垂直距离减小和下颌后移对颞下颌关节的创伤分析

目的咬合因素作为颞下颌关节紊乱(TMD)发病的重要因素,目前其致病机理仍不是十分清楚.研究咬合因素对颞下颌关节的创伤过程,将有助于我们对其诊断和治疗.方法将临床上收集的,明确有不良咬合因素的颞下颌关节紊乱的病例共49例,根据其不同的咬合因素归类并临床分期,然后作统计学分析,同时解剖测量分析7具尸体颞颌关节盘和髁状突的前后斜面.结果病理性的(牙合)垂直距离减小对TMD发病的影响最大,病理性的(牙合)垂直距离减小和病理性下颌后移(牙合)关系之间无显著性的差异.结论不良咬合关系通过改变颞颌关节正常的受力方式,使颞颌关节长期处于微创伤运动中,而产生关节结构间的紊乱,并反过来加重关节组织的损伤过程.     

He垂直距离减小和下颌后移对颞下颌关节的创伤分析

目的：咬合因素作为颞下颌关节紊乱（ＴＭＤ）发病的重要因素,目前其致病机理仍不是十分清楚。研究咬合因素对下颌关节的创伤过程,将有助于我们对其诊断和治疗。方法：将临床上收集的,明确有不良咬合因素的颞下颌关节紊乱的病例共４９例,根据其不同的咬合因素归类并临床分期,然后作统计学分析,同时解剖测量分析７具尸体颞颌关节盘和髁状突的前后斜面。结果：病理性的Hｅ垂直距离减小对ＴＭＤ发病的影响最大,病理性的Ｈｅ垂直     

异常咬合对颞下颌关节紊乱病的影响

颞下颌关节紊乱病（temporomandibular disorders,TMD）是一种病因尚不明确的多因素共同作用导致的疾病。其中,异常咬合这一因素与TMD的关系一直是具有争议性的话题,异常咬合是否为诱发TMD的危险因素、各种咬合调整的治疗手段对于颞下颌关节的作用影响等尚未有统一结论。文章回顾近年来关于异常咬合对TMD影响的各类研究,结合临床工作经验对其关系进行分析探讨,为临床医生提供参考。     

咬合调整对颞下颌关节紊乱病的影响

目前医学界对咬合因素与颞下颌关节紊乱病（temporomandibular disorders,TMD）的相关性仍存在争议,但咬合调整作为常见的口腔临床治疗手段被广泛应用于改善颞下颌关节相关症状,主要包括调(牙合)、正畸治疗、修复治疗、正颌治疗与(牙合)板治疗等。文章回顾既往文献,梳理常见咬合调整治疗方式及其与TMD之间的关联,为咬合源性颞下颌关节相关疾病的诊疗提供新的视角与思路。     

颞下颌关节紊乱病咬合特征的初步临床研究

目的 对颞下颌关节紊乱病（temporomandibular disorder,TMD）人群的咬合特征特别是动态咬合特征进行初步临床调查及分析。方法参考颞下颌关节紊乱病分类及诊断标准（Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders, DC/TMD）收集TMD患者140例,对照组80例,口内检查其静态咬合特征,牙尖交错位（intercuspal position,ICP）与后退接触位（retruded contact position,RCP）协调性,下颌功能运动咬合干扰及牙齿不均匀磨损情况,分析颞下颌关节紊乱病的动态咬合特征。结果 TMD患者可存在多种静态咬合特征;下颌功能运动咬合干扰及牙齿不均匀磨损与TMD具有相关性,而ICP-RCP的协调性与TMD的存在无明显统计学意义。结论 TMD患者静态咬合特征表现为三维方向的复杂多样性;ICP-RCP不协调尚不能作为TMD的敏感因素;当存在下颌功能运动咬合干扰或牙齿不均匀磨损时需警惕TMD的存在。     

咬合板对颞下颌关节紊乱病相关颌面部疼痛的影响

颞下颌关节紊乱病（temporomandibular disorders, TMD）是口颌面部慢性痛的主要来源,严重干扰日常活动。咬合板是颞下颌关节紊乱病的最常用的治疗方法之一,但其疗效尚未完全明了。学者们多年来致力于对咬合板的作用机制、疗效的研究,但至今尚未得出统一的结果。该文将对咬合板的作用机制、咬合板的分类、TMD相关疼痛的种类与咬合板的选择、TMD的其他保守治疗与咬合板的关系四个方面对于咬合板治疗颞下颌关节紊乱病相关颌面部疼痛的疗效进行进行综述。     

Wilson曲线与颞下颌关节紊乱病的相关性研究进展

颞下颌关节紊乱病(TMD)的病因目前尚未完全阐明,病因主要来自牙合因素、社会心理因素、解剖因素、免疫因素以及关节负荷过重等多个方面。牙合因素作为颞下颌关节紊乱病中的影响因素,在颞下颌关节紊乱病的发生及发展过程中起到了推动性的作用。牙合曲线作为牙合因素中代表因素的一种,在TMD的发病机理中占有重要的地位。牙合、颞下颌关节与咀嚼肌共同构成口颌咀嚼系统的核心,三者相互联系,互相影响。     

1835名军事飞行人员颞下颌关节紊乱病的流行病学调查

目的：研究颞下颌关节紊乱病在我军飞行人员中的患病情况,探讨我军飞行人员颞下颌关节紊乱病的发病因素.方法：对1835名飞行人员进行口腔检查和颞下颌关节检查,筛选出颞下颌关节紊乱病患者,评估飞行人员颞下颌关节紊乱病与年龄、飞行时间、机种、咬合关系、不良习惯之间的关系.结果：歼击机飞行人员颞下颌关节紊乱病发病率最高（33.43％）,运输机飞行人员发病率最低（23.45％）,P＜0.05;颞下颌关节紊乱病发病率与飞行人员年龄、飞行时间无显著关系;心理因素、睡眠质量、夜磨牙、偏侧咀嚼习惯、第三磨牙伸长与飞行人员颞下颌关节紊乱病发病高度相关.错骀畸形是飞行人员TMD的重要发病因素,其中锁滁、开赡患者TMD发病率较高,其次是深覆盖、深覆骀及反骀患者.结论：飞行人员颞下颌关节紊乱病发病的重要因素是心理素质差、睡眠障碍、夜磨牙、偏侧咀嚼习惯及错（牙合）畸形.     

低年级大学生颞下颌关节紊乱病咬合异常因素的logistic回归分析

目的探讨低年级大学生咬合异常因素对颞下颌关节紊乱病(temporomandibular disorders,TMD)发病的影响,以期为TMD的防治提供病因学基础。方法对遵义医科大学珠海校区低年级学生754名(男性354名,女性400名)进行颞下颌关节检查、牙列与咬合关系检查、问卷调查,采用多因素非条件logistic回归分析与哑变量单因素非条件logistic回归分析咬合功能异常、错畸形以及口腔副功能运动等咬合异常因素与颞下颌关节紊乱病的关系。结果颞下颌关节紊乱病的患病率为31.7%,多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示夜磨牙(OR=2.070)、日间紧咬牙(OR=2.553)、无意识空嚼(OR=2.642)和前牙覆关系(OR=1.228),与TMD的发病均有影响(P<0.05)。对不同程度前牙深覆设置哑变量采用单因素非条件logistic回归分析显示深覆程度越重,TMD的发病风险越高[轻度(OR=1.558)、中度(OR=2.189)、重度(OR=3.236),P<0.05]。结论前牙覆关系、夜磨牙、日间紧咬牙、无意识空嚼均是低年级大学生TMD发病的危险因素,前牙深覆程度越重,TMD发病风险越高。     

新疆大学生颞下颌关节紊乱病相关因素的Logistic回归分析

目的　探讨新疆大学生颞下颌关节紊乱病患病率及其相关的发病因素。方法　对新疆医科大学812名在读医学生使用Helkimo指数进行分析颞下颌关节紊乱病的患病情况调查。相关因素进行Logistic回归分析。结果　颞下颌关节紊乱病的患病率占39.50%。咬合关系中前牙深覆牙合及反牙合,不良习惯中的偏侧咀嚼,夜磨牙为主要危险因素,增加TMD患病的风险。结论　错牙合畸形与牙合应力疲劳与颞下颌关节紊乱病的发生有关。     

Morphological and positional assessments of TMJ components and lateral pterygoid muscle in relation to symptoms and occlusion of patients with temporomandibular disorders

Disc displacement is accepted as one of major findings in temporomandibular disorders (TMD). However, the associations of disc positions with morphological and positional changes of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) components and lateral pterygoid (LP), TMD clinical symptoms, and occlusion have rarely been discussed quantitatively. In this study, the morphological and positional changes of TMJ components and LP were assessed by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and tomography of the TMJ in 41 TMD and nine control (CN) subjects. Disc positions in TMD subjects were divided into normal position (NP) and anterior displacement with and without reduction (ADR+ and ADR-, respectively). From MRI scans and tomograms, the morphological and positional changes of TMJ components and LP were measured and compared among CN, NP, ADR+ and ADR- groups. Correlations between these measurements and the scored clinical symptoms and occlusal factors were analysed in TMD subjects. The results indicated that: (1) TMJ osseous structures and LP showed no significant difference among CN and the three TMD groups, except for a posterior seat of condyle and shorter/steeper condylar movement during jaw opening; (2) disc length and inclination were significantly shorter and steeper, respectively, in ADR+ and ADR-; (3) disc positions were not specified by clinical symptoms and occlusal factors, except for the dominant TMJ sounds in ADR+; (4) an uncoordinated movement of the condyle/disc complex was found in ADR+ and/or ADR-; (5) TMJ osseous structures and the disc were weakly associated with clinical symptoms and occlusal factors. However, the LP showed negative associations with palpable pain for both the TMJ and jaw muscles and the static occlusal factors. These findings suggest that TMJ internal derangements are more related to the positional changes or spatial relationships of TMJ components but less to the individual morphologies of TMJ osseous structures, disc and LP, as well as specific clinical symptoms and occlusal factors, which might be in disagreement with a large body of previous statements.     

Surgical orthodontic treatment of skeletal Class III malocclusion with anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADNR): a case report

A female patient with skeletal problems and left temporomandibular joint (TMJ) derangement was treated with an occlusal splint, arthroscopic irrigation, and orthodontic surgery. The left side disc was displaced anteriorly without reduction; and mobility of the left condylar head was restricted. With arthroscopic irrigation, the jaw functions were recovered, but the disc position remained the same. After TMJ therapy, orthodontic and orthognatic surgery treatments were performed to correct the dentofacial deformity. Stable facial esthetics and occlusion devoid of temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) symptoms were obtained and the patient's progress was monitored over a 5-year period.     

The comparison of outcomes of surgically treated bilateral temporomandibular joint disorder in different groups: A retrospective study

Objectives: The main purpose of this study was to determine the prognosis and outcomes of the patients with bilateral temporomandibular disorder which underwent bilateral temporomandibular joint surgery in a consecutive number of patients in a retrospective study. Study Design: Sixty five patients with 130 bilateral TMJ were included the study with the selection from consecutive 256 TMJ patients who were treated with open surgery who do not respond to conservative treatment. 65 patients were divided in to 3 main groups according to the clinical diagnosis of bilateral TMJ site. In the first group comprised 29 patients with 48 TMJ, the clinical diagnosis was bilaterally presence of anterior disc displacement with reduction (ADDR). In the second group comprised 19 patients with 26 TMJ, bilateral presence of TMD consisted of anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADDNR) on both site. In the third group comprised 27 patients with 46 TMJ, bilaterally presence of TMD consist of ADDR on one site and ADDNR on another site. The patients in three different groups were operated either high condylectomy alone or high condylectomy with additional surgical procedures. Results: In the evaluation of pain relief, clicking, crepitation, headache, marked improvement was determined in all groups, but it was statistically insignificant in the comparison of 3 groups. Slight increase in maximal mouth opening was determined in the mean values of the 3 groups and also in the comparison of 3 groups it was not statistically significant. Conclusions: These similar succesfull outcomes of bilateral TMD with the respect of TMJ surgical procedures were obtained in 3 main groups although different diagnosis on the patients’ groups waspresent. Key words:Temporomandibular joint, prognosis, retrospective studies.     

关节盘前移位患者的关节音分析

目的比较关节盘前移位（ADD）患者和正常人开闭口运动中颞下颌关节（TMJ关节音的振动参数,探讨关节音频谱图的临床诊断价值。方法运用关节音分析仪记录43例ADD患者和15例正常人的TMJ表面振动参数,收集关节振动信号并进行提取处理和统计学分析。结果（1）病例组两侧TMJ的振动总能量、小于300Hz的振动能量、大于300Hz的振动能量、峰振幅均明显大于对照组（P〈0.01）;（2）不可复性盘前移位者关节振动能量及峰振幅明显低于可复性盘前移位者（P〈0.05）;（3）关节音频谱图对ADD的诊断灵敏度、特异性较高（分别为87.5%和86.7%）。结论ADD患者关节音振动的各个参数明显高于正常人,不同病变阶段的关节音亦不同,通过分析TMJ音频谱图,可能有助于鉴定异常关节音所属的病变阶段,有望成为ADD的无创辅助诊断和早期筛查方法。     

Agreement between Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders and magnetic resonance diagnoses of temporomandibular disc displacement in a patient population

The aim of this work was to evaluate the agreement between the clinical Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) examination and magnetic resonance (MR) findings of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc position abnormalities in a sample of clinically symptomatic patients, recruited from a population seeking TMD treatment. Two-hundred and thirty-two TMJs of 116 patients were evaluated to detect disc position abnormalities by means of a standardized clinical assessment according to RDC/TMD guidelines and MR performed blind by a radiologist. The overall kappa value for agreement between clinical examination according to RDC/TMD classification system and MR imaging for assessment of the disc-condyle relationship was fairly good (K=0.63). The kappa values for the agreement between RDC/TMD and MR diagnosis of disc displacement with reduction (DDR), disc displacement without reduction (DDNR) and normal disk position were 0.69, 0.57, and 0.61, respectively. The observation that clinically predicted cases of DDR and DDNR show good to excellent agreement with MR findings, and the potential MR over-diagnosis of DDR and DDNR in the absence of clinical symptoms, support the usefulness of a standardized examination conducted by a trained investigator in the evaluation of patients with TMD.     

The effect of physiological nonbalanced occlusion on the thickness of the temporomandibular joint disc: a pilot autopsy study

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc is often observed to be thicker in temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients. This clinical observation requires verification. PURPOSE: The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate whether the TMJ disc responds to dysfunctional occlusal changes by an increase in thickness. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twelve cadaver heads were divided into 2 groups, 1 with physiologically balanced occlusion (BO), 7 cadaver heads and 14 joints, and the other with physiologically nonbalanced occlusion (NO), 5 cadaver heads and 9 joints. The NO group had defining traits, such as reverse articulation or tightly locked occlusion. The latter is an occlusal relationship with drifted, tilted, and/or supraerupted teeth, often seen in patients who have lost posterior teeth. Histological sections from the lateral, center, and medial parts of the joints stained with haematoxylin and eosin were used for measuring the disc thickness. Student t tests and Bonferroni correction were used to compare groups (alpha=.05). RESULTS: All 9 mean thickness values were higher in the NO than in the BO group. According to the t tests, the posterior band was thicker in the lateral (P=.007) and center (P=.015) sections, and the intermediate zone was thicker in the lateral section (P=.008) in the NO than in the BO group. These differences were not significant after Bonferroni corrections. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the TMJ disc has the ability to adapt to alteration of the space between condyle and fossa caused by occlusal changes. Further studies from larger groups should be undertaken.     

Does bite-jumping damage the TMJ? A prospective longitudinal clinical and MRI study of Herbst patients

The aim of this prospective longitudinal study of 62 consecutively treated Class II malocclusions was to determine whether bite-jumping causes temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The function of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) was assessed anamnestically, clinically, and by means of magnetic resonance images (MRIs) taken before (T1), after (T2), and 1 year after (T3) Herbst treatment. Average treatment time with the Herbst appliance was 7.2 months. In all subjects, Herbst treatment resulted in a Class I or overcorrected Class I dental arch relationship. Thereafter, treatment was continued with a multibracket appliance. The condyle was positioned significantly forward during treatment but returned to its original position after removal of the Herbst appliance. A temporary capsulitis of the inferior stratum of the posterior attachment was induced during treatment. Over the entire observation period from before treatment to 1 year after treatment, bite-jumping with the Herbst appliance: (1) did not result in any muscular TMD; (2) reduced the prevalence of capsulitis and structural condylar bony changes; (3) did not induce disc displacement in subjects with a physiologic pretreatment disc position; (4) resulted in a stable repositioning of the disc in subjects with a pretreatment partial disc displacement with reduction; and (5) could not recapture the disc in subjects with a pretreatment total disc displacement with or without reduction. A pretreatment total disc displacement with or without reduction did not, however, seem to be a contraindication for Herbst treatment. In conclusion, bite-jumping using the Herbst appliance does not have a deleterious effect on TMJ function and does not induce TMD on a short-term basis.     

Relationship between the TMJ disc and condyle position on MRI and occlusal contacts on lateral excursions in TMD patients

Confusion about the relationship between dental occlusion and the temporomandibular disorders (TMD) has been evident in the literature for many years. Previous studies have supported the concept of a multifactorial aetiology of TMD, the occlusal factor in general being of minor importance. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between condyle and disc positions and occlusal contacts on lateral excursions of the mandible in patients with TMD. A total of 122 temporomandibular joints (TMJs) of 61 patients with TMD were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and occlusal analyses were made clinically. Non-working-side contacts were found to be statistically significant in TMJ anterior disc displacement. No significant statistical correlation was found between the severity of anterior disc displacement and non-working-side contacts in both canine guidance and group function occlusions. There was no correlation between non-working-side contacts and condyle positions in both occlusion types in the present study. It was concluded that non-working-side contacts had some effect on disc position in TMD, however the presence of these contacts in both canine guidance and group function occlusions did not correlate with anterior disc displacement in TMD statistically. Therefore, non-working-side contacts are not to be regarded as the prime cause of anterior disc displacement.     

Sound analysis of temporomandibular joint internal derangements with phonographic recordings

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) sound recordings could be analyzed to assess the state of TMJ internal derangements. PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to assess the value of sound analysis in the diagnosis of the type of the TMJ internal derangements. MATERIAL AND METHODS: After clinical and radiologic examinations, phonographic sound recordings on mandibular excursions were obtained in 52 patients with TMJ internal derangements and 12 control individuals. Sound correlations were made on the basis of opening-closing, protrusive-retrusive, and lateral excursions of the mandible. RESULTS: Clicking was a consistent finding of anterior disc displacement with reduction, whereas crepitation was found in varying degrees in anterior disc displacement and osteodegenerative arthritis. Silent TMJs were the feature of normal TMJs, except for the situations of acute lock. Although in 29 TMJs opening click was followed by a closing click (reciprocal clicking), 46 TMJs with opening click also had clicking on protrusion. On the other hand, 19 TMJs with opening click also had clicking on ipsilateral motion, and 40 TMJs with opening click had clicking on contralateral motion of the mandible. The sound patterns were found to be similar in opening-protrusive clicks and opening-contralateral clicks. The lack of protrusive clicking in the presence of opening click was considered an indication of late disc reduction on opening. Crepitation was observed in advanced cases of TMJ internal derangements. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, the results suggest that TMJ sound analysis on mandibular excursions was indicative for diagnosis and establishment of severity of TMJ internal derangements. Clicking and crepitation may be looked on as signs of abnormal joint disorder, clicking indicating anterior disc displacement with reduction, and crepitation, indicating progression from anterior disc displacement without reduction to osteodegenerative arthritis.     

Generalized joint hypermobility and temporomandibular disorders: inherited connective tissue disease as a model with maximum expression

AIMS: To study the relationship between generalized joint hypermobility (GJH) and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) by assessing prevalence and patient characteristics of TMD in a population of patients with maximum expression of GJH as a symptom of inherited connective tissue disease. In addition, diagnostic reliability of a series of clinical signs indicative of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) hypermobility was tested. METHODS: The study sample consisted of 42 subjects with GJH, 24 with Marfan syndrome and 18 with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. A subgroup of 27 individuals was selected by age (> or = 18 yrs) and was compared to 40 controls with TMD and normal peripheral joint mobility. TMD diagnoses were assigned to each subject according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). RESULTS: In the GJH sample (n = 42), 71.4% of the subjects were symptomatic for TMD. Of those, 13.3% had sought treatment. A myofascial pain diagnosis was made in 69%, disc dislocation with reduction was diagnosed in 85.7%, and TMJ arthralgia in 61.9%. Multiple TMD diagnoses were assigned in 69% of the subjects; of these, 57% had 3 or more subgroup diagnoses. Joint noises (P < .01) and recurrent TMJ dislocations (P < .01) were a frequent finding in adult GJH subjects (n = 27) compared to controls, with symptomatic GJH subjects presenting more and more prolonged dislocation events than asymptomatic subjects (P < .001). TMJ hypermobility signs were expressed significantly more often in GJH compared to controls with TMD and normal joint mobility. CONCLUSION: This study indicates a positive relationship between GJH and TMD.