非营养性吸吮对早产儿血胃泌素与胃动素及胃排空的影响

目的评价非营养性吸吮对早产儿血胃泌素、胃动素及胃排空的影响。方法将38例需经鼻胃管喂养的健康早产适于胎龄儿,随机分为非营养性吸吮(NNS)组和对照组。放免法测定血胃泌素、胃动素水平,实时超声测定胃排空。结果NNS组7d龄体重恢复出生体重者达38.9%较对照组(10%)增多,胃残留发生率低于对照组(分别为16.7%、50%),差异有统计学意义(F=0.04,P<0.05)。NNS组达到418.4kJ/(kg·d)时间较对照组缩短,差异有统计学意义(t=2.04,P<0.05)。NNS组7、14d胃泌素均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=2.09、2.04,P<0.05);两组早产儿7、14d胃动素水平无差异;NNS组胃半排空时间快于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=2.33,P<0.05)。结论NNS可促进胃泌素分泌,加快胃排空,有利于早产儿生后胃肠功能的发育,减少喂养不耐受的发生。     

非营养性吸吮对早产儿胃肠功能及体重增长的影响

目的 探讨早产儿早期非营养性吸吮(NNS)对其胃肠功能及体重增长的影响.方法 76例需经鼻胃管喂养的健康早产适于胎龄儿,出生体重＜2 500 g,胎龄＜35周,随机分为非营养性吸吮(NNS)组36例和对照组40例.NNS组在鼻胃管喂养前后吸空橡皮奶头5 min,每天7～8次,对照组单纯给予鼻胃管喂养(N-NNS),不足热量给予部分肠道外营养.观察体重、胃排空时间、肠道营养达418.4 kJ/(kg·d)时间,喂养耐受情况.结果 NNS组、对照组恢复出生体重时间分别为(8.6±3.9) d、(10.5±3.6) d,观察组明显缩短(P<0.05);NNS组胃半排空时间(58.3±22.9) min快于对照组(73.8±17.8) min,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).NNS组热能达418.4 kJ/(kg·d)的时间(12.0±5.4) d较对照组(15.4±5.5) d明显缩短(P<0.05);胃残留发生率低于对照组,分别为16.7%、50.0%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 NNS可促进胃排空,有利于早产儿生后胃肠功能发育,减少喂养不耐受的发生,促进体重增长.     

非营养性吸吮对早产儿血胃泌素、胃动素水平的影响

目的 探讨非营养性吸吮（NNS）对早产儿血胃泌素（GAS）、胃动素（MOT）水平的影响。方法 测定87例早产儿d1（喂养前）、d3及d7空腹血GAS、MOT水平，根据对胃肠道喂养的耐受情况分为禁食组、NNS组（禁食的早产儿予以NNS）和正常畏组。结果 早产儿血GAS、MOT水平出生后7d内随日龄而逐渐升高，其中正常喂养组高于禁食组和NNS组，差异有显著意义（P＜0．05）。生后d7内随日内逐渐升高，其中正常喂养组高于禁食组和NNS组，差异有显著意义（P＜0．05）。生后d7NNS组也显著高于禁食组（P＜0．05）。结论 禁食抑制了早产儿血GAS和MOT的分泌，NNS有促进胃肠道发育和成熟的作用。     

非营养性吸吮对早产儿生长发育的影响

目的探讨非营养性吸吮(NNS)对早产儿生长发育的影响。方法2004-11—2005-09对贵阳医学院附院新生儿室收治的需经间断鼻胃管喂养(INGF)早产适于胎龄儿60例,根据是否辅以非营养性吸吮随机分成无非营养性吸吮(N-NNS)组及NNS组;并以同期出生无窒息、无消化系统解剖及功能异常足月新生儿25例为对照。放射免疫法(RIA)动态监测早产儿生后第1、3、7天血、胃液中胃泌素(GAS)、胃动素(MOT)水平,同时记录胃肠道功能紊乱发生的情况(呕吐、腹胀、胃潴留、消化道出血、坏死性小肠结肠炎)、生长发育指标(体重、头围)及其它临床指标。结果①随日龄增加,各组GAS、MOT有增高趋势,NNS组增高幅度较大。第1天N-NNS组、NNS组血GAS低于对照组(P<0.01),血及胃液MOT低于对照组(P<0.05);第3天N-NNS组及NNS组血GAS、MOT低于对照组(P<0.05),N-NNS组血GAS低于NNS组(P<0.05);第7天N-NNS组血GAS、MOT均低于NNS组及对照组(P<0.05)。②N-NNS组腹胀、胃潴留发生率均高于NNS组(P<0.05);N-NNS组胃肠功能紊乱发生率为60.0%(18/30),NNS组胃肠功能紊乱发生率为26.7%(8/30),两组差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.787,P=0.018)。③NNS组睡眠时间较N-NNS组长,烦躁时间较N-NNS组短,第14天体重及头围增长幅度较N-NNS组大,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);N-NNS组呼吸暂停发生率为43.3%(13/30),NNS组呼吸暂停发生率为16.7%(5/30),两组差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.080,P=0.047)。结论NNS能促进GAS、MOT分泌,改善胃肠转运功能,减少胃肠功能紊乱的发生,促进胃肠功能成熟,加快早产儿体格生长。     

非营养性吸吮对早产儿胃排空及胃食管反流的影响

目的评价非营养性吸吮(NNS)对早产儿胃排空及胃食管反流的影响.方法将38例需经鼻胃管喂养(INGF)的健康早产适于胎龄儿,用同一种配方乳喂养.根据是否辅以非营养性吸吮随机分为非营养性吸吮(NNS)组和单纯鼻胃管喂养(N-NNS)组.记录入液量、奶量、热卡及肠道营养达418.4 kJ/(kg·d)的时间,记录喂养相关情况;测定胃窦纵切面积(ACSA),计算胃半排空时间(T1/250%ΔACSA);同时进行食管24小时pH监测,记录以下指标24小时内总反流次数;反流指数(RI);反流持续时间>5分次数;pH<4总时间;最长酸反流时间.结果 NNS组胃半排空时间快于对照组[分别为(58.33±22.94)分,(73.75±17.76)分],差异有显著意义(P<0.05).38例早产儿中出现GER者32例,占84.2%;NNS组反流次数明显少于对照组[分别为9(2～31)次,(5～31)次,P<0.05];pH<4的总时间和反流指数与对照组比较,有下降趋势,但差异无显著意义(P>0.05).NNS组胃残留发生率(16.7%)低于对照组(50%),差异有显著意义(P<0.05);肠道营养达418.4kJ/(kg·d)的时间比对照组明显缩短[分别为(12.36±4.29)天,(15.50±4.58)天,P<0.05].结论鼻胃管喂养期间给予NNS是一种简单而安全的喂养方式,可促进胃排空,减少胃食管反流次数,对胃肠动力发育有促进作用,有助于早产儿生后肠道营养的建立.     

锌及双歧杆菌制剂对早产儿胃肠激素的影响

目的 探讨锌及双歧杆菌制剂对早产儿胃动素和胃泌素分泌的影响,为指导早产儿早期喂养提供理论依据.方法 对我院NICU的60例早产儿随机分为A、B、C、D 4组,A组为对照组,B组加入锌剂、C组加入双歧杆菌制剂、D组同时加入以上两种制剂,出生24 h内、生后7 d检测血浆胃动素、胃泌素水平.结果 4组早产儿生后第1天时,两种激素水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),至第7天时,D组早产儿胃动素(365.89±32.60)ng/L胃泌素(138.20±22.11)ng/L与A组胃动素(316.12±38.47)ng/L胃泌素(110.75±27.68)ng/L差异均有统计学意义.治疗组B、C、D 3组早产儿血胃动素和胃泌素的变化差值均与对照组A组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);同时D组与B、C两组差异也有统计学意义(P＜0.05) 结论早期添加锌及双歧杆菌制剂可以促进早产儿胃动素、胃泌素的释放,加速早产儿胃肠道发育成熟.两种制剂同时添加对早产儿胃肠激素的释放优于单一制剂应用,有利于增进早产儿胃肠功能的发育和完善,加速早产儿的追赶性生长.     

母乳及配方奶对早产儿胃排空功能的影响

目的 探讨母乳及配方奶对早产儿消化道生长发育的影响。方法 将33例早产儿随机分成母乳及配方奶喂养组,采用B型实时超声显像法测定其生后d5、7、10胃排空变化,并检测开奶前、生后d5空腹时血胃动素、一氧化氮（NO）水平。结果 两组早产儿随日龄增长,50％胃排空时间逐渐缩短。母乳喂养儿d5、d750％胃排空时间短于奶方喂养儿,差异有显著意义（P均＜0.05）。生后d5奶方喂养儿胃动素水平低于母乳喂养儿（P＜0.05）,NO水平明显高于母乳喂养儿（P＜0.01）。结论 母乳喂养儿较奶方喂养儿胃排空功能成熟快。     

非营养性吸吮对早产儿血清胰岛素和胃泌素的影响

有关非营养性吸吮(NNS)可刺激胃泌素(GAS) 和胃动素(MOT)的分泌,促进胃肠道功能成熟的报道较多,但NNS对早产儿胰岛素(INS)分泌的影响鲜有报道。我们对NNS的早产儿进行了血胰岛素、胃泌素的测定,并对其体重和进奶量进行观察,现报告如下。     

建立喂养不耐受早产儿的肠道喂养:小剂量红霉素随机对照研究

目的 探讨静脉应用小剂量红霉素防治早产儿喂养不耐受的效果并评估其临床应用的相关不良反应.方法 将60例胎龄>32周的早产儿随机分为低剂量红霉素组[5 mg/(kg·d),连用7 d]和对照组.记录并比较两组早产儿喂养不耐受发生率及达到全肠道喂养的时间.监测红霉素潜在的不良反应.结果 60例早产儿中25例出现喂养不耐受,发生率为41.67%(25/60).红霉素组及对照组喂养不耐受的发生率差别无统计学意义(x2=0.231,P=0.631).红霉素组取得完全肠内营养及恢复出生体质量的时间早于对照组,两组差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05).对照组的血清胆汁酸水平高于红霉素组,差异有统计学意义(t=3.202,P=0.003).两组早产儿其他肝功能生化指标差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 小剂最静脉红霉素对于胎龄>32周的早产儿,不能降低喂养不耐受的发生率,但可以缩短达到全肠道喂养及恢复出生体质量的时间,并能减少长期静脉营养相关的胆汁淤积改变,未发生肝功能损伤等不良反应.     

锌及双歧杆菌制剂对早产儿胃肠激素的影响

目的探讨锌及双歧杆菌制剂对早产儿胃动素和胃泌素分泌的影响,为指导早产儿早期喂养提供理论依据。方法对我院NICU的60例早产儿随机分为A、B、C、D4组,A组为对照组,B组加入锌剂、C组加入双歧杆菌制剂、D组同时加入以上两种制剂,出生24h内、生后7d检测血浆胃动素、胃泌素水平。结果4组早产儿生后第1天时,两种激素水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),至第7天时,D组早产儿胃动素(365.89±32.60)ng/L胃泌素(138.20±22.11)ng/L与A组胃动素(316.12±38.47)ng/L胃泌素(110.75±27.68)ng/L差异均有统计学意义。治疗组B、C、D3组早产儿血胃动素和胃泌素的变化差值均与对照组A组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);同时D组与B、C两组差异也有统计学意义(P<0.05)结论早期添加锌及双歧杆菌制剂可以促进早产儿胃动素、胃泌素的释放,加速早产儿胃肠道发育成熟。两种制剂同时添加对早产儿胃肠激素的释放优于单一制剂应用,有利于增进早产儿胃肠功能的发育和完善,加速早产儿的追赶性生长。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.