AO微创内固定系统治疗胫骨近端骨折

目的：探讨应用AO微创内固定系统（less invasive stabilization system,LISS）治疗胫骨近端骨折的临床效果。方法：2005年6月至2008年6月间,应用LISS治疗胫骨近端骨折32例,41-A2骨折5例,41-A3骨折8例,41-C1骨折7例,41-C2骨折6例,41-C3骨折6例。其中9例开放骨折均为Ⅱ-Ⅲ级,有6例患者为多发骨折患者,伤后4d（2-7d）应用LISS行内固定治疗。结果：所有患者随访6-18个月,骨折均连接,平均骨折愈合时间12周（8-18周）,未出现钢板螺钉松动移位、骨折塌陷、复位丢失等。胫骨近端骨折32例,HSS评分优20例,良14例,可2例。膝关节活动范围90°-140°,所有患者膝关节行走无疼痛。结论：LISS能有效治疗各种分型的胫骨近端骨折,特别是对于骨质疏松患者具有更好的优越性。     

LISS固定系统治疗股骨远端骨折

目的：探讨应用AO微创内固定系统（tass）治疗股骨远端骨折的临床效果。方法：应用LISS治疗股骨远端骨折15例,33-A2骨折2例,33-A3骨折5例,33-C2骨折5例,33-C3骨折3例;其中9例开放骨折均为Ⅱ～Ⅲ级,有4例患者为多发骨折患者,伤后4d（2～7d）应用LISS行内固定治疗。结果：所有患者随访3—19个月,骨折均连接,骨折愈合时间8～18周,未出现钢板螺钉松动移位、骨折塌陷、复位丢失等。股骨远端骨折15例,HSS评分优5例;良7例;可3例。膝关节活动范围70°-140°,所有患者膝关节行走无疼痛。结论：LISS能有效治疗各种分型的股骨远端骨折。     

微创内固定系统在胫骨近端粉碎性骨折治疗中的应用

目的探讨微创内固定系统（LISS）治疗胫骨近端粉碎性骨折的方法及临床疗效。方法应用LISS治疗胫骨近端骨折21例。结果21例均获得随访，时间12～20（16±4）个月。患者均在14～18周内获得骨性愈合。膝关节功能参照Mechant评分标准：优11例，良8例，可2例。结论LISS是治疗胫骨近端粉碎性骨折的较理想内固定方法。     

应用微创内固定系统治疗胫骨近端骨折

目的总结应用微创内固定系统(LISS)治疗胫骨近端骨折的临床经验,讨论应用指征及手术技巧。方法分析2003年11月～2004年6月间应用LISS治疗的22例高能量胫骨近端骨折,其中男16例,女6例,平均年龄41.8岁(22～69岁)。按AO分型:41-A型7例,41-C型15例。其中9例合并其它骨折,5例为开放性骨折(GustiloⅢA3例,ⅢB2例)。结果平均随访15个月(12～17个月)。22例完全愈合;2例发生浅表感染,经保守治疗痊愈;患者完全负重时间15.2周(12～18周);X线愈合时间14.5周11～17周)。1例术后6个月随访出现关节面复位丢失,无固定失效及力线不正;关节活动度平(均为2°(0°～15°～98.6°(60°～120°;按照Johner-Wruhs胫骨骨折临床疗效评价法,术后6个月功能优))13例,良7例,中2例,差0例,优良率为90.9%。结论LISS治疗胫骨近端骨折,特别是干骺端粉碎的骨折具有较好的力学稳定性,骨折愈合率高,软组织损伤小,并发症发生率低,是一种有效的治疗手段。但作为新型的固定系统其有特殊的手术技巧及指征,临床应用时应充分理解。     

微创内固定系统治疗复杂的胫骨近端骨折

[目的] 总结微创内固定系统(LISS)治疗复杂的胫骨近端骨折疗效,探讨LISS的理念及操作技术.[方法] 2004年1月～2006年3月应用微创内固定系统治疗复杂的胫骨近端骨折39例,其中男26例,女13例;平均34.8岁(22～54岁).按AO/OTA分型41-A3型19例,41-C2型12例,41-C3型4例,累及近端42型4例.其中7例为开放性损伤(Gustilo Ⅰ型3例,Ⅱ型4例).11例合并有其它部位骨折.[结果] 所有患者均得到随访,平均随访15.6个月(10-21个月).平均手术时间75 min(60～130 min).平均失血量300ml(170-500 ml).所有骨折均愈合,平均愈合时间13周(11～16周).其中33例对线良好,5例在冠状面上有6°～8°外翻成角,1例5°内翻成角;患者完全负重时间平均14.2周(11～18周);膝关节活动范围为100°-120°;所有病例无感染、断钉、钢板断裂、固定失效等并发症.按照HSS评分优26例,良7例,中5,差1例,优良率84.6%.[结论] 微创内固定系统固定牢靠,能够促进骨折早期愈合和功能恢复,是治疗复杂的胫骨近端骨折的理想疗法.正确认识LISS理念及操作原则,并根据具体病例进行调整,是成功治疗的关键.     

LISS钢板治疗膝关节周围严重粉碎性骨折疗效观察

[目的]报告AO微创内固定系统(less invasive stabilization system,LISS)治疗膝关节周围严重粉碎性骨折疗效,探讨手术相关问题和分析术后并发症的原因.[方法]2004年10月-2007年8月应用LISS钢板治疗膝关节周围严重粉碎性骨折69例,其中股骨骨折38例,胫骨骨折31例.合并髌骨骨折5例,伴其他部位骨折16例.按AO/OTA分型,股骨骨折中,33-A3型7例;33-C2型16例,33-C3型15例;胫骨骨折中,41-A3型12例,41-B2型10例,41-C2型9例.[结果]全部病例获得随访,平均随访时间14.5个月(12～36个月),平均手术时间90 min(75～130 min),术中平均失血量350 ml(200～750 ml).术后伤口均I期愈合,1例膝内翻畸形,1例肢体短缩,2例内固定激惹,2例骨延迟愈合,2例内固定取出困难.膝关节功能HSS评分优良率89.9%.[结论]LISS钢板是治疗膝关节周围严重粉碎性骨折的理想内固定材料.明确手术适应证,严格掌握操作程序和重视对骨缺损的处理是取得满意疗效的关键.     

AO微创内固定系统治疗股骨远端骨折

目的 探讨AO微创内固定系统(LISS)治疗股骨远端骨折的临床效果.方法 应用LISS治疗股骨远端骨折15例,33-A2型2例,33-A3型5例,33-C2型5例,33-C3型3例.9例开放骨折为Gustilo Ⅱ～Ⅲ型,其中有4例多发骨折.结果 所有患者随访3～19个月,骨折均连接,骨折愈合时间12(8～18)周.未出现钢板螺钉松动移位、骨折塌陷、复位丢失等.HSS评分:优5例,良7例,可3例.膝关节活动范围70°～140°,所有患者膝关节行走无疼痛.结论 LISS能有效治疗各种分型的股骨远端骨折,特别是对于骨质疏松患者具有更好的优越性.     

微创内固定系统治疗下肢粉碎性骨折

目的探讨微创内固定系统（LISS）治疗股骨远端及胫骨近端复杂骨折的疗效。方法使用LISS闭合复位治疗股骨远端及胫骨近端复杂骨折16例。观察术后软组织恢复及骨折愈合情况。结果16例随访4～12个月,术后骨折复位、对线良好,无内固定松动或失效等并发症。结论LISS治疗膝关节周围骨折具有创伤小、固定牢固、骨折愈合时间短、最大程度保护膝关节功能的优点。     

AO微创内固定系统在股骨远端及胫骨近端粉碎性骨折的应用

目的探讨应用AO微创内固定系统(lessinvasivestabilizationsystems,LISS)治疗下肢股骨远端与胫骨近端粉碎性骨折的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2003年9月~2005年5月采用LISS治疗14例下肢骨折患者,其中男13例,女1例;车祸伤9例,坠落伤3例,摔倒跌伤2例。开放性骨折5例,闭合性骨折9例。骨折部位包括股骨髁上及髁间粉碎性骨折5例,胫骨上段粉碎性骨折9例。骨折按照AO/OTA分类:股骨骨折中,33C2型3例,33C3型2例;胫骨骨折中,41A2型2例,41A3型2例,41B2型3例,41C2型2例。分别应用股骨远端或胫骨近端LISS行内固定手术。术后对其伤口愈合、术前及术后X线片检查及关节功能恢复情况进行观察。结果患者术后切口均期愈合。均获随访1~20个月,平均11个月。12例骨折均在术后3~5个月愈合,另2例经术后2~3个月观察,效果良好。关节功能根据Johner-Wruhs关节功能评定标准:优10例,良3例,可1例;优良率为93%。11例膝关节屈伸范围达110~130°,2例为100°,1例为80°。结论LISS对股骨远端或胫骨近端粉碎性骨折是一种有效的内固定方法,具有创伤小,固定可靠,临床效果良好等优点。     

微创内固定系统在膝关节周围骨折治疗中的应用

目的：探讨应用微创内固定系统（less invasive stabilization system,LISS）治疗膝关节周围骨折的疗效和特点。方法：自2004年1月-2006年12月间应用LISS治疗膝关节周围骨折45例,其中股骨远端25例,胫骨近端20例。结果：所有45例伤口均一期愈合,全部获得随访,随访时间5-18个月,平均11．5月。术后无皮肤坏死、骨折不愈合、内固定松动等并发症。HSS评分,股骨远端骨折优良率92％,胫骨近端骨折优良率90％。结论：HSS治疗膝关节周围骨折具有操作简便、手术损伤小、并发症少、固定可靠、术后膝关节功能满意的优点。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.