跨供区胫后动脉穿支蒂皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨应用跨供区胫后动脉穿支皮瓣修复小腿和足踝部皮肤缺损的临床疗效.方法 先后切取以胫后动脉穿支为蒂的跨供区皮瓣局部转移修复小腿及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损31例.结果 31例均获随访3～12个月,29例皮瓣一期愈合,2例皮瓣远端部分皮肤坏死及裂开,经换药后愈合.结论 跨供区胫后动脉穿支蒂皮瓣具有血运可靠、切取灵活方便等优点,是一种修复小腿及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的较好方式.     

胫后动脉穿支皮瓣移植修复小腿远端及足踝部软组织缺损25例

目的 探讨应用胫后动脉穿支皮支皮瓣顺行或逆行移植修复小腿远端及足、踝部皮肤和软组织缺损的临床应用.方法 应用胫后动脉穿支皮支皮瓣顺行、逆行或交腿移植修复小腿远端及足踝部皮肤和软组织缺损25例.结果 25例转移之皮瓣均成活,术后随访6个月～5年,皮瓣均成活且且外观功能良好.结论 胫后动脉穿支皮支血管皮瓣具有手术简单易行,对供区及受区损伤较小、术后恢复快、外观良好等优点.应用胫后动脉穿支皮支皮瓣修复小腿及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损是较为理想的方法.     

胫前动脉踝上穿支皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损19例

目的探讨胫前动脉踝上穿支皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法回顾性研究2018年4月至2019年6月采用胫前动脉踝上穿支皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损19例的资料,其中男11例,女8例;年龄为21~75岁,平均39岁。根据前踝上穿支皮瓣解剖学基础,按照足踝部软组织缺损大小和形状,在小腿下端前外侧设计并切取皮瓣转位修复创面。切取胫前动脉踝上穿支皮瓣面积为6.0 cm×5.0 cm^14.0 cm×8.0 cm,均为带蒂皮瓣转位。根据皮瓣成活、感染控制、弹性色泽、外观形态、供区瘢痕、皮肤感觉、患者认可等情况,对患者足踝部软组织缺损的修复情况进行综合评价。结果本组19例皮瓣全部成活,软组织缺损、肌腱、骨质及钢板外露均得以修复。供区均I期愈合。术后门诊随访2~16个月,皮瓣血运良好,颜色接近周围正常皮肤,臃肿不明显,患者对外观表示满意;供区皮片愈合良好,无明显增生、挛缩及溃疡,踝关节功能良好。结论胫前动脉踝上穿支皮瓣是修复足踝部软组织缺损较为理想的方法之一,手术操作简便,穿支较恒定,血供可靠,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

封闭负压引流结合穿支蒂皮神经营养血管皮瓣治疗足踝部创面

目的探讨封闭负压引流技术结合3种小腿穿支蒂皮神经营养血管皮瓣治疗足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的临床效果。方法回顾性分析自2010-08—2013-06诊治的38例足踝部皮肤软组织缺损,创面彻底清创并应用封闭负压引流5~7 d后根据创面情况选择皮瓣修复,17例应用腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复,8例应用外踝上穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣修复,13例应用胫后动脉穿支蒂隐神经营养血管皮瓣修复。结果术后皮瓣全部成活。随访5~12个月,无感染、骨坏死和慢性骨髓炎等并发症发生;皮瓣质地柔软,有弹性,供区愈合良好,足踝外形与功能恢复满意。结论应用封闭负压引流技术处理足踝部皮肤软组织缺损创面后,合理个体化选择小腿穿支蒂皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复,可减少感染机会及肉芽瘢痕,利于功能恢复。     

胫后动脉穿支蒂隐神经营养血管逆行皮瓣的临床应用

目的　报道改进手术方法的隐神经营养血管逆行皮瓣临床应用的效果。　方法　在多普勒血流仪引导下设计以胫后动脉发出的筋膜皮穿支为血管蒂及旋转点 ,沿隐神经营养血管轴线切取皮瓣逆向转位修复小腿中下段及足踝部皮肤缺损创面。　结果　临床应用 7例 ,皮瓣全部成活 ,皮瓣面积为 15cm× 8cm～ 5cm× 4cm ,穿支血管蒂位于内踝上方 8～ 2 0cm处。随访 6～ 18个月 ,皮瓣质地优良 ,外形与功能恢复满意。　结论　该皮瓣设计灵活 ,切取方便 ,血供可靠 ,适于修复小腿中下段及足踝部的皮肤软组织缺损创面 ,为一种皮神经营养血管皮瓣与穿支蒂皮瓣相结合的新型皮瓣。     

小腿内侧皮支皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损7例报告

目的探讨小腿内侧皮支皮瓣修复足踝部软组织缺损的临床效果。方法2003年3月～2005年10月，我院应用小腿内侧皮支皮瓣转移修复各种原因所致的足踝部软组织缺损7例。以胫骨内侧缘为纵轴，在比目鱼肌与趾长屈肌间隙，寻找胫后动脉皮支，根据皮支位置及长度，确定切取皮瓣的范围和位置，将皮支皮瓣转移至皮肤软组织缺损区，供区游离植皮。结果手术时间3～5h，平均4．2h。7例术后皮瓣全部成活，随访5～18个月，平均10个月，基本保持足部外形和功能，可满足日常生活自理的需要。结论小腿内侧皮支皮瓣不牺牲小腿主要血管，修复足踝部软组织缺损，手术简单安全，是一种比较理想的方法。     

小腿穿支血管筋膜蒂皮瓣修复小儿足踝部软组织缺损

目的探讨小腿穿支血管筋膜蒂皮瓣修复小儿足踝部软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法 2012年5月-2015年1月,采用小腿穿支血管筋膜蒂皮瓣修复小儿足踝部软组织缺损12例。足踝部软组织缺损面积3.5 cm×5.0 cm～7.0 cm×15.0 cm,均伴有不同程度的肌腱或骨骼外露。带胫后动脉穿支的小腿内侧筋膜蒂皮瓣7例,带腓动脉外踝后上穿支的筋膜蒂皮瓣4例,带胫后动脉穿支的小腿内侧筋膜蒂皮瓣及带腓动脉外踝后上穿支的筋膜蒂皮瓣1例。结果术后12例皮瓣均成活,其中2例皮瓣皮缘远端少许坏死,经换药后愈合;12例获随访,随访时间3～18个月,平均8.9个月;皮瓣血运良好,无臃肿,外形满意,供区愈合良好;患肢功能良好。结论小腿穿支血管筋膜蒂皮瓣修复小儿足踝部软组织缺损操作简单,疗效可靠,是修复小儿足踝部软组织缺损理想的治疗方法之一。     

以腓动脉终末支为蒂携带多个穿支血管的小腿外侧皮瓣修复幼儿足踝部大面积软组织缺损

目的探讨以腓动脉终末支为蒂携带多个穿支血管的小腿外侧皮瓣修复幼儿足踝部大面积软组织缺损的临床效果。方法足踝部大面积软组织缺损患儿7例,年龄1~3岁,平均年龄2.3岁,以腓动脉走形为轴线切取小腿外侧皮瓣,均携带2~5支腓动脉穿支血管,远端蒂部解剖至腓动脉终末支近端周围,完全裸化其周边筋膜组织,皮瓣切取面积大小为5 cm×8 cm~6 cm×10 cm,供区创面一期腹部全厚皮打包加压。结果 6例皮瓣顺利成活,1例皮瓣远端约1.5 cm边缘坏死,经换药后愈合。术后随访3~12个月,平均7.5个月,皮瓣色泽、质地与周围组织接近,5例进行了二期皮瓣修整,其中3例行趾伸肌腱缺损修复重建术,术后患足功能和外形均满意。结论以腓动脉终末支为蒂携带多个穿支血管的小腿外侧皮瓣可以移位修复足踝部较大面积皮肤软组织缺损,血管解剖恒定,血运丰富,操作简单。     

胫后动脉穿支隐神经营养血管双供血皮瓣修复小腿和足踝大面积软组织缺损

目的 总结胫后动脉穿支隐神经营养血管双供血皮瓣修复小腿和足踝大面积软组织缺损的疗效. 方法 2006年1月至2012年2月,在多普勒血流仪引导下设计以胫后动脉穿支为旋转点,同时保留胫后动脉穿支及隐神经营养血管双供血的岛状皮瓣修复小腿、足踝部大面积皮肤软组织缺损20例.皮瓣面积为19 cm×11 cm～11 cm×8 cm.皮瓣切取范围上界可达髌骨上缘水平,皮瓣下界可达内踝上缘,前可至小腿前正中线,后可至小腿后正中线.皮瓣最远端可修复创面达趾跖关节. 结果 19例皮瓣完全成活,1例皮瓣远端部分坏死,二期再次行皮瓣修复后创面痊愈.所有病例均获随访,随访时间6～ 24个月,平均10个月.皮瓣色泽、血运、质地良好,无破溃.全部病例皮瓣不同程度恢复了痛觉与深触觉. 结论 胫后动脉穿支隐神经营养血管双供血皮瓣不破坏胫后动脉主干血管,同时保留了胫后动脉穿支及隐神经营养血管双重供血来源,扩大了胫后动脉穿支的供血范围,使该皮瓣切取水平高,保证了皮瓣血液循环,可以修复小腿和踝足部大面积创面.     

胫后动脉穿支蒂隐神经营养血管逆行皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨胫后动脉穿支蒂隐神经营养血管皮瓣逆行转移的临床特点。方法对20例小腿中、下段及足踝部皮肤缺损采用胫后动脉穿支蒂隐神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复。皮瓣血管蒂的旋转点分别设计在胫后动脉3个粗大且恒定的皮穿支处,距内踝上方8．3、14．8、23．1cm,以隐神经、大隐静脉走行方向为轴线。皮瓣切取面积15cm×9cm-6cm×4cm。结果15例皮瓣全部成活,随访2个月～1年,皮瓣质地满意。2例皮瓣远端1／4坏死。3例皮瓣有水泡,边缘坏死。结论该术式扩大了皮瓣切取面积与修复范围,设计灵活,血供可靠,旋转弧度大,能满意地修复小腿及足踝部皮肤缺损。     

Distally based perforator sural flaps for foot and ankle reconstruction

Distally based perforator sural flaps from the posterolateral or posteromedial lower leg aspect are initially a neurofasciocutaneous flap that can be transferred reversely to the foot and ankle region with no need to harvest and sacrifice the deep major artery. These flaps are supplied by a perforating artery issued from the deep peroneal artery or the posterior tibial artery, and the chain-linked adipofascial neurovascular axis around the sural/saphenous nerve. It is a versatile and reliable technique for soft-tissue reconstruction of the heel and ankle region with 180-degrees rotation. In this paper, we present its developing history, vascular basis, surgical techniques including flap design and elevation, flap variations in pedicle and component, surgical indications, and illustrative case reports with different perforating vessels as pivot points for foot and ankle coverage.     

Modified distally based sural neuro-veno-fasciocutaneous flap: anatomical study and clinical applications

The distally based sural neuro-veno-fasciocutaneous flap has been used widely for reconstruction of foot and ankle soft-tissue defects. The distal pivot point of the flap is designed at the lowest septocutaneous perforator from the peroneal artery of the posterolateral septum, which is, on average, 5 cm (4-7 cm) above the lateral malleolus. A longer neuro-veno-adipofascial pedicle would be needed to reversely reach the distal foot defect when the flap is dissected based on this perforating branch, which may result in more trauma in flap elevation and morbidity of the donor site. In this article, we explored new pivot points for this distally based flap in an anatomic study of 30 fresh cadavers. The results showed that the peroneal artery terminates into two branches: the posterior lateral malleolus artery and lateral calcaneal artery. These two branches also send off cutaneous perforators at about 3 and 1 cm above the tip of lateral malleolus, respectively, which can be used as arterial pivot points for the flap. A communicating branch between the lesser saphenous vein and the peroneal venae comitantes was found, accompanied by the perforator of the posterior lateral malleolus artery. This modified, distally based sural flap with lower pivot points was successfully transferred for repair of soft-tissue defects in 21 patients. The size of flaps ranged from 4 x 3 cm to 18 x 12 cm. All flaps survived without complications. Neither arterial ischemia nor venous congestion was noted. In conclusion, the vascular pivot point of a distally based sural flap can be safely designed at 1.5 cm proximal to the tip of the lateral malleolus. This modified flap provides a valuable tool for repair of foot and ankle soft-tissue defects.     

Preliminary experience with perforator flaps in reconstruction of soft-tissue defects of the foot and ankle

BACKGROUND: Microsurgical reconstruction has improved limb salvage in patients who because of many etiologies have soft-tissue loss from the lower extremities. Free-tissue transfer to the foot and ankle often interferes with postoperative function and footwear because of the bulk of a muscle flap. The foot and ankle often are best treated using thin flaps that will not contract and fibrose, particularly if secondary procedures are required. We hypothesized that perforator flaps, which are thin free-tissue transfers consisting of skin and subcutaneous tissue, both diminish donor site morbidity and are ideally suited for soft-tissue reconstruction of the foot and ankle. METHODS: Ten patients had free- tissue transfers to the foot and ankle using perforator flaps during a 2-year period. Four had acute posttraumatic wounds, three had soft tissue defects with exposed hardware or bone graft after reconstructive surgery, and three had large soft-tissue defects after foot infection secondary to diabetes. Nine had reconstruction with anterolateral thigh perforator flaps and one had reconstruction with a deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEP) perforator flap. RESULTS: All flaps survived. There were no deep infections. Three flaps had minor tissue loss requiring subsequent small skin grafts, all of which healed. There were no donor site complications and no interference of muscle function at the donor sites. Custom shoewear was not required to accommodate the flaps. CONCLUSION: This series highlights the success and utility of perforator flaps in microsurgical reconstruction of the foot and ankle. The greatest advantage of perforator flaps is the diminished donor site morbidity, which was achieved while maintaining high microsurgical success rates. These skin and fat flaps remained pliable and contracted less than muscle flaps, allowing for smooth tendon gliding and easy flap elevation for secondary orthopaedic procedures.     

游离胸背动脉穿支皮瓣桥式移植修复小腿软组织缺损

目的总结游离胸背动脉穿支皮瓣或肌瓣桥式移植修复小腿软组织缺损的临床应用效果。方法自2006年9月至2009年1月,应用游离胸背动脉穿支皮瓣或肌瓣桥式移植修复小腿软组织缺损11例,缺损范围4cm×8cm至8cm×22cm。皮瓣切取连带肩胛下与旋肩胛血管,血管蒂呈T形,与健侧小腿胫后动脉行端端吻合,血管蒂用中厚网状游离植皮覆盖。结果除1例术后皮瓣远端发生小的表浅感染,经换药后愈合外,本组皮瓣全部成活。术后随访9个月至3.6年(平均2.9年),没有发现明显的供区功能障碍,供区与受区外形较好,健侧小腿经临床观察与Doppler检查,胫后动脉通畅。结论本方法适用于修复四肢软组织缺损后,患者仅存1条主要动脉者;行桥式游离胸背动脉穿支皮瓣或肌瓣移植不损伤健侧小腿胫后动脉,降低了对供区的损伤。     

吻合神经的胫后动脉穿支螺旋桨皮瓣修复足内踝部软组织缺损

目的探讨采用吻合神经的胫后动脉穿支螺旋桨皮瓣联合负压封闭引流技术修复足踝部软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法自2017年10月至2018年9月,对收治的9例足踝部软组织缺损患者采用吻合神经的胫后动脉穿支蒂螺旋桨皮瓣联合负压封闭引流修复。缺损创面为3.0 cm×4.5 cm^6.5 cm×9.0 cm。设计胫后动脉穿支蒂螺旋桨皮瓣,旋转180°以大桨覆盖受区创面,小桨覆盖供区创面,并将皮瓣近端隐神经与受区周围感觉神经相吻合,恢复皮瓣感觉功能;供区拉拢缝合,继发缺损采用植皮处理,然后使用VSD材料封闭皮瓣及植皮区。结果本组共9例患者,所有皮瓣及植皮区均存活良好,血运佳,无血肿、感染、坏死等并发症发生,且伤口愈合佳,术后2周拆线。随访1~12个月,皮瓣血运及外观均较好,质地与周围皮肤相近,皮瓣感觉有不同程度地恢复,患者较满意。结论采用吻合神经的胫后动脉穿支螺旋桨皮瓣联合负压封闭引流修复足踝部皮肤缺损,具有不损伤主干血管,质地与周围皮肤相近,感觉恢复良好,可减少静脉回流障碍等优点,是修复足内踝部软组织缺损的较好方法。     

应用胫后动脉穿支皮瓣修复足踝部复杂开放性骨折创面

目的：探讨胫后动脉穿支皮瓣在足踝部创面修复中的临床应用。方法应用胫后动脉穿支皮瓣逆行转移修复足踝部复杂开放性骨折创面6例。皮瓣切取面积：5.0 cm＆#215;6.0 cm～10.0 cm＆#215;15.0 cm。结果本组4例皮瓣全部成活,2例皮瓣边缘部分坏死,经换药及游离植皮后愈合。术后随访5～24个月,皮瓣外形满意,血供良好,无感染病例发生,足踝部骨折均骨性愈合,患肢均能负重行走。结论胫后动脉穿支皮瓣具有血供良好、操作简单、皮瓣供区破坏小等优点,适合修复足踝部皮肤软组织缺损。     

胫后动脉穿支蒂岛状皮瓣修复内踝及小腿内侧创面

 目的 探讨顺行或逆行胫后动脉穿支蒂岛状皮瓣修复内踝及小腿内侧创面的临床效果。方法 回顾性分析 2011 年 1 月至 2013 年 2 月,采用顺行或逆行胫后动脉穿支蒂岛状皮瓣修复 13 例内踝及小腿内侧创面的患者资料,男 8 例,女 5 例;年龄 19~65 岁,平均 32 岁。创面均位于内踝及小腿内侧,5 例伴有骨、肌腱及血管外露。其中 5 例胫骨远端骨折伴血管、神经外露者,急诊行骨折内、外固定术及胫后动脉穿支皮瓣修复创面;8 例无血管、神经外露者,采用真空封闭引流负压吸引后二期行皮瓣修复手术;7 例采用胫后动脉穿支蒂 V-Y 顺行推进皮瓣,6 例采用胫后动脉逆行穿支皮瓣。皮肤缺损面积为 1.5 cm×2.0 cm~9.0 cm×5.0 cm,切取皮瓣面积为 1.5 cm×3.0 cm~14.0 cm×7.0 cm。顺行皮瓣供区直接缝合,逆行皮瓣供区取腹部全厚皮片植皮修复。结果 13 例患者术后皮瓣血液循环稳定,无一例发生回流障碍,均于术后 2 周一期愈合。术后 13 例患者均获得随访,随访时间 6~24 个月,平均 13 个月。皮瓣全部一期成活,蒂部无臃肿及“猫耳”畸形,皮瓣质地柔软,外观满意,颜色与周围皮肤接近。5 例合并骨折患者术后 3~4 个月骨折临床愈合,骨折线基本消失。供区皮肤直接缝合者,术后瘢痕较小;供区游离植皮者,创面平整,无明显瘢痕增生。术后踝关节背伸 10°～25°,跖屈 15°～45°;患者均对术后疗效表示满意。结论 采用顺行或逆行胫后动脉穿支蒂岛状皮瓣具有不牺牲主干血管的优点,是修复内踝及小腿内侧创面的一种简单、有效的治疗方法。     

Repair of soft-tissue defect close to the distal perforating artery using the modified distally based medial fasciocutaneous flap in the distal lower leg

In this study, we modified distally based posterior tibial artery perforator flaps for repair of soft-tissue defects close to the distal perforating artery in the distal lower leg. The flap was designed along the axial network around the saphenous nerve. Flap transfer was performed in 45 cases. The size of the defects after debridement ranged from 4 × 3 cm to 20 × 8 cm (mean, 13 × 5.5 cm). Flap size ranged from 9 × 3 cm to 25 × 10 cm (mean, 16 × 7 cm). In this series, 41 flaps survived completely. Venous congestion was not observed. At a mean follow-up of 16.5 months, all flaps matched the recipient sites in color, texture, and thickness. Donor site morbidity was minimal. The modified distally based posterior tibial artery perforator flap is a reliable and useful option for coverage of the soft-tissue defect close to the distal perforating artery in the distal lower leg.     

跗外侧动脉蒂小腿前外侧皮瓣的解剖基础与临床应用

目的 探讨跗外侧动脉蒂小腿前外侧皮瓣的解剖特点,以及修复足前部缺损的可行性.方法取20条经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢尸体标本,解剖观察其跗外侧动脉、腓动脉外踝上穿支、腓浅动脉等血管的分支、走行和吻合.据此设计跗外侧动脉蒂小腿前外侧皮瓣,对8例足前部组织缺损患者进行带蒂皮瓣转移修复.足背皮肤软组织缺损5例,足底皮肤软组织缺损3例.足前部缺损范围5 cm×4 cm ～ 9 cm×5 cm.供区游离植皮或直接缝合.跗外侧动脉、腓动脉穿支、胫前动脉穿支、腓浅动脉相互吻合,在足外侧、外踝前、小腿前外侧形成一条纵行血管轴.皮瓣范围6 cm×4 cm ～ 10 cm×6 cm.结果 术后8块皮瓣全部成活.所有患者均获随访,随访6～12个月,平均8个月,皮瓣色泽、质地、外形良好,皮瓣无溃疡发生.患者能自由行走.结论 以跗外侧动脉为蒂切取小腿前外侧皮瓣,皮瓣血运可靠,血管蒂长,可修复足前部任何区域,供区损伤小.     

Modified distally based peroneal artery perforator flap for reconstruction of foot and ankle

The distally based sural fasciocutaneous flap has been used widely for reconstruction of foot and ankle soft-tissue defects. Here we report on a series of cases of foot and ankle reconstruction with a modified distally based sural flap. The vascular pedicle of the flap includes an axial perforator branch of the peroneal artery and two concomitant veins. This modified distally based perforator flap, measuring around 17 x 6 cm to 30 x 10 cm in size, was transferred for coverage of foot and ankle soft-tissue defects in 7 cases. All flaps survived completely. Neither arterial ischemia nor venous congestion was noted. As compared to other distally based sural flaps with neuro-veno-adipo-fascial pedicles, this modified sural flap with a thin perforator pedicle is easily rotated. The flap can obtain abundant blood supply through both axial perforator and longitudinal chain-linked vascular plexuses, and does not have the venous reflow problem. In conclusion, the invention of this perforator fasciocutaneous flap provides a valuable tool for repair of foot and ankle soft-tissue defects.