment. Investigations showed rise in carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Suspecting disease recurrence, complete radioimaging workup was performed; the only abnormality detected was a smooth, hypodense area in the posterior third of the spleen on contrast-enhanced computed tomography abdomen. In view of the previous diagnosis of carcinoma colon, the symptoms reported by the patient, the elevated CEA, and the atypical CECT appearance, a diagnosis of splenic metastasis was made. The patient was subjected to splenectomy as a curative treatment. However, the histopathological report revealed it to be a splenic infarct. The present case reemphasizes the limitations of radiological studies in the follow-up of carcinoma colon.     

乙酰肝素酶与大肠癌浸润、转移和血管生成的相关性

 目的 探讨乙酰肝素酶与大肠癌浸润、转移和血管生成之间的关系。方法 应用原位杂交方法检测乙酰肝素酶mRNA在95例大肠癌组织中的定位及表达。并用免疫组化方法对全部标本进行CDl05染色，记数肿瘤微血管密度（microvessel density，MVD），分析乙酰肝素酶mRNA表达与大肠癌浸润、转移和MVD之间的关系。结果 95例大肠癌组织中，乙酰肝素酶mRNA阳性表达49例（51．57％），MVD平均值为（72．1±20．6）；阴性表达46例（48．42％），MVD平均值为（41．3±12．4），差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。乙酰肝素酶tuRNA表达与大肠癌组织浸润深度、淋巴结转移及MVD有关（P〈0．05）。结论 乙酰肝素酶可促进大肠癌的浸润、转移和血管生成，可作为反映大肠癌生物学行为的客观指标。     

Clinical significance of splenectomy for colorectal cancer metastases to the spleen

Background. The value of splenectomy for secondary splenic tumors remains unclear. The aim of this study was to disclose the clinical significance of splenectomy for colorectal cancer metastases to the spleen by reviewing our two patients and the 24 other patients reported thus far. Methods. We report two patients with splenic metastasis from colonic cancer. A review of 26 cases, including ours, was conducted. Results. One of our patients had isolated splenic metastasis and is alive with no evidence of disease 14 months after splenectomy, while the other had non-isolated splenic metastasis and died of disseminated disease 17 months after splenectomy. In the 26 patients overall, the outcome of those with isolated splenic metastasis (n = 20) was significantly better than that for those with non-isolated splenic metastasis (n = 6; P = 0.05). There were three long-term (more than 3 years) survivors; all three were patients with isolated splenic metastasis, with the longest survival being 110 months. Patients with mucinous carcinoma showed a better survival rate than patients with other histological types (P = 0.08). In patients with isolated metastasis, metastases after splenectomy occurred in the peritoneum (n = 3), liver (n = 1), and lung (n = 1) within 2 years. Conclusions. Splenectomy may provide long-term survival for patients with isolated colorectal cancer metastasis to the spleen. The mucinous variant may be a favorable prognostic factor after splenectomy. Recurrence after splenectomy is likely to occur within 2 years, mainly in the peritoneum. Received: April 7, 1999 / Accepted: January 17, 2000     

Lymphatic invasion identified with D2-40 immunostaining as a risk factor of nodal metastasis in T1 colorectal cancer

Background

The management of T1 colorectal cancer after local resection is controversial. Regional lymph node metastasis often occurs, requiring subsequent colonic resection. The aim of this study was to reevaluate the risk factors of nodal metastasis of T1 colorectal cancer, especially to examine lymphatic vessel invasion in serially prepared hematoxylin and eosin sections and D2-40 immunostained sections to determine which is a better indicator of lymph node metastasis of T1 colorectal cancer.

Methods

The study investigated 120 patients who underwent bowel resection and were histologically diagnosed to have T1 colorectal cancer in Kanagawa Cancer Center Hospital from 1995 to 2005. Serially prepared paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, or immunostained with D2-40 antibody or von Willebrand factor, and reevaluated for lymphatic vessel invasion and other risk factors, including venous invasion, histological grade, depth of submucosal invasion, and budding.

Results

Lymphatic invasion diagnosed with either hematoxylin and eosin staining (p = 0.022), or D2-40 immunostaining (p = 0.001), and budding (p = 0.013) were significant risk factors for lymph node metastasis in the univariate analysis. Venous involvement, histological grade, or depth of submucosal invasion was not significant. The multivariate logistic regression analysis for the three risk factors found lymphatic invasion diagnosed with D2-40 as an independent risk factor (odds ratio 6.048, p = 0.018, CI 1.360–26.89). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 58 %, 88 %, 35 %, and 95 %, respectively.

Conclusions

Lymphatic vessel invasion diagnosed with D2-40 was a better indicator to evaluate the risk for lymph node metastasis by T1 colorectal cancer.     

Prognostic scoring system for stage IV colorectal cancer: is the AJCC sub-classification of stage IV colorectal cancer appropriate?

Background

Stage IV colorectal cancer encompasses various clinical conditions. The aim of this study was to validate the utility of the recent AJCC stage IV colorectal cancer sub-classification, and to establish a prognostic scoring system using independent factors.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis using data from the multicenter registry. Factors affecting the curative resection and prognosis were analyzed in patients with stage IV colorectal cancer.

Results

Of the 60,176 patients who received surgery for colorectal cancer, 9,624 (16.0 %) were classified as stage IV. The prognoses of patients with peritoneum-only metastasis were superior to those of patients with a stage IVB (P < 0.0001). Of the 11 independent prognostic factors identified, eight with a hazard ratio greater than 1.3 (depth of tumor invasion, regional lymph node metastasis, histologic grade, liver metastasis, lung metastasis, distant lymph node metastasis, peritoneal metastasis, and curative resection) were used in the prognostic scoring system. The scoring system gave one or two points for the presence of each prognosis risk factor, resulting in a total score ranging from 0 to 9. The 5-year overall survival rates of patients with a total score of 0–2, 3, 4, 5, and 6–9 were 50.4, 30.4, 17.7, 7.7, and 4.0 %, respectively (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Although the AJCC staging for patients with stage IV colorectal cancer reflected the prognosis, patients with peritoneum-only metastases should be classified as stage IVA. The prognostic scoring system using eight independent factors is useful in predicting the survival of patients with stage IV colorectal cancer.     

Outcomes of surgery without HIPEC for synchronous peritoneal metastasis from colorectal cancer: data from a multi-center registry

Background

Preoperative detection of small peritoneal metastases is difficult, and a convenient method is required to decide the nature of procedures subsequent to initial exploratory surgery. The aim of this study was to validate the Japanese classification of peritoneal metastasis from colorectal cancer.

Methods

This retrospective study analyzes data from a multi-center registry. Factors affecting the extent of peritoneal metastasis, macroscopic radical resection and prognosis were analyzed using data from patients with colorectal cancer and synchronous peritoneal metastasis. Peritoneal metastasis was classified depending on extent into three groups (P1–P3).

Results

Among 60,176 patients with colorectal surgery, 3,075 (5.1 %) had synchronous peritoneal metastasis. Tumor location on the right side (P < 0.0001), histological grade (P = 0.0014) and distant metastasis (P < 0.0001) were associated with the extent of peritoneal metastasis. Gender (P = 0.041), lymph node metastasis (P < 0.0001), distant metastasis (P < 0.0001), extent of peritoneal metastasis according to the present classification (P < 0.0001) and the period when the patient underwent the operation (operative period; P < 0.0001) were independently associated with macroscopic radical resection. Cox proportional hazards model disclosed that gender (P = 0.0046), tumor location (P = 0.032), age (P = 0.048), histological grade (P < 0.0001), lymph node metastasis (P < 0.0001), distant metastasis (P < 0.0001), extent of peritoneal metastasis (P < 0.0001), and macroscopic radical resection (P < 0.0001) were independent prognostic factors.

Conclusions

Macroscopic radical resection was an independent prognostic factor even without hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. The referral of patients without distant metastasis to centers with experienced peritoneal surgeons might be a potential option if the peritoneal metastasis is unresectable in general hospitals.