跨关节外固定架治疗复杂肘关节骨折脱位

目的　评价跨关节外固定架治疗复杂肘关节骨折脱位的疗效。方法　采用自制单侧带轴可动跨关节外固定架治疗复杂肘关节骨折脱位 12例 ,其中 6例开放性损伤 ,4例合并神经损伤。外固定架使用时间平均为 3 8周 (2～ 6周 )。结果　平均随访时间 6个月 (3～ 10个月 )。损伤愈合后肘关节伸屈活动度平均为 115°(75°～ 135°) ,Morrey平均分数为 86分 (5 0～ 96分 )。 2例优 ,8例良好 ,1例一般 ,1例差。并发症 :1例暂时桡神经瘫痪 ,1例伤口感染 ,1例针道感染。结论　跨关节外固定架治疗复杂严重肘关节骨折脱位可靠有效。     

带关节外固定架在高能量Pilon骨折治疗中的应用

目的介绍应用带关节外固定架治疗高能量Pilon骨折的经验,并评估其疗效。方法2001年3～6月,12例患者13处Pilon骨折接受了Orthofix公司单侧带关节超踝关节外固定架结合有限内固定治疗。致伤原因以车祸和高处坠落伤为主。该支架远端螺钉固定于距骨颈和跟骨,近端螺钉固定于胫骨骨折近端,使踝关节能以距下关节为中心活动。术后2周松动关节开始踝关节功能锻炼。结果12例患者随访10～13个月,平均随访12个月。临床疗效满意,无切口、伤口及钉道感染,无神经、血管损伤等并发症。踝关节症状和功能评分(Teeny&Wiss评分法)为74～94分,平均87分。踝关节临床结果为2个优秀,7个良好,4个一般。踝关节骨折复位情况(Marsh踝关节骨折复位评分法)为7个优良,6个中等。踝关节背伸-5°～18°,平均10°(健侧18°);跖屈20°～35°,平均26°(健侧36°);距下关节内翻4°～20°,平均10°(健侧14°);外翻0°~10°,平均3°(健侧10°)。结论带关节外固定架结合有限内固定治疗Pilon骨折可避免伤口并发症和骨不连的发生,能更好地恢复关节面的解剖关系,有利于踝关节早期活动,避免关节僵硬,是治疗高能量Pilon骨折较好的方法。     

梅花髓内针与带锁髓内针治疗股骨干骨折比较

目的　比较梅花髓内针与带锁髓针治疗股骨干骨折的临床疗效 ,以明确手术适应证。方法　 1994年 1月～ 1999年 6月 ,采用梅花髓内针与带锁髓内针内固定治疗股骨干骨折 138例 ,其中新鲜骨折 6 8例 ,陈旧骨折 70例。比较二组 ,髓内针固定方法 ,石膏固定时间 ,骨折愈合时间 ,肢体及关节功能恢复情况。结果　随访时间平均 12～ 18个月。 6 8例新鲜骨折均愈合 ,梅花针组 42例平均 6个月 ,内锁针 2 6例平均 5个月 ;肢体及膝关节功能 ,梅花针组 42例中 38例 ,术后 2～ 5个月恢复正常 ,带锁髓内针组 2 6例 1个月全部恢复正常。陈旧骨折 :70例平均随访 15个月 ,骨折愈合时间 ,梅花针组 5 0例为平均 6 . 5个月 ,带锁髓针组 2 0例为 6个月 ;肢体及膝关节功能恢复 :梅花针组 :有成角畸形 >10°者占 2 0 % ,肢体缩短 >1cm占 80 % ,膝关节活动 <70°,占 40 %。带锁针组 :有成角畸形 >10°者 5 0 % ,肢体短缩 >1cm占 15 % ,膝关节活动 <70°,占 2 0 %。结论　①股骨狭窄段以上稳定骨折使用梅花针及带锁髓针治疗二者均无差异。②股骨狭窄段不稳及中下 1/ 3骨折者 ,带锁针固定优于梅花针 ,但梅花针通过附加固定、植骨亦可取得满意结果。③陈旧股骨干骨折带锁髓固定针优于梅花针。     

交锁髓内钉与外支架治疗严重胫骨开放性骨折的疗效分析

目的:评价交锁髓内钉与外支架治疗严重胫骨开放性骨折的临床疗效。方法:严重胫骨开放性骨折患者39例,采用单侧外固定支架固定19例,男13例,女6例;年龄19⁷2岁,平均39岁;稳定性骨折7例,不稳定性骨折12例;合并其他部位骨折7例,颅脑损伤1例,腹部损伤2例。采用交锁髓内钉固定20例,男14例,女6例;年龄22⁷0岁,平均42岁;稳定性骨折8例,不稳定性骨折12例;合并其他部位骨折8例,颅脑伤2例,腹部伤1例。两组最初的伤口清创、软组织缺损的皮瓣移植修复是相同的。结果:随访时间平均为20个月（18³5个月）,交锁髓内钉组骨折愈合时间（6·0±2·6）个月,外支架组骨折愈合时间为（7·0±2·5）个月。交锁髓内钉组膝关节的活动范围为115°±10°,踝关节为30°±5°,外支架组膝关节的活动范围为110°±5°,踝关节为27°±4°,髓内钉组功能恢复较好,成角畸形小。外支架组1例深部感染,4例钉道感染,髓内钉组1例深部感染。按功能评定标准,髓内钉组中优8例,良7例,中2例,差3例;外支架组中优4例,良5例,中3例,差7例。两组差异具有统计学意义（P<0·05）。比较骨折愈合时间、部分负重时间、踝膝关节的活动范围,两组之间无显著性差异。结论:在彻底清创,并且具备即刻或早期皮瓣修复的技术条件下,交锁髓内钉是治疗严重胫骨开放性骨折的理想选择。     

组合式外固定架治疗肱骨干粉碎性骨折

目的探讨组合式外固定架治疗肱骨干粉碎性骨折的方法、适应证、治疗效果,以及与传统方法的比较。方法闭合性骨折首先在臂丛神经阻滞麻醉下手法整复骨折,分别在肱骨近端和肱骨髁上后外侧拧入螺纹钉,固定连接杆;开放性骨折先清创复位,置入螺纹钉,缝合伤口,放置引流,再固定连接杆。结果23例获得6～61个月随访;骨折愈合时间平均3.4个月;外固定架使用时间平均4个月;2例发生钉道反应,1例发生骨折延迟愈合;12例肘关节功能完全康复,9例肘关节功能受限<25°,2例肘关节功能受限在25°～40°。结论组合式外固定架治疗肱骨干粉碎性骨折具有创伤小、固定牢、骨折愈合快、关节锻炼早、并发症少等优点,很有应用价值。     

下肢关节练习器配合中药外洗治疗膝关节僵直36例观察

作者 1995年以来采用下肢关节练习器 (ＣＰＭ )配合中药外洗治疗膝关节僵直 3 6例 ,收到良好疗效。1　临床资料本组男 2 6例 ,女 10例 ;年龄 2 0岁以下 2例 ,2 1～ 3 0岁 6例 ,3 1～ 40岁 13例 ,41～ 5 0岁 9例 ,5 1岁以上 6例 ,平均年龄(3 5± 1)岁。其中关节内或近关节骨折 2 2例 ,股骨干中下段骨折 6例 ,股骨颈骨折及胫骨中上段联合骨折 4例 ,膝关节及大腿严重软组织挫伤 1例 ,韧带断裂修补术后 3例。膝关节活动度 :0°～ 10°者 17例 ,10°～ 3 0°者 19例。病程在 1年以内 7例 ,1～ 2年 2 6例 ,2年以上者 3例 ,平均 1.5年。2　治疗方法…     

闭合复位U型外固定架固定治疗跟骨骨折

目的　探讨跟骨骨折更为简便、有效的治疗方法。方法　采用闭合手法复位U型外固定架固定治疗各种类型的跟骨骨折 10 5例 (111足 )。结果　术后跟骨高度及宽度都得到不同程度地恢复 ,B hler角 15°～ 4 5°,得到随访 96例 (10 2足 )随访结果 :Kerr评分 10 0～ 90分 6 0例 ;90～ 80分 30例 ;80分以下 6例。结论　U型外固定架治疗跟骨骨折效果确实 ,操作简便 ,创伤小 ,价格低廉 ,是治疗跟骨骨折较好的一种微创方法。     

关节镜下松质骨螺钉加外固定架治疗胫骨平台骨折

本文在关节镜下用松质骨螺钉加外固定架治疗HohlⅡ型～Ⅳ型胫骨平台骨折 39例 ,术后随访 6月～ 5 1月 ,平均 34月 ,均见骨折愈合 ,优 2 8例 (71 8% ) ,良 8例 (2 0 5 % ) ,可 2例 (中度或重度疼痛 ) ,差 1例 (冠状面平台骨折 ,术后随访 7月 ,愈合不佳 ,外固定架螺钉松动 ,去除外固定架 ,经关节镜检查 ,见关节面平整 ,改用石膏固定 6周 ,2月后骨折愈合 ,关节活动度 <6 0°)。疗效满意     

U形外固定架结合有限内固定治疗干骺端粉碎性骨折

目的 介绍用U形外固定架治疗长骨干骺端经关节面的粉碎性骨折的疗效。方法 2000年2月～2002年9月对8例患者分别采用切开复位少量螺丝钉内固定及U形骨外固定架固定。结果 全部病例均得到随访,随访时间平均11个月。外固定架术后使用时间平均为3.5个月,骨折愈合时间平均为4.5个月,所有骨折均愈合。无骨不连等发生。终末随访时膝关节活动度平均屈95°,伸180°。踝关节平均背伸10°,跖屈28°。结论 外固定架结合有限内固定治疗经关节面的干骺端粉碎性骨折,可避免伤口并发症和骨不连的发生,即能维持骨折对位恢复关节面的解剖关系,又不妨碍关节活动,是治疗长骨干骺端经关节面粉碎性骨折的较好方法。     

外固定架加灌冲治疗骨折术后感染

自 1994年 10月～ 1996年 12月间采用外固定架加连续灌注冲洗术共治疗骨折术后感染 12例 ,效果满意 ,报告如下。1　临床资料本组 12例中男 9例 ,女 3例 ;年龄 18～ 42岁。股骨干 5例 ,胫腓骨 7例。出现感染症状时间 ,最早者在术后 8天。晚者术后 6个月 ,多数在术后 10～ 16天。其中皮肤坏死钢板外露者 6例 ,感染并发骨髓炎者 4例 ,感染并骨不连者 2例。拆除外固定架时间为 4～ 6个月。2　治疗方法手术在硬膜外麻醉下进行。首先在常规无菌操作下安置外固定架。螺纹针尽量远离感染部位 ,调整好外固定架 ,固定牢固 ,则由外固定架替代了钢板的固…     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.