抗淋巴细胞球蛋白为主的免疫抑制剂治疗重型再生障碍性贫血疗效分析

目的探讨以抗淋巴细胞球蛋白(ALG)为主的免疫抑制剂治疗重型再生障碍性贫血(SAA)的疗效。方法对2002年4月-2009年10月收治的137例诊断为SAA并接受ALG治疗的患儿临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中重型再生障碍性贫血Ⅰ型(SAA-Ⅰ型)103例、极重型再生障碍性贫血(vSAA)34例。结果 SAA-Ⅰ型组治疗有效率和显效率分别为73.8%和56.3%,vSAA组为67.6%和47.1%,疗效差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。SAA-Ⅰ型组过敏反应和血清病反应发生率分别为32.0%和52.4%,vSAA组为50.0%和50.0%,两者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。SAA-Ⅰ型组3年生存率和复发率分别为95.6%和5.8%,vSAA组为87.2%和11.4%,两者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论以ALG为主的免疫抑制剂治疗SAA疗效肯定,对于vSAA患儿同样有效。     

抗淋巴细胞球蛋白治疗再生障碍性贫血的疗效及不良反应

目的 探讨抗淋巴细胞球蛋白(ALG)治疗再生障碍性贫血(AA)的疗效.分析ALG不良反应的特点和防治方法.方法对2002年4月-2009年10月本院收治的162例诊断为AA并接受ALG治疗的患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析,共154例完成了ALG 疗程.其中极重型AA(VSAA)34例,重型AAⅠ型(SAAⅠ)103例,重型AAⅡ型(SAAⅡ)7例,中型AA(MAA)10 例.结果 154例中,基本治愈62例(40.3%),缓解15例(9.7%),进步28例(18.2%),无效或死亡23例(14.9%),失访26例(16.9%),总有效率为68.2%,复发8例(5.2%).63例出现变态反应,主要表现为发热和皮疹等.发生时间为用药1～5 d,持续1～4 d.8例因严重变态反应而停止使用ALG,其中1例死于严重的全身血管性变态反应.81例出现血清病反应,主要表现为发热、皮疹和关节肿痛等.发生时间为ALG治疗结束2～14 d,持续1～12 d.有无血清病与ALG疗效差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).患儿性别、年龄、CD4/CD8、人白细胞Dr抗原与血清病发生率的差异均无统计学意义(Pa>0.05).结论 ALG治疗AA疗效肯定,变态反应和血清病为治疗中常见的不良反应,应用甲泼尼龙可较好地控制过敏和血清病症状.     

抗胸腺球蛋白联合环孢素治疗儿童重型再生障碍性贫血

目的分析联合使用抗胸腺球蛋白(ATG)及环孢素(CSA)治疗儿童重型再生障碍性贫血(SAA)的疗效及影响因素。方法应用ATG联合CSA对7例SAA进行治疗。ATG4～5mg/(kg.d)静脉滴注,共5d,同时静脉滴注甲泼尼龙2～3mg/(kg.d)以减少过敏反应;CSA起始量为3～5mg/(kg.d),根据血药质量浓度调整用量,辅以成分血输注,造血生长因子等支持治疗。结果随访7例中基本治愈2例,缓解1例,明显进步2例,死亡1例,1例因随诊时间较短暂时无法判断,总有效率为71.43%。成分血输注在治疗4～6个月较治疗后1～3个月明显减少(P<0.05)。2例治疗后并严重感染,其中1例早期死亡,1例并慢性感染,较轻度感染患儿成分血输注量明显增多。免疫治疗后30d内达到CSA有效血药质量浓度患儿较30d以上达到患儿输血次数减少,患儿ATG治疗过程中均出现发热,心率加快,4例(57.1%)出现血清病,无克隆性病变出现。结论ATG联合CSA治疗SAA及极重型再生障碍性贫血(VSAA)是一种有效的免疫抑制治疗,但要注意感染,CSA达到有效血药质量浓度时间及监测可能是影响疗效的因素。儿童患者使用ATG近期不良反应可耐受,远期克隆性病变尚需继续随诊观察。     

抗胸腺细胞球蛋白联合环孢素治疗重型再生障碍性贫血

目的 观察抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)联合环孢素治疗重型再生障碍性贫血(SAA)的疗效及安全性.方法 回顾性分析本院2009年1月-2010年3月收治的14例应用ATG联合环孢素治疗的儿童SAA的疗效及不良反应.14例患儿均采用ATG联合环孢素治疗,ATG用量为5 mg·kg-1·d-1,静脉滴注,共5 d,应用ATG前清除感染灶;同时静脉滴注甲泼尼龙2~3 mg·kg-1·d-1,以减轻变态反应;环孢素的起始用量为3~5 mg·kg-1·d-1,根据血药质量浓度调整环孢素用量,维持环孢素血药谷质量浓度为100~200 μg·L-1;辅以成分输血、粒细胞集落刺激因子及抗感染治疗.结果 14例患儿中有效10例(71.43%),无效4例(28.57%);14例患儿中骨髓增生活跃者8例,其中有效7例(87.5%),无效1例(12.5%);骨髓增生低下者6例,有效3例(50.0%),无效3例(50.0%);在14例应用ATG治疗的患儿中,1例患儿在治疗过程中出现变态反应,2例在应用ATG 2周左右出现血清病;1例患儿治疗过程中因PLT过低、颅内出血死亡.结论 ATG联合环孢素治疗儿童SAA有效,且相对安全,尤其是骨髓增生尚活跃者,有可能达到治愈.     

抗胸腺细胞球蛋白联合环胞菌素强烈免疫抑制治疗儿童极重型再生障碍性贫血疗效分析

目的评估抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(Antithymic Globlin,ATG)联合环孢菌素A(Cyclosporine A,CSA)治疗儿童极重型再生障碍性贫血(Very Severe Aplasia Anemia,VSAA)的治疗效果及安全性。方法前瞻性分析我院2006年5月至2007年9月期间14例儿童VSAA病人应用ATG+CSA的强烈免疫抑制治疗的疗效:起效时间、有效率、死亡率、不良反应、复发率、恶性疾病事件及生存率。结果对治疗有反应11例,起效时间为3至7个月,有效率为78.6%。应用ATG主要不良反应为过敏和血清病,无被迫停药病例。2例死亡,均死于ATG治疗后1个月内发生的败血症。所有病人均随访1年以上;随访过程中未见恶性疾病事件及复发病例;1年以上生存率为85.7%。结论儿童VSAA联合应用ATG+CSA的强烈免疫抑制治疗:起效快、反应率高、疗效好、不良反应可以控制,是治疗缺乏合适移植供体、而随时面对出血、感染等死亡威胁的VSAA儿童的有效的治疗方法。而ATG治疗后短期内感染是主要致死原因,需要积极控制。     

免疫抑制疗法治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血疗效分析

目的：探讨免疫抑制疗法(IST)治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血(AA)的疗效、安全性及影响疗效的主要因素。方法：对2007年1月至2010年12月接受IST治疗的55例重型再生障碍性贫血（SAA）及51例慢性再生障碍性贫血（CAA）患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：① 在CAA患儿中,抗胸腺球蛋白（ATG）联合环孢素A（CsA）治疗组总有效率明显高于CsA单独治疗组(80％ vs 44％,P40%、治疗前无重症感染以及有G-CSF早期治疗反应的患儿治疗效果较好,而治疗效果与AA分型、年龄等指标无关。结论：ATG+CsA联合治疗是治疗儿童AA的一种安全有效的方法;病程长短、有无严重感染、骨髓造血面积及G-CSF早期治疗反应是影响疗效的主要因素。     

抗胸腺细胞球蛋白联合中药治疗儿童重型再生障碍性贫血

应用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白（ATG）治疗儿童重型再生障碍性贫血12例，并在治疗的不同阶段配合使用中药。12例患儿中，基本治愈5例，缓解1例，明显进步2例，无效4例，总有效率为66．7％。笔者认为，ATG与中药相结合治疗再障具有相辅相成的作用。在治疗过程中，中药主要辅助ATG发挥治疗效应。在ATG用药结束后，则应以中药治疗为主。二者并用，可以缩短治疗时间，巩固治疗效果，从而提高疗效。     

ALG为主的免疫抑制剂治疗儿童重型再生障碍性贫血的疗效及相关因素

目的通过回顾性分析临床资料,探讨重型再生障碍性贫血(SAA)患儿以抗淋巴细胞球蛋白(ALG)为主的免疫抑制治疗(IST)疗效及相关因素。方法54例重型再生障碍性贫血、并接受ALG治疗患儿的临床资料进行分析。结果基本治愈24例(44.4%),缓解12例(22.2%),明显进步4例(7.4%),无效14例(25.9%),总有效率(74.1%)。典型的血清病多在治疗后7~14 d内出现。随访的54例患儿中1例出现骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)样病态造血。结论ALG作为重要免疫抑制剂治疗SAA疗效肯定,治疗前患者外周血ANC计数、骨髓涂片中淋巴细胞的比例以及检测CsA有效浓度可能对疗效判断有提示意义。IST后出现重度感染多为预后不良的重要因素之一。     

抗淋巴细胞球蛋白联合环胞霉素A治疗儿童重型再生障碍性贫血早期疗效观察

目的探讨提高儿童重型再生障碍性贫血(SAA)早期疗效的办法。方法采用随机对照方法,比较抗淋巴细胞球蛋白(ALG)和环胞霉素(CSA)联合治疗组与单用CSA组治疗儿童SAA的早期疗效(6个月)。结果联合治疗组和CSA组的总有效率分别为(84%)、(60%),P<0·05,联合治疗可降低早期死亡率,缩短脱离红细胞和血小板的输注时间。结论ALG联合CSA治疗儿童SAA是安全的且疗效佳,应作为一线方案。     

抗胸腺细胞球蛋白治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血的临床研究

目的 总结以抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)为主的免疫抑制疗法治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血时,ATG的实施方法、不良反应防治和长期随访措施等与远期疗效的相关性.方法 儿童再生障碍性贫血35例,其中极重型再生障碍性贫血(VSAA)6例,急性再生障碍性贫血(SAA)11例,慢性重型SAA8例,中型再生障碍性贫血(MAA)10例.ATG治疗期间措施包括:治疗前清除感染灶;积极防治过敏反应;密切观察和处理因ATG相关血小板减少所致严重出血和免疫抑制所致严重感染;积极防治血清病;重视长期随访中的治疗措施与质量.结果 ATG治疗后,所有病例均出现60%以上的淋巴细胞绝对计数下降.平均随访28个月,总有效率为77.14%(27/35),显效率为57.14%(20/35).VSAA、SAA和MAA间疗效无明显差异.ATG不良反应观察结果:①48.6%出现轻度类过敏反应;②血清病发生率42.9%,平均病程3.6 d;③9例(25.7%)外周血小板(BPC)计数＜10×109/L;④8例(22.9%)在ATG治疗后1个月内发生感染;⑤未发生ATG治疗相关死亡.Genzyme和Fresenius两种不同ATG制剂,在疗效和ATG相关不良反应发生率方面差异均无统计学意义.结论 ATG治疗儿童SAA和MAA疗效显著,但需积极预防和控制ATG不良反应,避免治疗相关死亡.长期辅助治疗和提高随访质量,也是确保疗效的重要环节.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of antithymocyte globulin (ATG) based immunosupression therapy for childhood aplastic anemia, to reduce the adverse effects and to observe the long-term outcome. Method Thirty-five children with aplastic anemia (AA) were enrolled in this study.Six of the cases had very severe AA (VSAA), 11 had severe AA (SAA)-Ⅰ, 8 had SAA-Ⅱ and 10 had moderate AA (MAA). All these patients were treated with ATG plus Cyclosporin A (CSA). The following measures were taken during the ATG therapy: infection of the patients had been controlled before ATG treatment. Comprehensive anti-allergic measures were implemented. Close attention was paid to the hemorrhage related with platelet reduction caused by ATG and severe infection of the patients. Result Shortly after the ATG usage, all the patients had a significant decrease of absolute peripheral lymphoblast count by more than 60 percent. With a mean follow-up time of 28 months, the total effective rate was 77.14％ ( 27/35), significant response rate was 57.14％(20/35). There was no significant difference among VSAA, SAA and MAA groups in the response rate. Adverse reactions included the following:① 48.6％ (17/35) patients presented mild anaphylactoid reaction during the first day of ATG treatment; ②42.9％(15/35) cases presented serum sickness 5-11 days after the last dose of ATG with a mean duration of 3. 6 days, all the patients were cured effectively with methylprednisolone; ③25.7％ (9/35)patient's peripheral blood platelet count was reduced, might be caused by ATG, to below 10 × 109/L, but no patient had severe hemorrhagic complication after platelet transfusion was performed; ④22.9％ ( 8/35 ) of patients got infection within a month after ATG therapy, including 3 cases with clinical septicemia, all the 3 cases recovered after antibiotics treatment. There was no ATG treatment-related death in this series. Conclusion ATG is a very effective therapy for children with SAA and MAA. Comprehensive measures are needed to prevent and handle the side effects to avoid treatment-related death. Long-term supportive therapy and proper follow up contribute to the favourable outcomes of the patients.     

Serum sickness and severe acute renal failure after rabbit antithymocyte globulin treatment in aplastic anemia: a case report

Serum sickness is an immune-complex-mediated illness that frequently occurs in patients after polyclonal antibody therapy (thymoglobulin). Although serum sickness has been described secondary to thymoglobulin therapy in adults, there are no reports in children on thymoglobulin-induced acute renal failure. We report a case of serum sickness in a 10-year-old girl who was treated for severe aplastic anemia using rabbit antithymocyte globulin (ATG). Eleven days after being started on antithymocyte globulin treatment, she developed fever, gross hematuria, arthralgia, rash, and acute renal failure. Laboratory results showed decreased complement levels, hypergammaglobulinemia, serum creatinine of 4.8 mg/dL (0.6 mg/dL at baseline), and blood urea nitrogen of 79 mg/dL (28 mg/dL at baseline). Peritoneal dialysis was required for 14 days. The patient's symptoms resolved after 13 days on treatment with a short course of high-dose steroids for 3 days, followed by a prednisolone taper. Early recognition and accurate diagnosis is the key for managing thymoglobulin-induced serum sickness, as treatment is highly effective at achieving good outcomes.     

儿童重型再生障碍性贫血ATG治疗相关急性肺损伤1例并文献复习

目的探讨使用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)治疗后出现少见血清病反应—急性肺损伤(ALI)的临床特点,以提高对本病的认识。方法回顾性分析1例重型再生障碍性贫血患儿第二次使用ATG后合并ALI的临床资料,并对相关文献进行复习。结果本例患儿于第二次使用ATG后10 d,出现发热、关节痛、肌痛、皮疹等临床表现,伴随突发烦躁、呼吸困难、低氧血症,肺部CT提示双肺弥漫毛玻璃影,临床诊断为ALI,应用甲泼尼龙治疗好转。通过文献检索发现8例类似报道,病死率较高。结论早期诊断和及时应用糖皮质激素治疗对于ATG相关ALI至关重要。     

Bone marrow failure in children with acute liver failure

BACKGROUND: Aplastic anemia is a rare but well-recognized complication of acute hepatitis and acute liver failure. The cause is unknown, and the condition is fatal without bone marrow recovery. Treatment includes immunosuppression regimens or bone marrow transplantation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence, cause, treatment, and outcomes of this disorder in children. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of 75 patients with acute liver failure in a major pediatric liver center. RESULTS: Eight patients had evidence of bone marrow failure. Of those, six had aplastic anemia, and two had transient bone marrow suppression. There were five boys, median age 57 months (range, 36-132 months). Two had parvovirus B19, six had non-A, non-B, non-C hepatitis. Five underwent liver transplantation: auxiliary in one, orthotopic in four. The interval between initial symptoms and development of aplastic anemia and/or bone marrow suppression was 21 to 99 days (median, 39 days). Four patients with aplastic anemia received intravenous antithymocyte globulin (ATG) or antilymphocyte globulin (ALG). Median recovery period of granulopoiesis was 62 days (range, 27-115 days). Two made a full recovery, one had myelodysplasia, and one with unresponsive disease died of septic complications. Four did not receive ATG/ALG, two had aplastic anemia, and two had bone marrow suppression. Three underwent liver transplantation, and all four resumed granulopoiesis. One child who underwent liver transplantation died of sepsis with chronic rejection. Median recovery of granulopoiesis was 99 days (range, 20-153 days). CONCLUSIONS: Bone marrow failure occurs in 10.7% of children with acute liver failure. It sometimes occurs in association with non-A, non-B, non-C hepatitis and parvovirus B19 infection. Treatment with ATG/ALG is successful and is well tolerated in most cases.     

ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION IS SUPERIOR TO IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE THERAPY IN INDIAN CHILDREN WITH APLASTIC ANEMIA—A SINGLE-CENTER ANALYSIS OF 100 PATIENTS

The authors compared the outcome in 100 children (61 boys, 39 girls; median age of 10.1 ± 3.4 years) with aplastic anemia who underwent either immunosuppressive therapy (IST; n = 70) or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT; n = 30) between 1998 and 2007. Conditioning regimes for HSCT were a combination of either cyclophosphamide (Cy) with antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) or fludarabine (Flu) with Cy or busulfan (Bu) ± antithymocyte globulin (ATG). Stem cell source was bone marrow in 20 and peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) in 10. Patients undergoing IST received either equine ALG or ATG in combination with steroids and cyclosporine. Primary engraftment was seen in 25 children (83.3%), with acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) in 5 (16.6%). The day 100 transplant-related mortality (TRM) was 30% and at a median follow up of 36 months (range: 6–197), the overall and disease-free survival is 70%. Among children who received IST, 60 children received ALG while 10 received ATGAM. Responses were seen in 27 children (43.5%), which was complete (CR) in 12 and partial (PR) in 15. At a median follow up of 38 months (range: 1–84), the overall survival is 37.1%, with 81.4% survival among responders and <10% survival among non-responders. HSCT would be the treatment of choice in children with severe aplastic anemia who have a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched related donor and is superior to IST in this series from India.     

强化免疫抑制治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血疗效分析

探讨强化免疫抑制治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血(再障)的疗效。方法总结我院1991～1999年 儿童再障31例,根据治疗方法不同分3组对比观察基础治疗组(康力龙、654-2等),单用环孢菌素A(CSA)治 疗组,强化免疫抑制治疗组。结果基础治疗组、单用CSA组、强化免疫抑制治疗组有效率分别为27.27％,57.14％,76.92％;重型再障(SAA)有效率分别为11.11％,50.00％,75.00％;SAA-Ⅰ有效率分别为14.29％, 60.00％,88.89％。单用CSA组及强化免疫抑制治疗组疗效明显优于基础治疗组,强化免疫抑制组对SAA及 SAA-Ⅰ疗效更佳,有效率分别达75.00％和88.89％。结论以CSA为主的免疫抑制治疗比单用康力龙、654-2 等治疗更有效;对于SAA,CSA联合ALG/ATG、HDIVIG、HDMP等强化免疫治疗能提高疗效,对SAA-Ⅰ更明显。     

兔抗人胸腺细胞免疫球蛋白治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血所致的血清病单中心回顾性研究

目的探讨兔抗人胸腺细胞免疫球蛋白(ATG)治疗再生障碍性贫血(AA)患儿发生血清病的相关因素,总结临床经验,分析血清病是否影响AA预后。方法收集并分析首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院血液肿瘤中心2016年3月至2018年12月AA应用免疫抑制治疗(IST)后出现血清病患儿的临床数据,分析其发生时间、临床表现、治疗及预后。结果共收集AA患儿48例。中位年龄5岁5个月(2岁1个月~15岁6个月),男女比例1.4∶1.0;75.0%(36/48例)发生血清病,中位发病时间为IST第11天,72.2%(26/48例)发生在第7-14天;临床表现前3位为关节痛(63.9%,23例)、发热(52.7%,19例)、皮疹(52.7%、19例)等。血清病组与无血清病组IST前和血清病发生时的外周血白细胞、中性粒细胞绝对值、淋巴细胞绝对值计数差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。IST结束后持续应用糖皮质激素预防血清病的患儿发病率(2/12例,16.6%)低于未应用者(34/36例,94.4%),差异有统计学意义(χ^2=29.037,P<0.001)。发生血清病后经糖皮质激素[甲泼尼龙2~4 mg/(kg·d)]治疗症状均好转。随访至IST治疗后6个月及6个月以上的患儿共37例,发生血清病者25例,19例达到治愈或明显进步标准,6例未愈;不发生血清病12例,10例达到治愈或明显进步标准,2例未愈。2组患儿预后差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论AA患儿IST治疗易出现血清病,发病高峰期为IST第2周,以关节痛、发热、皮疹为主要临床表现,血清病发病情况与治疗前及发病时的白细胞、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞绝对值无相关性;IST结束后继续应用糖皮质激素开展预防性治疗可降低其发生率,发生后再应用糖皮质激素也可有效控制病情;血清病发生与否不影响IST治疗AA的预后。