重症监护医学的基本概念和加强监护病房的设置

危重症患者如出现重要脏器功能异常并影响到其功能时,则需要加强监护,通过监护可早期发现和及时处理包括急性呼吸衰竭在内的各种严重的器官功能异常。多器官功能障碍综合征（ＭＯＤＳ）为危重患者发生多器官功能异常,其特征为呼吸功能障碍合并其他肺外脏器的功能不全［...     

重症监护病房医院感染临床分析

目的:为防治ICU的医院感染提供临床依据.方法:对我院ICU收治的住院时间大于3 d的796例患者的病历资料进行回顾性分析.结果:796例中,发生医院感染201例(25.3%).其中APACHEⅡ＞20分者341例,发生医院感染172例(50.4%);APACHEⅡ＜20分者455例,发生医院感染29例(6.4%).医院感染发生在患者不同性别间无差异(P＞0.05),而在不同年龄、病情危重度间差异有显著性(P均＜0.01),201例感染者中,99例为下呼吸道感染(占49.2%),其中呼吸机相关肺炎68例,占肺部感染中68.7%,54例为胃肠道感染(26.9%),泌尿道29例(14.4%),其他19例(9.5%);最常见的病原菌依次为肺炎克雷伯杆菌(28.5%)、鲍曼不动杆菌(26.4%)、铜绿假单胞菌(18.3%)、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(8.2%)、葡萄球菌(6.7%)、肠杆菌(6.1%)、其他(5.8%).各病原菌对抗菌药物的耐药性均较严重,肺炎克雷伯菌对MERO、IMP和CFS敏感率分别为54.8%、59.9%、44.7%,其余耐药率均较高,而鲍曼不动杆菌对抗菌药物的敏感情况同肺炎克雷伯菌相似,铜绿假单胞菌对CAZ、IMP耐药率日渐增高.结论:ICU内医院感染发生率较高,与年龄、病情危重度相关;尽早控制病情、严格无菌操作、合理应用抗生素是防止耐药菌产生、控制和降低医院感染的关键.     

Barlow综合征患者手术后的重症监护病房监护

目的探讨Badow综合征患者在行心脏手术后的重症监护病房监护要点。方法回顾性分析10例Baflow综合征患者在心脏外科手术后的重症监护病房监护情况,着重分析其监护和护理措施。结果术后重症监护病房监护时间为23．17±113．58h。1例患者肺不张,经抢救治愈,10例患者全部治愈出院。结论加强此类较少见疾病患者术后重症监护病房监护措施,可提高手术成功率,使患者安然渡过围术期。     

重症监护病房住院患者红细胞输注和疗效分析

目的：调查重症监护病房（ICU）住院患者输血疗效和影响输血疗效原因。方法：通过回顾性分析2003年1月-2005年10月期间ICU患者的输血情况。结果：712名住院患者215名输血,共输血432人次。平均输血总量为（2．5±0．70）U（1U～25U）。有贫血、感染、心功能不全、肾功能不全的患者的输血的危险增大（P〈0．01）输血前感染、进行性失血或凝血功能不全的患者的输血无效的危险增大（P〈0．01）。结论：输血在不同年龄、不同疾病类型中分布不同。患者输血前的疾病状态：贫血程度、感染、肾功能情况是影响输血的有关因素。而进行性失血和凝血功能障碍以及重症感染是影响输血疗效的因素。     

重症监护病房患者院内深部真菌感染的诊断与治疗进展

重症监护病房（intensive care unit，ICU）患者出现医院获得性深部真感染的发生率明显上升，甚至超过了医院获得性革兰氏阳性球菌感染的发生率，且该类患者的病死率明显上升，是ICU患者的一个致病威胁，而且还造成巨大的经济负担。由于真菌感染症状的非特异性和临床表现的多变性，给诊断带来很大困难，何时开始抗真菌治疗亦存在很大分歧。因此，规范化治疗和抗真菌药物的临床合理应用更是目前抗感染领域的一个热点问题，现就ICU患者院内深部真菌感染的诊断与治疗进展作一综述如下。     

重症监护病房系统性红斑狼疮患者预后因素分析

目的 了解重症监护病房(ICU)危重症系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者的预后及其影响因素.方法 1993年6月至2007年6月所有第1次入住ICU的SLE患者纳入组,除外入住ICU后确诊为SLE患者.对在单蹦素相关分析中提示对SLE患者死亡有明显相关性的临床指标进一步采用多因素回归模型分析.结果 符合SLE分类标准的患者共101例,总体病死率为48.6%.入住ICU最常见原因是肺部病变并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS).多因素回归分析提示SLE疾病慢性损伤指数(SLICC/ACR DI)>7.7、急性生理和慢性健康评估指数(APACHE Ⅲ)≥21、肺部病变并发ARDS、败血症休克、颅内出血、血细胞减少、近1个月平均等效泼尼松剂量>25 mg/d和气管插管时间>4 d与ICU危重症SLE患者死亡明显相关.而性别、年龄、SLE疾病活动指数(SLEDAI)>27、上消化道出血、甲泼尼龙冲击和末月使用环磷酰胺>1.0 g与死亡结果无明显相关性.结论 人住ICU危重症SLE患者病死率很高,死亡第1位原因是感染.与其死亡明显相关的因素主要有SLICC/ACR DI>7.7、APACHE Ⅲ>121、肺部病变并发ARDS、败血症休克、颅内出血、血细胞减少、近1个月平均等效泼尼松剂量>25 mg/a和气管插管时间>4 d.     

重症监护病房患者的个体化血糖管理

现在越来越多的证据提示重症监护病房(ICU)患者的血糖管理需要采取个体化血糖管理策略.针对ICU患者个体制定控糖目标时,除了需要考虑疾病种类之外,患者既往是否存在糖尿病病史也应当得到更多的关注.本文针对这一话题进行简要的文献复习和评论.     

急诊重症监护病房患者精神障碍的监测

目的:探讨急诊重症监护病房(emergency intensive care unit,EICU)患者精神障碍的临床特征。方法:收集2010年1月至2012年1月2年间,于北京安贞医院EICU住院患者的临床资料,进行总结分析。结果:患者住EICU出现精神障碍的年龄段集中在76～85岁,占57.1%(P<0.05),发生率7.5%(42/563),男女病死率相同11.9%(5/42)。患者基础病多为呼吸系统、心血管系统疾病、营养和代谢疾病,常合并呼吸衰竭、心力衰竭、电解质紊乱及肾功能不全等。EICU患者精神障碍的临床表现多为行为异常和定向力障碍。出现EICU精神障碍的患者精神症状大多持续1～10 d;由疾病因素为主导致精神障碍占61.9%(26/42),由非疾病因素为主导致的精神障碍占38.1%(16/42)。结论:EICU患者精神障碍的发生率以及病死率高。出现精神障碍多数与基础疾病有关。应重视病因治疗减少精神障碍持续时间。     

重症监护病房系统性红斑狼疮患者预后因素分析

Objective To analyze the outcomes and prognostic factors associated with the death of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods During June 1996 to June 2007, all SLE patients admitted to the ICU were included. Patients were excluded if the diagnosis of SLE was established at or after ICU admission. A multivariate logistic regression model was applied using variables that were associated with death in the univariate analysis. Results A total of 101 patients meeting the criteria were included. The mortality rate was 48.6%. The most common causes of admission was lung disorder with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that SLICC/ACR DI>7.7 (OR=6.87), APACHE Ⅲ≥21 (OR=29.8), lung disorders with ARDS (OR =55.81 ), septic shock (OR =32.22 ), intracranial haemorrhage (OR =57.35 ), hypocytopenia (OR = 5.89), mean equivalent prednisone dose>25 mg/d (OR=7.65) and prolonged tracheal intubation (OR=5.98) were signi-ficantly associated with death. Whereas sex, age, SLEDAI >27, gastrointestinal bleeding, the cumulative dosage of CTX higher than 1.0 g, pulse intravenous methylprednisolone therapy were not associated with death. Conclusion The mortality rate of critically ill SLE patients in ICU is very high. SLICC/ACR DI> 7.7, APACHE Ⅲ≥21, lung disorders with ARDS, septic shock, intracraniai haemorrhage, average prednisone equivalent dosage higher than 25mg/d and prolonged tracheal intubation (longer than 4 days) are negative prognostic factors in SLE patients admitted to the ICU.     

重症监护病房系统性红斑狼疮患者预后因素分析

Objective To analyze the outcomes and prognostic factors associated with the death of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods During June 1996 to June 2007, all SLE patients admitted to the ICU were included. Patients were excluded if the diagnosis of SLE was established at or after ICU admission. A multivariate logistic regression model was applied using variables that were associated with death in the univariate analysis. Results A total of 101 patients meeting the criteria were included. The mortality rate was 48.6%. The most common causes of admission was lung disorder with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that SLICC/ACR DI>7.7 (OR=6.87), APACHE Ⅲ≥21 (OR=29.8), lung disorders with ARDS (OR =55.81 ), septic shock (OR =32.22 ), intracranial haemorrhage (OR =57.35 ), hypocytopenia (OR = 5.89), mean equivalent prednisone dose>25 mg/d (OR=7.65) and prolonged tracheal intubation (OR=5.98) were signi-ficantly associated with death. Whereas sex, age, SLEDAI >27, gastrointestinal bleeding, the cumulative dosage of CTX higher than 1.0 g, pulse intravenous methylprednisolone therapy were not associated with death. Conclusion The mortality rate of critically ill SLE patients in ICU is very high. SLICC/ACR DI> 7.7, APACHE Ⅲ≥21, lung disorders with ARDS, septic shock, intracraniai haemorrhage, average prednisone equivalent dosage higher than 25mg/d and prolonged tracheal intubation (longer than 4 days) are negative prognostic factors in SLE patients admitted to the ICU.     

冠心病患者胱抑素C与SYNTAX评分的相关性研究

目的探讨行冠状动脉造影检查的冠心病患者血清胱抑素C(CysC)水平是否能预测冠状动脉病变严重程度。方法选择行冠状动脉造影的胸痛患者435例。67例患者证实冠状动脉狭窄<50%为对照组;余368例为冠心病组,又根据SYNTAX评分结果分为低分组(0²2分)134例、中分组(2322分)134例、中分组(23³2分)177例和高分组(>32分)57例。造影前均检测血清CysC。结果与低分组比较,中分组和高分组CysC明显升高(11.49±4.81)μmol/L和(13.63±5.30)μmmol/L vs(14.35±3.37)μmmol/L,P<0.05)。CysC与SYNTAX评分呈正相关(r=0.106,P=0.001)。单因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄、糖尿病和血清肌酐是SYNTAX评分>32分最强预测因素(P<0.01)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄和糖尿病是SYNTAX评分>32分最强预测因素(P<0.01),血清CysC及空腹血糖是其独立预测因素(P<0.05)。结论血清CysC与冠状动脉病变严重程度密切相关,随着血清CysC水平升高,冠心病病情逐渐加重。     

Increased admission serum estradiol level is correlated with high mortality in patients with severe acute pancreatitis

Background

Sexual dimorphism in critical diseases has been documented. Severe acute pancreatitis is a disease with high mortality. We hypothesized that admission sex hormone levels may be used as an early predictor of outcome in these patients.

Methods

A prospective cohort of patients with severe acute pancreatitis admitted to the intensive care unit for at least 48 h were enrolled (n = 62). Serum levels of estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone were determined on admission. The association of sex hormone levels and various disease severity scoring systems with patient outcome was analyzed.

Results

There was no difference in overall mortality between the sexes. However, estradiol was significantly elevated in nonsurvivors (39 vs. 206 pg/mL, p < 0.001). The estradiol level was the best single-variable predictor of mortality (area under the curve 0.97), followed by the sequential organ failure assessment score, the multiple organ dysfunction score, and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Care Evaluation II (APACHE II) score. A serum estradiol level of 102 pg/mL was both sensitive and specific to predict mortality. There were no differences between survivors and non-survivors in terms of age, body mass index, or progesterone and testosterone levels.

Conclusions

Admission serum estradiol level is a good marker of disease severity and predictor of death in patients with severe acute pancreatitis.     

血清同型半胱氨酸与2型糖尿病患者冠状动脉病变SYNTAX评分的相关性研究

目的探讨血清同型半胱氨酸(HCY)与2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者冠状动脉病变SYNTAX评分的相关性。方法选取2016-06~2017-06在该院治疗的2型糖尿病患者160例以及健康对照组80例。依据冠状动脉造影检查将2型糖尿病患者分为两组:无冠心病组80例,合并冠心病组80例。2型糖尿病合并冠心病组根据SYNTAX评分分为低危组23例、中危组30例、高危组27例。采用循环酶法检测研究对象血清HCY水平,并对比分析检测结果。结果 2型糖尿病无冠心病组和2型糖尿病合并冠心病组血清HCY检测水平高于健康组,2型糖尿病无冠心病组血清HCY水平低于2型糖尿病合并冠心病组;低危组和中危组组血清HCY水平均低于高危组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血清HCY水平与2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者SYNTAX评分紧密相关,血清HCY水平可作为判断2型糖尿病患者冠状动脉病变严重程度的指标。     

qSOFA评分、MNA评分联合血清降钙原对老年重症社区获得性肺炎患者的预后预测价值

目的 探讨快速序贯器官衰竭(qSOFA)、微型营养评估法(MNA)评分联合血清降钙素原(PCT)对老年重症社区获得性肺炎(SCAP)患者预后的预测价值.方法 回顾性分析2018年4月至2020年4月于中南大学湘雅医学院附属海口医院收治的老年SCAP患者128例,随访4周,根据生存与死亡情况分成生存组(n=110)和死亡...     

Changes in serum ferritin following surgical trauma

A statistically significant increase in serum ferritin values was found in 14 male patients already 1 d after uniform operative trauma and, on the 3rd d following operation, the last day of observation period values were still increased. Moreover, in all patients a highly significant fall in plasma iron of acute onset was found. The hypoferremia was already seen on the day after operation. Serum transferrin was also found to be significantly reduced after operation.     

入院时血乳酸水平联合重症评分对患者预后价值评估

目的：探讨入院时血乳酸水平联合qSOFA,CRB/CURB-65评分对社区获得性肺炎（CAP）患者预后的价值。方法：回顾性收集河北大学附属医院入院8小时内有测定乳酸的CAP患者,入选512例,每一例患者均计算qSOFA,CRB/CURB-65评分,用受试者操作特性曲线（ROC曲线）评估各指标对不良预后（气管插管机械通气或需要血管加压素及住院期间死亡）的预测价值,并确定最佳截断值,logistic回归用于确定不良预后的独立危险因素。结果：3个评分系统均显示得分越高,发生不良预后的比率越高：qSOFA（19.4%,45.5%,50%）,CRB-65（10.7%,45.2%,66.7%）,CURB-65（11.1%,23.5%,47.6%,100%）,其中CURB-65（0.791,95%CI 0.707-0.876）对CAP患者不良预后具有最高的预测价值,加入乳酸后,CRB-65（0.761至0.795）,CURB-65（0.791至0.835）和qSOFA（0.770至0.837）的预测效能提高,qSOFA评分提高最明显。结论：CURB-65虽单独对住院CAP患者发生院内死亡等短期不良结局预测优于qSOFA和CRB-65,但加入乳酸后qSOFA评分具有更大的效力,对重症患者的检出可能更有利。     

血清铁蛋白与动脉粥样硬化形成相关关系研究

目的探讨动脉粥样硬化高危人群血清铁蛋白水平与动脉粥样硬化形成的关系。方法随机抽选176例动脉粥样硬化高危患者,B型超声法测定其颈动脉内膜-中层厚度,观察斑块的有无并计算Crouse积分,作为评价动脉粥样硬化的指标。酶联免疫定量测定血清铁蛋白水平。结果根据颈动脉内膜-中层厚度≥0.8mm和(或)颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的形成分为颈动脉正常组和异常组。异常组血清铁蛋白较正常组明显升高(P<0.01),年龄也较正常组显著增加(P<0.01)。以血清铁蛋白≥300ng/ml为界分为血清铁蛋白升高组及正常组,发现升高组较正常组平均内膜-中层厚度、最大内膜-中层厚度及Crouse积分均显著升高(P<0.01,P<0.01,P<0.01)。直线相关与回归分析发现血清铁蛋白与平均内膜-中层厚度、最大内膜-中层厚度及Crouse积分之间均呈明显的正相关。结论血清铁蛋白水平升高与动脉粥样硬化呈正相关,进一步支持了“铁假说”。