精神分裂症发病及预后的相关影响因素分析

目的研究影响精神分裂症患者发病及预后的相关因素。方法 1.随机收集住院精神分裂症患者50例,社区康复精神分裂症患者51例,采用自编一般情况表收集患者背景资料。2.使用"阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)"、"家庭亲密度和适应性量表中文版(FACESⅡ-CV)"测评精神分裂症患者的症状及家庭功能。结果 1.社区康复组患者疾病发作次数、住院次数少于住院组(P0.05)。2.社区康复组患者的PANSS粗分、阳性总分、阴性总分、一般精神病理学量表分以及反应缺乏、思维障碍、偏执得分三项症状群评分都要低于住院组(P0.05)。3.家庭亲密度和适应性测评,在实际适应性上,社区康复组家庭的适应性要优于住院组(P0.05)。结论 1、与既往研究结果一致的结论 :(1)精神分裂症患者的婚姻关系支持不足。(2)住院组精神分裂症患者的精神症状严重程度、发作、住院频率普遍都比社区康复组患者严重。(3)相对较好的家庭功能对精神分裂症患者的康复是一种保护性因素。2、本研究新观点:从心理、社会综合角度看精神分裂症患者的发病,更可能和"个体内在需求与个体的内外环境供给"不匹配让个体主观体验到的压力程度(简称"供需冲突张力")有关。     

家庭干预对首发精神分裂症患者辅助治疗的随访研究

目的:探讨家庭干预对首发精神分裂症患者预后的影响。方法:将90例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为抗精神病药物合并家庭干预组(干预组,45例)及单用抗精神病药物组(对照组,45例),进行为期1年的随访研究。采用家庭亲密度和适应性量表(FACESⅡ-CV)、家庭功能量表(FAD)、简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)、阳性症状评定量表(SAPS)及阴性症状评定量表(SANS)评估患者家庭状况和精神症状。结果:随访结束后,干预组家庭亲密度和适应性及家庭功能改善明显(P<0.01);干预组FACESⅡ-CV中的实际亲密度、理想亲密度因子评分显著高于对照组[(66.7±12.2)分、(57.7±10.4)分、(68.4±10.6)分、(55.8±9.7)分,P均<0.01],干预组FAD中的沟通、角色、情感反应、情感介入、行为控制及总的功能因子评分显著低于对照组(P均<0.05);两组BPRS、SAPS及SANS评分均较入组时有明显下降(P均<0.01),随访期干预组BPRS和SANS评分显著低于对照组[(19.6±10.7)分、(21.8±12.5)分、(16.7±6.4)分、(18.8±7.2)分,P均<0.01];多元逐步回归分析显示患者精神症状预后与基线期精神症状严重程度呈正相关,与基线期家庭功能及发病年龄呈负相关(t=2.65,-2.49,-2.79,P均<0.05)。结论:对精神分裂症患者进行家庭干预,可增加患者家庭亲密度和适应性,提高家庭功能,改善疾病预后。     

青少年精神分裂症家庭功能及有关情况

目的:探讨青少年精神分裂症患者的家庭功能以及亲密度和适应性特点.方法:采用家庭功能量表(FAD)以及家庭亲密度和适应性量表(FACES Ⅱ-CV)对52例青少年精神分裂症患者(患者组)和60名健康志愿者(对照组)进行调查,并比较结果.结果:患者组在沟通、情感反应、情感介入、行为控制以及总的功能等方面的评分显著高于正常对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);患者组的家庭亲密度和家庭适应性各因子评分明显低于正常对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论:青少年精神分裂症患者家庭支持系统不良,应针对其家庭特点开展家庭干预.     

康复期精神分裂症患者社会功能与家庭亲密度和适应性的相关研究

目的探讨康复期精神分裂症患者的社会功能与家庭亲密度和适应性的相关性。方法选取在自贡市精神卫生中心住院治疗后出院的康复期精神分裂症患者100例为研究对象。采用家庭亲密度与适应性量表中文版(FACESⅡ-CV)和Morningside康复状态量表(MRSS)对患者进行评定。结果理想亲密度评分与社交量表评分呈负相关(r=-0.525,P0.05);实际适应性及实际亲密度评分分别与活动能力缺乏量表、依赖量表、社交量表评分及MRSS总评分呈负相关(r=-0.198,-0.078,-0.372,-0.225,P0.01;r=-0.092,-0.043,-0.204,-0.105,P0.01);不满意亲密度评分与依赖量表、活动能力缺乏量表评分及MRSS总评分呈正相关(r=-0.531,-0.401,-0.395,P0.05或0.01);不满意适应性评分与依赖量表评分呈正相关(r=0.402,P0.01)。结论临床中应加强对康复期精神分裂症患者的家庭干预,有意识地引导其家庭亲密度和适应性提高,以改善患者的社会功能。     

“一站式”社区系统家庭治疗模式对精神分裂症康复效果分析

目的探讨"一站式"社区系统家庭治疗模式对精神分裂症患者家庭环境和自测健康状况的影响。方法将病情处于缓解期的精神分裂症患者120例分为研究组和对照组各60例,两组病例均维持抗精神病药物治疗和一般性健康教育,研究组在"社区工疗站"定期接受系统家庭治疗,对照组不参与"社区工疗站"活动。采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、自测健康评定量表(SRHMS)、家庭环境量表中文版(FES-CV)在治疗前及治疗两年后对两组患者进行评定。结果治疗后研究组和对照组PANSS评分、SRHMS总评分差异均有统计学意义[(50.01±13.93)分vs.(78.59±14.88)分,(339.97±41.86)分vs.(290.46±41.84)分,P均0.01]。结论 "一站式"社区系统家庭治疗可能有助于稳定精神分裂症患者的病情,减少复发,提高患者的健康自测水平。     

精神疾病患者家庭环境及其一级亲属人格特征

目的探讨精神疾病患者的家庭环境及其一级亲属人格特征,为改善精神疾病患者康复环境进行有针对性的心理干预提供参考。方法将2014年1月-5月在郑州大学第一附属医院精神医学科住院的190例符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)精神与行为障碍诊断的患者作为病例组,进行家庭环境量表中文版(FES-CV)测评,对179名精神疾病患者一级亲属进行艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)测评,同期选取181名健康志愿者作为对照组,对所有入组的健康志愿者进行FES-CV和EPQ测评。结果病例组FES-CV中矛盾性和控制性因子评分均高于对照组[(3.58±2.02)分vs.(2.80±1.64)分,(3.43±2.08)分vs.(2.96±1.49)分,t=4.14、2.52,P0.05或0.01];病例组FES-CV中亲密度、情感表达、娱乐性、组织性评分均低于对照组[(5.91±2.20)分vs.(6.57±1.20)分,(4.56±1.82)分vs.(5.31±1.44)分,(3.43±2.29)分vs.(4.40±1.95)分,(4.75±2.06)分vs.(5.31±1.99)分,t=-3.07、-4.39、-4.43、-2.65,P0.05或0.01]。病例组一级亲属EPQ中精神质和神经质评分均高于对照组[(52.71±9.90)vs.(42.71±10.59)分,(54.44±11.97)分vs.(45.96±11.49)分,t=9.26、6.84,P均0.01]。结论精神疾病患者的家庭环境存在低亲密度、低情感表达、低娱乐性及低组织性特征,同时矛盾性和控制性在患者的家庭氛围中比较明显,且精神疾病患者的一级亲属多具有神经质和精神质的人格特点。     

综合康复治疗对社区慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能影响的3年随访

目的 探讨社区治疗及家庭心理治疗的综合康复治疗模式对社区慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响.方法 采用随机抽样法,将98例上海市普陀区社区慢性精神分裂症患者随机分为干预组(48例)和对照组(50例),在维持原有抗精神病药物治疗的同时,由专职精神科医师和经过专业培训的社区工作者对干预组组织社区治疗并进行定期综合心理教育式家庭干预,对照组仅为上门随访.于入组前及第3年末分别对两组患者进行阳性症状与阴性症状量表(PANSS) 评定精神症状、Morning Side康复状态量表(MRSS)评定康复状态、韦氏成人智力测验(WAIS-RC)、简易精神状态检查表(MMSE)、威斯康星卡片分类试验(WCST)测定患者认知功能水平.随访3年.结果 观察前后干预组在PANSS总分[(47.43±12.62)与( 42.38±11.40),t=8.89,P=0.001]、MRSS总分[(48.60±2.99)与( 40.46±3.47), t=7.696,P=0.002]、 MMSE[(19.54±2.99) 与( 23.68±1.42), t=3.684,P=0.005]、WCST总测验数[(87.76±20.54) 与( 80.08±21.33 ), t=3.431,P=0.003]等存在统计学差异(P＜0.05).结论 社区治疗及家庭心理治疗的综合康复治疗模式对社区慢性精神分裂症患者的阴性症状,认知功能尤其是执行功能具有明显改善.     

家庭干预辅助治疗抑郁症的疗效分析

目的 探讨家庭干预对抑郁症的辅助治疗作用.方法 将75例符合抑郁发作诊断标准的患者随机分为研究组35例和对照组40例,均给予抗抑郁药物治疗,研究组同时进行家庭干预治疗.于治疗前和治疗后分别采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评定疗效,采用生活质量综合评定问卷(GQOLI-74)、家庭亲密度和适应性量表中文版(FACESⅡ-CV)评价患者的生活质量及患者家庭亲密度和适应性.结果 经6个月治疗,研究组和对照组显效率分别为77.1％和55.0％,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).研究组GQOLI-74各维度和FACESⅡ-CV各因子评分较治疗前均显著升高(P＜0.05),且均高于治疗后对照组各相应项目评分(P＜0.05).结论 抗抑郁药物合并家庭干预对抑郁症的治疗效果优于单纯药物治疗.     

社区综合性精神康复措施对精神分裂症患者的康复作用

目的 探讨社区综合性精神康复措施促进精神分裂症患者康复的作用.方法 将150例精神分裂症患者及其家属分为研究组75例和对照组75例,研究组接受常规社区精神卫生服务和社区家庭干预,对照组仅接受社区常规精神卫生服务.在入组时及随访3年间用Krawiecka症状量表、社会功能缺陷筛选表(SDSS)、Momingside康复状态量表(MRSS)对两组患者进行症状、社会功能、康复状况等进行评估,比较两组问差异.结果 入组时研究组和对照组各量表评分分别为:Krawiecka[(11.36±6.08)vs(11.57±5.06)],SDSS[(7.17±1.78)vs(7.12±1.41)],MBSS[(80.86±24.17)V8(79.14±23.54)],两组的差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);第3年末两组均分比较:Krawiecka[(5.77±5.01)vs(11.78±6.98)],SDSS[(4.91±2.16)vs(7.43±1.90)],MRSS[(51.94±28.50)vs(84.43±23.66)],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 对精神分裂症患者持续实施社区综合性精神康复措施,有利于改善患者的症状和社会功能,促进患者康复.     

DUP和家庭功能对首发精神分裂症患者1年内复发的影响研究

目的 研究未治疗精神病期(duration of unmediacted psychsis,DUP)和家庭功能等因素对首发精神分裂症患者1年内复发的影响.方法 调查经临床治愈的首发精神分裂症患者的DUP及其家庭功能,同时随访患者在接受治疗1年间的复发时间及治疗前后的精神症状.使用家庭关怀度指数量表(APGAR)评定患者的家庭功能情况,应用简明精神病评定表(BPRS)和阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定精神症状.根据患者1年内的复发情况,分为复发组和未复发组进行比较.结果 (1)共入组95例患者,其中87例完成1年随访,有34例在1年中复发.复发组的DUP明显长于未复发组(4.59±3.79)月 vs (3.12±1.78)月,t=2.121,P=0.04;(2)复发组患者随访1年末PANSS阴性量表分与DUP有相关性(r=0.483,P=0.004);(3)复发组与未复发组患者比较,APGAR总分、适应度、亲密度分均有显著差异(APGAR总分:(5.91±1.62) vs (7.13±1.47),t=-3.631,P=0.000;适应度:(1.53± 0.51) vs (1.71±0.34),t=-2.752,P=0.008;亲密度:(1.09±0.29) vs (1.25±0.43),t=-2.028,P=0.046.结论 长DUP和低家庭功能水平,对首发精神分裂症患者1年内的复发可能有不良影响.     

Psychosocial rehabilitation in a public psychiatric hospital

Patients with chronic mental illnesses have complex treatment needs that often pose significant challenges to mental health professionals. This paper describes the implementation of a psychosocial rehabilitation program to meet the treatment needs of patients in a public psychiatric hospital providing long-term care. A core group of professional staff adopted psychosocial rehabilitation principles in order to transform a custodial model of care to a highly interactive educational and skills building program. A model of service delivery was established to address patients' skill deficits and barriers to returning to the community. This article describes the major steps and challenges faced in overcoming obstacles and implementing a psychosocial philosophy of treatment in an inpatient setting. It suggests that it is possible for the public hospital to reinvent itself into an environment that can stimulate recovery and hope.     

对社区慢性精神分裂症患者个体化康复治疗的近期效果

目的探讨对慢性精神分裂症患者个体化康复治疗的近期效果。方法抽取上海市虹口区社区慢性精神分裂症患者,随机分为干预组和对照组;对干预组进行为期4月的个体化康复治疗;在基线收集一般资料,并在基线和干预结束后使用简明精神病量表（The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale,BPRS）、副反应量表（Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale,TESS）、社会功能缺陷筛选量表（Social Disability Screening Schedule,SDSS）、日常生活能力量表（Activity of Daily Living Scale,ADL）、功能活动调查表（Functional Activites Questionaire,FAQ）、药物依从性以及不良反应报告（自制）等评定。结果人组的干预组20例和对照组14例,诊断均为精神分裂症,两组在年龄、性别、受教育程度、病程、住院次数、家族史均为统计学差异。基线两组的各个量表得分均无统计学差异,随访时两组在BPRS总分、BPRS缺乏活力因子两项存在统计学差异。干预组在个体化康复治疗后BPRS总分、BPRS缺乏活力因子、BPRS思维障碍因子、BPRS激活性、TESS、SDSS、FAQ共7项得分较治疗前分值降低。对照组在随访时仅有SDSS共1项得分较基线增高。结论个体化康复治疗能够改善慢性精神分裂症患者的精神症状和社会适应等社会功能,以及降低药物副反应。     

QS mini切口膝关节置换辅以早期康复治疗16例

目的：观察QS Mini切口膝关节置换辅以专业康复治疗对膝关节骨性关节炎的治疗效果。 方法：回顾性分析2005-06/2006-08解放军总医院骨科收治的膝关节骨性关节炎患者16例作为实验组,男4例,女12例,年龄59~77(65.3±5.3)岁,病程10~15(13.4±4.3)年;16例患者均行Mini切口膝关节置换,辅以专业康复护理方案配合康复,康复护理方案涉及心理疏导、置换前训练、置换后肌力训练、不良步态纠正、关节位置觉训练以及置换后全身功能协调训练,特别强调早期股四头肌主动伸膝直腿抬高练习。以行常规膝关节置换的12例膝关节骨性关节炎患者为对照,男5例,女7例,年龄60~75(67.5±4.7)岁,病程8~18(12.8±4.9)年。采用目测类比评分评价疼痛程度,量角器测量关节活动角度,HSS评分评价关节功能。 结果：患者住院时间为10~16(13.2±2.7) d,平均13 d。28例患者均获得随访,随访时间9~12个月。两组患者置换前膝关节疼痛程度、活动度及功能情况无显著性差异。置换后关节疼痛程度、活动度及功能均明显改善,出院及随访时实验组关节屈曲活动度和HSS评分均高于对照组(P < 0.05)。 结论：在保存股四头肌完整性、减少术中损伤等理念下进行QS Mini切口人工膝关节置换,辅以心理疏导、置换前训练、置换后肌力训练、不良步态纠正、关节位置觉的训练以及置换后全身功能协调训练的治疗方案能够显著提高膝关节置换后的功能。     

根据Brunnstrom分期制定针对性康复方案对脑卒中患者康复效果的影响

目的探讨Brunnstrom分期制定针对性康复方案对脑卒中患者康复效果的影响作用。方法选取90例脑卒中患者采用随机数字表法分为实验组和对照组各45例,实验组依据Brunnstrom分期制定针对性康复方案,对照组给予常规康复治疗方法。结果康复治疗前实验组和对照组的Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分法(FAM)、改良Barthel指数(MBI)、运动功能评估量表(MAS)、美国国立卫生研究院神经功能缺损量表(NIHSS)评分和脑卒中专用生存质量量表(SS-QOL)评分差异均不具有统计学意义(P0.05)。康复治疗后实验组的FAM评分(48.2±7.6)分、MBI评分(58.2±11.6)分、MAS评分(33.7±6.2)分和SS-QOL评分(44.8±5.3)分均高于对照组的(29.6±5.7)分、(53.6±9.8)分、(29.6±5.7)分和(40.2±5.0)分,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);实验组NIHSS评分(13.5±3.8)分显著低于对照组的(15.7±4.0)分,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 Brunnstrom分期制定针对性康复方案较常规康复治疗对脑卒中患者具有更加显著的康复效果,具有提高患者生活质量的作用。     

Home-based rehabilitation program for older adults with cognitive impairment: preliminary results

Background: While there is a growing interest in cognitive rehabilitation for older adults, not enough data is available regarding its feasibility and effectiveness in an older population. The present study implemented a home‐based cognitive rehabilitation program for older adults in order to explore the program’s feasibility and effectiveness. Methods: The 8‐month rehabilitation program consisted of multiple workbooks targeted at improving attention, memory and executive function. Study participants worked on the workbooks at home with family members, while professional cognitive rehabilitation staff periodically evaluated their progress. Attention, memory and executive function were evaluated at outset, at month 4 and at the end of month 8. Results: The nine initial participants had histories of subarachnoid hemorrhage or traumatic brain injury, or were outpatients of a memory clinic who had memory impairment. Six participants (66.7%) completed the 8‐month program; one subject intentionally withdrew from the program while two others withdrew due to hospitalization. Among the six remaining participants, attention improved significantly between the month 4 and month 8 evaluations, and between the initial and month 8 evaluations. Within subsets of the attention test, significant improvement was seen in the visual selective attention domain. There was no change in memory or executive function, as well as the subjective difficulties in daily lives. Conclusions: This study suggests that a home‐based cognitive rehabilitation program for older adults is feasible and may improve attention, especially visual selective attention. An 8‐month rehabilitation program may have been of insufficient duration to generate significant improvements in memory or executive function.     

Transparency and tuning of rehabilitation care for children with cerebral palsy: A multiple case study in five children with complex needs

Purpose: Generally, there is a lack of knowledge whether and how parent-identified problems, treatment goals and treatment activities are tuned in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy. This study aimed to observe whether parent-identified problems and treatment goals were documented (‘transparency’ of the rehabilitation process), and to examine the relationship (‘tuning’) of parent-identified problems to treatment goals and to treatment activities of children with cerebral palsy in pediatric rehabilitation in the Netherlands.

Method: Five school-aged subjects with cerebral palsy were observed in detail during physical, occupational, and speech therapy, and their written reports were studied. Parent-identified problems, treatment goals, and treatment activities were linked to the ICF components, domains and categories and the amount of agreement was determined by code comparison.

Results: Only two children with a total of six parent-identified problems could be documented. Forty-five treatment goals were identified and 72 treatment activities were observed. The analyses indicated some tuning of parent-identified problems, goals and activities in all subjects, but only four of the treatment activities were perfectly tuned to treatment goals as well as to parent-identified problems.

Conclusions: We conclude that transparency and tuning of the pediatric treatment process described in the present study could be improved substantially. Several suggestions for improving the transparency and tuning of the treatment process are discussed.     

The role of level of representation in the use of paired associate learning for rehabilitation of alexia.

Patients with phonological alexia (difficulty reading pseudowords) frequently have concomitant difficulty reading functor words and verbs compared with concrete nouns. The current study compares two techniques for helping two patients with phonological alexia regain the ability to read functors and verbs. One technique follows the approach of reorganization of function, while the other relies on the stimulation approach. Study 1, employing a reorganization approach, resulted in both patients increasing their reading accuracy from approximately 10 to 90% or greater. Study 2, using a stimulation approach, resulted in significant improvement, however neither patient was able to achieve accuracy greater than 59%. Study 3 reverted back to the reorganization approach using the same words from Study 2. Both patients demonstrated significant success, achieving 90% or greater accuracy. Whereas the reorganization approach meets with far greater success than the stimulation approach, both approaches can be seen as instances of paired associate learning. An explanation of the advantage of the reorganization approach is developed which focuses on the nature of the pairings in the paired associate learning paradigm: it is proposed that pairings within the same level of representation are easier to learn than pairings that cut across levels of representation.     

早期康复治疗对脑卒中肩手综合征及上肢运动功能的影响

目的探讨早期康复治疗对预防脑卒中肩手综合征及改善上肢功能的临床效果。方法选取2013年5月~2014年5月来本院就诊的脑卒中患者97例,采用随机数字法分为观察组(Treat Group,TG)与对照组(Control Group,CG)2组。观察组运用早期综合康复治疗,比较2组患者肩手综合征发生率,并采用Fugl-Meyer(FMA)评分法评价治疗前后上肢的运动功能。结果观察组共发生肩手综合征4例(8.00%),对照组共发生肩手综合征12例(25.53%),观察组肩手综合征的发生率明显低于对照组,上肢Fugl-Meyer功能评分明显优于对照组(P0.05)。结论早期康复治疗可以在一定程度上预防肩手综合征的发生,并能改善上肢功能,提高患者生存及生活质量。     

Cognitive rehabilitation for individuals with opioid use disorder: A randomized controlled trial*

Aim: To examine the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation treatment (CRT) for people with opioid use disorder who were recruited into a methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) programme.

Method: 120 male subjects were randomly assigned to (1) MMT plus CRT in two months or (2) MMT plus a control intervention. Subjects were assessed at the beginning, mid-point and post-intervention as well as at 1-, 3- and 6-month follow-up time points.

Results: Analysis with repeated measure ANOVA showed that the CRT group performed significantly better in tests of learning, switching, processing speed, working memory and memory span. Moreover, the CRT group had significantly lower opiate use over the control group during 3-months follow-up. Analysis including only those with a history of methamphetamine use showed that the CRT group had significantly lower amphetamine use. No group differences were observed for treatment retention.

Conclusions: Our findings provide evidence that adding CRT as an adjunct intervention to MMT can improve cognitive performance as well as abstinence from both opiates and stimulants.