乌鲁木齐市吸毒人群共用器具注射毒品行为特征及其影响因素

目的:了解乌鲁木齐市吸毒人群共用器具注射毒品的行为特征及其影响因素。方法:于2004年9-10月,应用结构式问卷调查乌鲁木齐市吸毒者的人口学特征、首次吸毒前的吸烟和饮酒情况;首次吸毒和首次静脉注射毒品及共用注射器具注射毒品的行为特征及相关因素等。结果:提供知情同意书的509名吸毒者中,既往共用器具注射吸毒者占59.5%(303/509)。近3个月有新的共用器具注射毒品伙伴者占17.3%(88/509);共用器具注射毒品≥5次者占14.9%(76/509);近3个月33.2%(169/509)的调查对象共用器具注射毒品;直接共用者占27.9%(142/509),间接共用者占23.2%(118/509)。Logistic回归模型结果显示,与共用器具注射毒品≥5次有统计学意义的变量是年龄(OR=1.77,95%CI:1.07-2.91)和文化程度(OR=0.31,95%CI:0.15-0.64);与直接共用有关的变量是近6个月工作(OR=0.57,95%CI:0.38-0.86)、年收入(OR=0.58,95%CI:0.38-0.86)和15a以前开始吸烟(OR=1.79,95%CI:1.18-2.72);与间接共用有关的变量是民族(OR=0.58,95%CI:0.37-0.92)和近6个月工作(OR=0.61,95%CI:0.40-0.92)。结论:乌鲁木齐地区吸毒人群共用器具注射毒品比例高;年龄、文化程度、稳定的工作和年收入及15a以前开始吸烟与共用注射器具吸毒有关。提示:推广高危行为干预和强化个体化降低毒品危害咨询的必要性。     

静脉吸毒人群前瞻性队列研究2年随访HIV血清抗体保持率分析

目的:了解静脉吸毒人群前瞻性队列研究2年随访的HIV血清抗体阳转率和保持率情况。方法:于2002年11月,在四川省西昌市从社区招募了HIV血清抗体阴性的静脉吸毒人群前瞻性研究队列333人,队列每6个月随访1次和采集血样进行HIV抗体检测,以及分析队列本底的静脉吸毒人群社会人口学和HIV高危行为特征与队列保持率的关系。结果:静脉吸毒人群队列研究2年随访的HIV血清抗体阳转率为2.53/100人年(95%CI,1.10-3.97)和保持率为75.7%(252/333)。在多因素logistic回归模型分析中,与队列保持率的关系有统计学意义的变量为:彝族(OR,0.52;95%CI,0.29-0.91)、6个月回访(OR,4.72;95%CI,2.69-8.28)、和近3个月静脉吸毒频率高(OR,2.06;95%CI,1.12-3.80)。结论:本研究队列静脉吸毒人群HIV血清抗体阳转率较高和彝族静脉吸毒人群队列保持率低。     

毒品滥用对男性吸毒人群性行为的影响

目的:了解毒品滥用对男性吸毒人群性行为的影响。方法:2004年5-7月,在四川省西昌市调查男性吸毒人员的社会人口学、吸烟、饮酒、吸毒和性行为方式及频率。结果:共调查男性吸毒者892人,在多因素Logistic回归模型中,近6个月与固定性伴性行为的关系有统计学意义的变量为:年龄(OR值,0·49,95%CI:0·28-0·87),住自己的房子(OR值,0·56,95%CI:0·36-0·88)和吸毒年限(OR值,0·54,95%CI:0·33-0·87);近6个月与临时性伴性行为的关系有统计学意义的变量为:无业(OR值,1·40,95%CI:1·03-1·91),有固定性伴(OR值,0·56,95%CI:0·40-0·79)和近3个月静脉吸毒频率(OR值,1·53,95%CI:1·11-2·10)。结论:长期毒品滥用可降低男性与固定性伴的性行为和近3个月毒品滥用可增加男性与临时性伴的性行为。     

吸毒人群从首次吸毒到静脉注射吸毒的转变研究

目的:了解四川省某地区吸毒人群从首次吸毒到静脉注射吸毒的发生率及影响因素.方法:于2002年11月在社区招募吸毒人员382人,调查该人群的社会人口学特征,首次吸毒、首次静脉注射吸毒时间等.结果:从首次吸毒到静脉注射吸毒的发生率为32.56/100人年.在多因素分析中,首次吸毒时年龄(HR值为1.66;95%CI为1.35-2.05)、民族(HR值为1.38;95%CI为1.10-1.74)、文化(HR值为0.75;95%CI为0.60-0.93)和收入(HR值为0.64;95%CI为0.52-0.79)与首次吸毒转变为静脉吸毒的发生率有统计学意义.结论:应针对不同的民族、文化、收入及年龄特点,对吸毒人群开展健康教育和行为干预,控制艾滋病病毒的传播.     

新疆乌鲁木齐市吸毒人群首次吸毒的影响因素分析

目的:了解乌鲁木齐市吸毒人群首次吸毒的发生情况。方法:于2004年9―10月,应用结构式问卷调查乌鲁木齐市吸毒者性别、年龄、民族、文化程度,首次吸毒时间、方式及种类,首次吸毒前调查对象的吸烟、饮酒,家庭成员、朋友和亲戚吸毒情况。结果:提供知情同意书的509名吸毒者中,研究对象从出生到首次吸毒的发生率为4.90/100人年(95%CI为4.48-5.33),发生首次吸毒的中位时间为19.7(95%CI为19.1-20.4)岁。在多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析中,维族(HR值为1.50;95%CI为1.25-1.80)、15岁以前开始吸烟(HR值为2.12,95%CI为1.77-2.55)及亲戚吸毒(HR值为1.36;95%CI为1.05-1.75)与发生首次吸毒的关系有统计学意义。结论:本调查提示青少年早期吸烟干预的健康教育对预防毒品滥用有必要,维族应该是当地干预的重点对象。     

西昌市静脉吸毒人群前瞻性队列研究2年随访死亡分析

目的:了解四川省凉山彝族自治州西昌市静脉吸毒人群死亡率及死因。方法:于2002年11月招募静脉吸毒人群前瞻性研究队列376人,调查其社会人口学、吸毒行为和性行为特征。计算静脉吸毒人群随访2年的死亡率和死因构成,对其影响因素采用单因素和多因素Cox回归模型分析。结果:在队列2年随访中,死亡39人,死亡率为55.30/1000人年(95%CI:37.95-72.66),标准化死亡比为34.53(95%CI:21.60-54.54)。吸毒过量占全部死因的66.7%(26/39)。多因素Cox回归模型分析未见与全因死亡关系有统计学意义的变量;但见吸毒年限(≥9年)与吸毒过量死亡有统计学关联(P=0.0347),其危险比是2.31(95%CI:1.06-5.04)。结论:吸毒过量是西昌市静脉吸毒者的主要死因,需进一步探讨吸毒过量死亡的影响因素及其干预对策。     

暗娼对HIV自愿咨询检测服务的利用及影响因素研究

目的了解暗娼人群寻求艾滋病自愿咨询检测服务(VCT)的影响因素。方法从社区中招募暗娼,调查其社会人口学、知识态度、性服务等相关情况。结果调查的573位暗娼中,仅有14.0%曾经接受过VCT服务。多因素Logistic回归分析显示发廊、出租屋、化妆屋(OR=0.35;96%CI:0.16,0.79)、知晓HIV3种传播途径(OR=2.59;97%CI:1.43,4.69)、过去1年曾经患过性传播感染(OR=2.75;98%CI:1.59,4.76)、不愿实名接受HIV检测(OR=0.43;100%CI:0.25,0.74)是暗娼寻求VCT服务的影响因素。结论本研究结果显示暗娼对VCT服务的利用水平低,一方面需加大对暗娼的宣传和健康教育力度来促使暗娼主动寻求VCT服务,另一方面需探索更加行之有效的HIV检测策略,促进艾滋病防控工作更加有效地开展。     

女性尿失禁的流行特征及危险因素分析

目的调查太原地区成年女性尿失禁(UI)的患病率及其危险因素。方法按随机抽样方法对太原地区常住18岁以上744名女性进行问卷调查。采用女性尿失禁症状调查问卷。调查项目包括一般情况、与分娩有关的因素、尿失禁患病情况等。采用χ2检验进行各因素患病率及构成比的比较;采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析方法计算优势比(OR)值及95%可信区间(CI),确定与UI有关的危险因素,所有数据分析采用SPSS10.0统计软件进行。结果UI发生率为49.3%,其中压力性尿失禁(SUI)、急迫性尿失禁(UUI)、混合性尿失禁(MUI)发生率分别为31.6%、5.91%、11.8%。多因素结果显示年龄(OR:6.517;95%CI:4.323～9.824)、会阴撕裂(OR:1.981;95%CI:1.019～3.850)、绝经(OR:2.299;95%CI:1.291～4.093)、便秘(OR:5.405;95%CI:2.300～12.702)是尿失禁发生的危险因素,保护因素为临产前剖宫产(OR:0.532;95%CI:0.335～0.843)。结论女性尿失禁患病率高,尿失禁的发生与多种因素有关,尤其与年龄、会阴撕裂、绝经及便秘等因素关系密切,临产前剖宫产为保护因素。     

以社区为基础招募的乌鲁木齐市吸毒者首次吸毒发生情况的调查

目的:在横断面调查的基础上,采用生存分析方法(survivalanalysis)探讨乌鲁木齐市社区吸毒人群发生首次吸毒的情况及其影响因素。方法:于2005年4-6月,以应答驱动抽样为主要招募方式,在社区招募吸毒者参加调查;应用结构式问卷调查吸毒者的社会人口学特征、首次口吸和静脉注射毒品时间、方式,首次吸毒前的个人成瘾性行为(如吸烟、饮酒)及家庭成员、亲友吸毒情况等。结果:401名静脉注射毒品者进入本次横断面调查,首次吸毒方式为口吸和静脉注射毒品者分别为95·0%(381/401)和5·0%(20/401),首次使用的毒品均为海洛因,首次吸毒年龄19·8a±s5·0a,首次吸毒年龄最小值为6·4a,15a以前开始吸毒者占14·2%(57/401)。从出生到首次吸毒的发生率为5·0/100人年(95%CI:4·5-5·5),影响首次吸毒发生的变量为:维族(HR=2·161,95%CI:1·713-2·726)、15a以前开始吸烟(HR=1·273,95%CI:1·006-1·610)、16a以前开始饮酒(HR=1·774,95%CI:1·387-2·269)、有亲戚吸毒(HR=1·411,95%CI:1·032-1·928)。从出生到发生首次吸毒的时间分别为:维族17·9(95%CI:17·2-18·5)a,15a以前开始吸烟者为20·0(95%CI:20·0-20·8)a,16a以前开始饮酒者为17·0(95%CI:16·6-17·7)a,有亲戚吸毒者为19·2(95%CI:18·6-20·0)a。结论:提示吸毒流行严重地区,吸毒低龄化可能会加速艾滋病的流行。在青少年早期开展个人成瘾性行为(如吸烟、饮酒)的干预教育及艾滋病知识的宣传教育非常必要,维族青少年应该是重点干预人群。     

四川省西昌市吸毒人群首次吸毒情况的调查分析

目的:调查四川省西昌市吸毒人群首次吸毒的发生情况。方法:在四川省凉山彝族自治州西昌市戒毒所、拘留所和看守所调查吸毒人员的人口学特征,吸毒前吸烟和饮酒的情况,朋友、亲戚和家人吸毒的人数,首次吸毒的时间和使用毒品的方式和种类,吸毒前是否有被治安处理或违法行为。结果:共调查了619名吸毒人员,从出生到首次吸毒的发生率为4·08/100(95%可信区间为3·76-4·40)人年。在多因素Cox比例风险模型中,15a以前开始吸烟(危险率比值为1·58;95%可信区间为1·35-1·86),朋友中吸毒的人数(朋友中有1-4人吸毒危险率比值为1·25;95%可信区间为1·04-1·51,朋友中有5人及以上吸毒危险率比值为1·71;95%可信区间为1·39-2·09)和研究对象来源(拘留所和看守所危险率比值为1·52;95%可信区间为1·18-1·96)与首次吸毒的发生率有统计学意义。结论:需进一步了解首次吸毒发生的情况及其影响因素,为开展健康教育和行为干预来预防吸毒和有关疾病的传播提供科学依据。     

四川省西昌市静脉吸毒人群丙型肝炎病毒感染情况研究

目的：了解四川省西昌市静脉吸毒人群丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染情况及其影响因素。方法l于2005年10月至11月在西昌市对静脉吸毒人群进行问卷调查，调查内容包括社会人口学、毒品使用、共用注射器具静脉吸毒以及性行为情况等，同时采集血样进行HCV抗体检测。结果：在招募的325名静脉吸毒者中，HCV感染率为61．8％（201／325）。多因素Logistic回归模型分析结果显示，无业（OR，1．90；95％CI，1．11．3．24）、近3个月共用针头或注射器（OR，2．40；95％CI，1．164．99）以及近6个月以性交为条件接受性伴提供的钱物、毒品或住处（OR，8．96；95％CI，1．15-69．58）与静脉吸毒人群HCV感染的关系有统计学意义。结论：四川省西昌市静脉吸毒人群中HCV感染率仍在升高，应该在该地区进一步加大干预工作的力度以控制HCV的传播。     

Social and structural determinants of health associated with drug use patterns among female sex workers in Iran: A latent class analysis

BackgroundFemale sex workers (FSWs) experience adversities regarding social determinants of health (SDH) and behavioural factors including illicit drug use. This study aimed to assess the clustered impact of SDH on illicit drug use among FSWs in Iran.MethodsWe surveyed 1,347 FSWs in 13 major cities in 2015. Latent class analysis was conducted to identify distinct classes of five measured SDH including low education, unemployment, unstable housing, last-year incarceration and sexual violence. We examined the association of these classes with five illicit drug use patterns using multivariable generalized linear model with Poisson family and log link, and reported adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsWe identified five SDH classes: Class 1: no SDH adversities; Class 2: mainly unemployment; Class 3: low education and unemployment; Class 4: sexual violence and unemployment; and Class 5: multiple SDH adversities. The prevalence of last-month drug use ranged from 7.0% in Class 1 to 53.3% in Class 5. Compared to FSWs in Class 1, those in Class 2 (aPR: 2.47, 95% CI: 1.15, 5.27), Class 3 (aPR: 3.69, 95% CI: 1.62, 8.36), Class 4 (aPR: 4.49, 95% CI: 1.71, 11.78) and Class 5 (aPR: 6.35, 95% CI: 2.42, 16.69) were more likely to report last-month drug use. The same patterns were observed for specific drugs of opium use, crystal methamphetamine use, and heroin-crack use, as well as poly-drug use.ConclusionSocio-structural determinants are clustered together and elevate the likelihood of illicit drug use among FSWs. Our findings highlighted the significance of assessing and addressing such key determinants of health in drug use harm reduction programs targeting FSWs.     

Crystal methamphetamine use among female street-based sex workers: Moving beyond individual-focused interventions

Given growing concern of the sexual risks associated with crystal methamphetamine use and the dearth of research characterizing the use of methamphetamine among street-based sex workers (FSWs), this study aimed to characterize the prevalence and individual, social, and structural contexts of crystal methamphetamine use among FSWs in a Canadian setting. Drawing on data from a prospective cohort, we constructed multivariate logistic models to examine independent correlates of crystal methamphetamine among FSWs over a two-year follow-up period using generalized estimating equations. Of a total of 255 street-based FSWs, 78 (32%) reported lifetime crystal methamphetamine use and 24% used crystal methamphetamine during the two-year follow-up period, with no significant associations between methamphetamine use and sexual risk patterns. In a final multivariate GEE model, FSWs who used crystal methamphetamine had a higher proportional odds of dual heroin injection (adjOR = 2.98, 95%CI: 1.35-5.22), having a primary male sex partner who procures drugs for them (adjOR = 1.79, 95%CI: 1.02-3.14), and working (adjOR = 1.62, 95%CI: 1.04-2.65) and living (adjOR = 1.41, 95%CI: 1.07-1.99) in marginalized public spaces. The findings highlight the crucial need to move beyond the individual to gender-focused safer environment interventions that mediate the physical and social risk environment of crystal methamphetamine use among FSWs.     

Injection drug use among female sex workers in Iran: Findings from a nationwide bio-behavioural survey

BackgroundGlobally, one in three women who inject drugs is involved in sex work which increases their vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections including HIV. This study was conducted to improve our understanding of injection drug use practices among Iranian female sex workers (FSWs) and shed light on the high-risk profile of FSWs who inject drugs (FSW-IDUs).MethodsThis survey was conducted in 2010, by recruiting 872 FSWs through facility-based sampling from 21 sites in 13 cities in Iran. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews and lifetime injection drug use was assessed through the responses to the question “Have you ever injected any illicit drugs?”. Independent variables included a range of socio-demographic and risk characteristics. Logistic regression models were applied to investigate the correlates of lifetime history of injection drug use.ResultsMedian (Q1, Q3) age of the participants was 30 (25, 37) and a total of 127 (14.6%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 12.3–17.1) had ever injected drugs. In the multivariable logistic regression model, older age (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = AOR_{25–34 vs. <18} = 3.37, 95% CI: 1.64, 7.70; AOR_{≥35 vs. <18} = 2.80, 95% CI: 1.11, 7.10), longer duration (>5 years) of involvement in sex work (AOR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.10), and history of drinking alcohol (AOR = 4.42, 95% CI: 2.67, 7.32) were positively associated with lifetime history of drug injection and younger age at sex work debut (AOR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.28, 0.96) was negatively associated with lifetime history of illicit drug injection among FSWs.ConclusionThe prevalence of injection drug use among FSWs in Iran is concerning. Given the potential of this sub-population in bridging HIV into the general population, gender-sensitive and peer-led harm reduction programs should be further scaled up to meet the special needs of this vulnerable population.     

Severity of drug dependence, economic pressure and HIV-related risk behaviors among non-institutionalized female injecting drug users who are also sex workers in China

BACKGROUND: Female injecting drug users (IDUs) who are also sex workers (FSW-IDUs) is an important bridge population transmitting HIV from the IDU population to clients of FSWs. Little is known about the relationships between severity of drug dependence, economic pressure and relevant HIV-related risk behaviors. METHODS: 281 non-institutionalized participants were recruited using snowball sampling methods. Anonymous face-to-face interviews were administered by trained doctors. RESULTS: 64.1% of participants used condoms inconsistently with their clients in the past 6 months; 28.5% served at least 2 clients per day and 48.4% practiced at least one of the three studied needle sharing behaviors. Severity of drug dependence (adjusted OR=1.05, p<0.01) and economic pressure (adjusted OR=1.07 to 2.52, p<0.05) were significantly associated with inconsistent condom use with clients in the last 6 months. Severity of drug dependence (adjusted OR=1.15, p<0.01) and variables related to perceived economic pressure (adjusted OR=1.09-3.05, p<0.05) were significantly associated with higher frequency of commercial sex transaction. Severity of drug dependence (adjusted OR=1.07, p<0.01) were also associated with needle sharing behaviors. In summary models, severity of drug dependence (OR=1.17, p<0.001), economic pressure (OR=1.39, p<0.001) and their interaction term (OR=0.98, p<0.001) were all associated with inconsistent condom use with clients in the last 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of unprotected commercial sex was high and was independently associated with severity of drug dependence and economic pressure; severity of drug dependence was also associated with needle sharing behaviors. Such issues need to be fully considered when planning research studies and interventions.     

Illicit Drug Use and Social Victimization among Thai Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents

Objectives: We examined the prevalence of lifetime illicit drug use and social victimization, and their association, among sexual and gender minority (SGM) and non-SGM Thai adolescents. Methods: In 2013, we conducted a school-based national survey among students grades 7–12 (aged 13–20?years) from 15 secondary schools (n?=?2,070) around Thailand. We classified adolescents with same-sex attraction, sexual or gender non-conforming identities as SGM. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the odds of illicit drug use by SGM and non-SGM status. Results: Prevalence of lifetime illicit drug use was significantly higher among SGM adolescents than non-SGM adolescents (10.3 vs. 5.3%), but did not differ between those with same-sex attraction and SGM identity (10.3 vs. 10.8%). Among non-SGM adolescents, general social victimization, sexual experience and any school truancy were associated with lifetime illicit drug use (OR = 2.59, 95% CI: 1.53, 4.38; OR = 6.59, 95% CI: 4.90, 8.86; and OR = 4.93, 95% CI: 3.13, 7.75, respectively). Among SGM adolescents, SGM-based social victimization, depressive symptomology and suicidal ideation were associated with lifetime illicit drug use (OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 2.03, 4.95; OR = 5.03, 95% CI: 2.32, 10.90; and OR = 5.03, 95% CI: 2.76, 9.16, respectively). Conclusions: SGM adolescents have higher burden of illicit drug use. Moreover, illicit drug use among SGM adolescents is indicative of depressive symptomology and suicidal ideation. Tailored and comprehensive programs are needed to reduce the gap in burden of illicit drug use between SGM and non-SGM adolescents.     

Changes in HIV risk behaviors among patients receiving combined pharmacological and behavioral interventions for heroin and cocaine dependence

Cocaine use is associated with injecting and sexual HIV risk behaviors. This study was a randomized controlled trial of behavioral interventions for cocaine dependence and HIV risk behaviors among dually (cocaine and heroin) dependent outpatients. Methadone maintenance was augmented with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), contingency management (CM), both (CBT+CM), or neither. The study sample (n=81) was 52% female, 70% African American, and 37.9+/-7.0 years old. Proportions reporting HIV risk behaviors at intake were: 96.3% (78/81) injection drug use, 56.8% (46/81) sharing needles, 30.9% (25/81) unprotected sex, 28.4% (23/81) trading sex for money or drugs. Proportions who no longer reported behaviors at study exit were: 51.3% (40/78) injection drug use, 91.3% (42/46) sharing needles, 88% (22/25) unprotected sex, 91.3% (21/23) trading sex for money or drugs. Participants receiving CBT+CM were more likely to report cessation of unprotected sex relative to control (OR=5.44, 95% CI 1.14-26.0, p=0.034) but this effect was no longer significant after adjusting for drug-negative urines. These results suggest broad beneficial effects of methadone maintenance augmented with behavioral interventions for reducing HIV risk behaviors.