重庆市居民超重与肥胖现状及影响因素分析

目的了解重庆市居民超重与肥胖现状及主要影响因素。方法运用分层整群随机抽样方法及面对面询问调查,获得18岁及以上居民个人基本情况,体检获取身高、体重数据。采用多因素Logistic回归分析方法筛选超重肥胖相关影响因素。结果共调查4 183人,重庆市18岁及以上居民超重、肥胖率分别为27.0%,8.2%,超重、肥胖率均城市高于农村,女性高于男性。多因素Logistic逐步回归分析显示,城乡、性别、年龄、家庭人均年收入和体力活动是超重和肥胖的相关影响因素。结论重庆市居民超重、肥胖率较高,必须采取平衡膳食、增加体力活动和开展健康教育等措施进行综合防治。     

广西城乡居民超重影响因素研究

目的了解影响广西城乡居民超重的膳食、社会经济文化和行为相关影响因素,为制定防治超重措施提供科学依据。方法采取多阶段整群随机抽样方法,抽取广西南宁、钦州、河池、贺州4个市的4个城区和天等、巴马、忻城、靖西等4个县4268户、17104人,按全国统一调查方法分别进行居民膳食调查、问卷调查,体检测量体重、身高等。结果在膳食调查户中,共调查18岁及以上城乡居民2791人,超重的粗患病率为10.78%,年龄标化患病率为9.15%。其中城市居民超重率为16.7%,农村超重率为6.1%,城市显著高于农村(χ2=350.52,P<0.01);男性超重率12.88%,女性超重率为8.92%,男性高于女性(χ2=45.74,P<0.01)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,盐摄入过量、汉族、有配偶、饮酒等因素是影响城市居民超重的危险因素;畜禽肉、油脂、豆类食物摄入过多、干部职业是农村居民超重的危险因素。而家庭人均高收入、体力活动分别是城乡居民超重的共同危险因素和保护因素。结论广西城乡居民超重状况不容乐观,倡导科学饮食、合理营养、适量运动的健康生活方式,采取综合性预防和干预措施是控制超重的有效手段。     

济宁市居民超重和肥胖现状及影响因素的分析

目的了解济宁市居民超重与肥胖现状及主要影响因素.方法运用分层整群随机抽样方法及面对面询问调查,获得18岁以上居民个人基本情况,体检获取身高、体重数据,采用多因素Logistic回归分析方法筛选超重肥胖相关影响因素.结果共调查2480人,济宁市18岁以上居民超重率、全身性肥胖和腹型肥胖总患病率分别为32.43%、15.91%和48.44%,多因素Logistic逐步回归分析显示性别、年龄、收入、体力活动、婚姻状况是超重和肥胖的相关影响因素.结论济宁市居民超重、肥胖率较高,必须采取平衡膳食,增加体力活动和开展健康教育等措施进行综合防治.     

北京市昌平区慢性病社区健康管理模式探讨

慢性病受多种因素长期影响所致,多病因、多基因、多阶段、潜伏期长,通常认为导致慢性病的主要危险因素包括不合理膳食,脂肪摄入过多,蔬菜水果摄人不足;长期吸烟、酗酒;久坐的生活方式,体力活动不足;超重和肥胖;高血压、高血脂;家族遗传史;精神紧张,心理适应不良;环境污染与职业危害等。     

天津市居民超重（肥胖）控制中膳食关键因素分析

目的了解天津市居民超重（肥胖）患者的膳食结构和营养状况,分析天津居民超重（肥胖）与膳食因素的关系。方法采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,在已经建立的天津市慢性非传染病综合示范社区中随机抽取1542户,共2886人,分别测量身高、体重,计算体重指数（BMI）,并采用称重法和24h回顾法对调查对象进行膳食调查。结果能量、蛋白质、脂肪摄入越高,人群超重（肥胖）的患病风险越高。随着膳食碳水化合物供能比的增加,人群患超重（肥胖）风险降低。膳食纤维是超重（肥胖）的保护因素。膳食纤维日摄入量不低于20g,可以降低患超重（肥胖）的风险。每天摄入蔬菜、水果≥500g可以预防超重（肥胖）。热能和16种营养素摄人量中,热能、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、钙、锌、铁、膳食纤维、维生素A、维生素E、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C与每人每天营养素标准供给量（RDA）比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。与膳食宝塔相比,超重肥胖患者膳食中蔬菜水果、奶类、豆类摄入不足,鱼虾类、畜肉类摄人过多,食盐和油脂的摄入量严重超标。结论天津市居民膳食结构与肥胖率升高有内在联系,所以要针对性地改进膳食结构。     

上海市18岁及以上居民超重肥胖流行现状及膳食因素分析

【目的】了解上海市18岁及以上成人超重肥胖现状,分析以膳食为主的影响因素。【方法】使用2013年上海市慢性病及其危险因素监测数据,对20 974名18岁及以上人群进行体重信息和饮食等影响因素分析,用2010年第六次人口普查数据进行标化。【结果】本次调查人群标化超重率为31.18%,肥胖率为9.78%;男性超重率为37.60%,肥胖率为10.40%;女性超重率为26.16%,肥胖率为9.26%。多因素logistic逐步回归分析显示,高年龄、低文化程度、饮酒、谷薯、油和盐的摄入水平过量可能是超重肥胖的相关因素;女性、高文化程度、拒绝被动吸烟、从事体力工作者可能是超重肥胖的保护因素。【结论】上海居民超重肥胖问题影响因素多样,应采取综合措施解决超重肥胖问题。     

2006年大连地区成人超重肥胖流行特征及相关因素调查分析

目的掌据大连地区成人超重、肥胖流行特征及其影响因素,为采取有效干预措施提供依据。方法分层整群随机抽取大连市11个行政区（市）县,20～74岁常住居民共6348人,采用人体测量和问卷调查相结合方法,调查超重、肥胖情况并分析影响因素。结果居民超重、肥胖、腰围、腰臀围比异常的检出率分别为34.0%、19.6%、52.9%、42.7%;肥胖检出率女性高于男性,分别为21.5%、17.5%（P〈0.01）;而超重、腰围异常、腰臀围比异常男女之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;农村超重、肥胖、腰围及腰臀围比异常的发生率均显著高于城市同类指标（农村分别为35.3%、21.6%、55.1%、45.3%,城市分别为31.6%、16.0%、49.1%、37.1%）。且超重和肥胖发生率城、乡均有随着年龄的增加呈上升趋势;除年龄、性别是人为不可进行干预的因素外,家庭人均年收入增加和体力活动不足是超重、肥胖的一个重要危险因素。结论大连地区成人超重、肥胖问题不容忽视,农村形势尤为严重。应积极宣传和倡导健康生活方式,着重培养其平衡膳食及运动行为习惯,遏制不断上涨的危险因素水平。     

中国成年女性能量及宏量营养素摄入与超重肥胖关系的研究

目的探讨中国成年女性能量及宏量营养素摄入对超重肥胖变化的影响。方法收集"中国居民健康与营养调查（China health and nutrition survey,CHNS）"数据,分析1989-2009年我国成年女性能量及宏量营养素摄入和超重肥胖率的流行特征和变化趋势,利用偏相关和分位数回归法分析能量及宏量营养素摄入变化与女性超重肥胖变化的关系。结果 1989-2009年我国女性超重肥胖率持续上升,与1989年成年女性超重率16.5%和肥胖率1.7%相比,2009年超重肥胖率分别为29.4%和10.4%。同期我国居民能量、碳水化合物和蛋白质的摄入量均有下降,但膳食摄入中脂类供能比整体呈上升趋势。偏相关结果表明,脂类摄入增加与我国女性超重肥胖上升呈正相关（r=0.11,P=0.002）。能量,碳水化合物和脂类平均摄入量对低（5%）体质指数（body mass index,BMI）水平的影响有统计学意义（均有P<0.05）。结论能量及宏量营养素摄入过多是导致中国成年女性超重肥胖的重要原因之一。     

零食、体力活动和静坐行为与超重、肥胖及社会人口学特征的相关性研究

目的探讨零食习惯、体力活动、静坐行为以及社会人口学特征与宁夏南部农村地区儿童青少年超重和肥胖的关系。方法采用分层整群抽样的方法,选取宁夏南部5个地区3～9年级2 355名学生为调查对象,进行问卷调查和体格检查。采用方差分析、非条件Logistic回归分析研究超重肥胖的危险因素。结果宁夏南部农村地区儿童青少年超重/肥胖率为5. 1%;零食摄入频率高、体力活动频率低与女性儿童青少年超重肥胖患病率有关(P0. 05),静坐时间长与男性儿童青少年超重肥胖有关(P0. 05); Logistic回归分析显示,零食和体力活动是儿童青少年超重肥胖的危险因素(OR=4. 31,95%=1. 34～13. 88;OR=0. 66,95%=0. 44～0. 98);儿童青少年体力活动和静坐时间与家庭经济状况有关(OR=1. 39,95%=1. 02～1. 91; OR=0. 54,95%=0. 36～0. 82)。结论零食、体力活动和静坐行为是宁夏南部农村地区儿童超重和肥胖的影响因素,且与家庭经济状况有关。     

四川城乡成人超重、肥胖流行病学分析

[目的]了解四川省城乡成年人超重、肥胖流行特征及其影响因素,为预防控制肥胖提供科学依据。[方法]利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查四川省调查资料,对6249名18岁以上人群的超重、肥胖现状及影响因素进行流行病学分析。[结果]体重指数均值22.65,腰围均值79.83cm,二者都随年龄增加而增大。超重、肥胖的现患率分别为23.44%和5.97%,标化率分别为22.25%和5.53%;超重、肥胖现患率城市(分别为31.85%、10.15%)高于农村(19.11%和3.87%),女性(24.50%、6.71%)高于男性(21.84%、5.00%),差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。中心性肥胖患病率为27.03%,男23.85%、女29.50%,女性明显高于男性(P﹤0.01)。Logistic回归结果显示,年龄、性别、家庭人均年收入、吸烟、城乡、体力活动是影响超重、肥胖的主要因素。[结论]超重和肥胖已成为影响四川省成年居民的重要健康问题,必须采取平衡膳食、增加体力活动等措施进行综合防治,减少肥胖带来的危害。     

凉山彝族成人膳食营养状况

为了解四川凉山彝族成人的膳食营养状况 ,为改善、提高该人群的健康水平 ,防治营养相关性疾病提供依据。在凉山彝族自治州用分层多级整群随机抽样方法抽取 2 0 9户彝族家庭 ,共涉及 18～ 60岁居民468人 ,实地入户 ,进行问卷、膳食调查和身高、体重测量。结果显示 ,凉山彝族城乡居民经济收入、膳食结构及饮食习惯存在显著差异 ;膳食营养素的摄入量与RNIs相比不平衡 ,且有城乡差别 ;城区成人的超重与肥胖发生率是 18 8% ,消瘦发生率是 4 7% ;农村成人消瘦发生率是 9 8% ,而超重与肥胖发生率在本次调查中未发现。结果提示 ,凉山彝族城乡居民膳食能量及营养素摄入存在明显不平衡 ,消瘦发生率和超重与肥胖发生率有显著的城乡差异     

高血压与膳食和体力活动相关关系分析

[Objective] To understand the status of hypertension among rural adults in Hebei Province and the correlation between diet, physical activity and hypertension, to provide evidence for intervention on hypertension. [Methods] A question-naire investigation on dietary and physical factors of hypertension was conducted among people aged 18 and over in rural area. [Results] 2 407 adults were interviewed and physically measured. The crude prevalence of hypertension was 32.1% and that of men and women respectively was 33.3.0%; 29.5%. The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the main risk factors influencing hypertension were excessive intakes of salt and fat, long-term static living. [Conclusions] Rational dietary pattern （low intakes of salt and fat） and physical activity are important measures for prevention on hypertension.     

中国成年职业人群身体活动水平与超重肥胖的关系

目的:分析我国成年职业人群身体活动水平与超重肥胖的关系,为制定肥胖的防控措施提供依据。方法:使用2002年全国营养与健康调查中21834人的数据,采用一年回顾性体力活动问卷收集身体活动信息。将身体活动水平(physical activity level,PAL)分:久坐少动;活动较少;活动充分;活动活跃四级。BMI≥24kg/m2为超重肥胖。控制年龄、性别、地区、家庭收入、吸烟、饮酒和膳食脂肪摄入量后,分析身体活动对超重肥胖的影响。结果:久坐少动、活动较少、活动充分和活动活跃者的超重肥胖粗率分别为36.9%、31.7%、29.2%和25.5%。控制其他因素后,随身体活动水平的增加,超重肥胖的危险性降低。与久坐少动者相比,活动较少者、活动充分者和活动活跃者发生超重肥胖的危险性分别降低了22%、19%和29%。高收入、饮酒和高脂肪饮食也是肥胖的独立危险因素。结论:身体活动水平是影响我国职业人群超重肥胖的独立危险因素,久坐少动的大城市高收入中年饮酒男性是超重肥胖的高危人群。     

Dietary intake, exercise, obesity and noncommunicable disease in rural and urban populations of three Pacific Island countries.

Dietary intake surveys of rural and urban communities in three Pacific Island countries were conducted using an adjusted 24-hour dietary recall method. Dietary survey samples were drawn from noncommunicable disease surveys of Melanesians and Indians in Fiji, Micronesians in Kiribati and Melanesians in Vanuatu. Comparisons of total energy and macronutrient intakes and of obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, serum cholesterol and physical activity levels revealed similar rural/urban trends. Urban subjects were more obese than rural ones, had higher prevalence rates of diabetes and hypertension, and generally had higher cholesterol levels. Rural subjects were leaner, suffered less from diabetes and hypertension, and had greater total energy intakes than urban dwellers. Rural people ate a greater proportion of carbohydrates, while urban subjects ate proportionally more protein and fat, apart from the outer Kiribati atolls with high coconut intakes. Rural subjects in all three studies had higher levels of physical activity. These studies provide persuasive evidence that exercise as well as diet has a significant effect on rural/urban differentials in obesity and noncommunicable disease, and that energy intake reflects energy expenditure.     

Eating behaviors and health history of rural midlife to older women in the midwestern United States

This study was conducted to examine daily energy, food group, and nutrient intakes of late midlife to older women living in the rural Midwestern United States compared with recommended intakes for the US population, and to describe their physical measures and health history. Random-digit dialing was used to recruit 225 community-dwelling women aged 50 to 69 years from a rural Midwestern area of the United States. Participants completed online food intake and health history surveys. Nearly half of the women had energy intakes in excess of their Estimated Energy Requirement. Mean daily servings of fruits, grains, and dairy products were below target levels identified in the 2000 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Mean calcium and dietary fiber intakes were below recommended levels, while percent calories from fat (39.0%+/-6.8%) were well above recommendations. Eighty percent were overweight or obese and 76% were prehypertensive or hypertensive, yet only 33.5% indicated their health care provider had discussed dietary factors with them in the previous year. Late midlife and older rural Midwestern women, aged 50 to 69 years, need more guidance than they currently receive to learn how to make changes to meet dietary recommendations, particularly with a focus on establishing a more healthful dietary pattern that will be suitable for their older years.     

Dietary intake,exercise, obesity and noncommunicable disease in rural and urban populations of three Pacific Island countries.

Dietary intake surveys of rural and urban communities in three Pacific Island countries were conducted using an adjusted 24-hour dietary recall method. Dietary survey samples were drawn from noncommunicable disease surveys of Melanesians and Indians in Fiji, Micronesians in Kiribati and Melanesians in Vanuatu. Comparisons of total energy and macronutrient intakes and of obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, serum cholesterol and physical activity levels revealed similar rural/urban trends. Urban subjects were more obese than rural ones, had higher prevalence rates of diabetes and hypertension, and generally had higher cholesterol levels. Rural subjects were leaner, suffered less from diabetes and hypertension, and had greater total energy intakes than urban dwellers. Rural people ate a greater proportion of carbohydrates, while urban subjects ate proportionally more protein and fat, apart from the outer Kiribati atolls with high coconut intakes. Rural subjects in all three studies had higher levels of physical activity. These studies provide persuasive evidence that exercise as well as diet has a significant effect on rural/urban differentials in obesity and noncommunicable disease, and that energy intake reflects energy expenditure.     

The Weight and Fitness Status of United States Children

Although the prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children is a concern for many health care professionals, incidence rates over time seem to be variable, depending on the assessment measurements used. It is difficult to determine the associated health implications of pediatric obesity or overweight, especially the type that might result in adult obesity or overweight. This review examines the various factors that contribute to the weight and fitness status of children, including anthropometric factors, nutrient intake, the level of physical activity, and nutrition knowledge. Nutrient intake data of the past decade show that the energy and fat intakes of children in the United States have been fairly constant. However, data also indicate that their physical activity has declined. The data strongly suggest that the apparent prevalence of pediatric overweight may not be so much a function of nutrient intake as of a decrease in physical activity leading to an imbalance of energy input and output.     

石门县农村居民营养与健康状况调查

目的了解石门县农村居民膳食摄入、营养状况和相关的慢性非传染病分布情况,为倡导合理膳食提供科学依据。方法整群分层抽样法对新铺乡、维新镇、罗坪乡的农村居民开展调查,内容包括居民连续3d膳食摄入情况,血压、身高、体重和腰围体格检查,血红蛋白、血糖、血脂等实验室检测。结果石门县农村居民蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物等三大营养素供给充分,膳食结构趋于平衡,但膳食仍存在不合理之处,主要是能量、脂肪、食盐摄入超标,视黄醇、视黄醇当量、核黄素、钙等营养素供给不足,该县成人超重和肥胖率为7.38%,高血压患病率为15.09%,贫血患病率为37.93%,血糖超标率为4.97%,血脂不正常为8.9%。结论广泛开展全民科学膳食宣传教育,倡导正确的膳食模式和科学生活方式,预防控制因膳食导致的肥胖、高血压、贫血、糖尿病、高血脂等慢性非传染性疾病。     

Elevated Fat Intake Increases Body Weight and the Risk of Overweight and Obesity among Chinese Adults: 1991–2015 Trends

Studies on fat intake and obesity have been inconclusive. This study examined the associations between dietary fat intake and body weight and the risk of overweight and obesity in China. We used data from 23,859 adults aged 20–60 years who participated in the China Health and Nutrition Survey, an ongoing open-cohort study, from 1991 to 2015. We collected detailed dietary data by conducting three 24-h dietary recalls and weighing foods and condiments in household inventories. We examined the associations between fat intake and body weight, body mass index (BMI), and the risk of overweight and obesity with random-effects linear or logistic regression models for panel data. The Chinese population’s fat intake, percentage of energy intake from fat, and prevalence of high-fat diets (energy intake from fat > 30%) increased from 68.5 g per day (g/d), 23.1%, and 22.4%, respectively, in 1991 to 79.3 g/d, 35.6%, and 67.2%, respectively, in 2015. The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased from 12.3% to 37.3% during the same period. Fat intake, percentage of energy intake from fat, and a high-fat diet were positively associated with body weight, BMI, and the risk of overweight and obesity in both sexes (p < 0.001) after adjustment for nonfat energy intake, physical activity, and socioeconomic status. Increased fat intake and high-fat diets were associated with increased body weight, BMI, and risk of overweight and obesity. These findings could have a significant impact on Chinese policies and interventions to control overweight and obesity.     

Comparison of dietary and non-dietary risk factors in overweight and normal-weight Chinese adults

The aim of the present study was to compare the differences in dietary and non-dietary factors contributing to normal weight and overweight among urban Chinese adults. Two cross-sectional population surveys were carried out in Tianjin, one of the largest cities in China. A total of 2631 subjects aged 25-64 years were selected by random stratified cluster sampling; 398 men and 490 women were overweight, and 886 men and 857 women were of normal weight. The diet was assessed by food weighing plus consecutive individual 3 d food records. Health-related behaviours and anthropometry were assessed. The overweight group had significantly higher mean daily intakes of energy and carbohydrate than the normal-weight group. Overweight men also had significantly higher mean daily intakes of protein and fat than normal-weight men. Age, daily intakes of energy and carbohydrate, and marital status were positively associated with overweight, while occupational and commuting physical activity, as well as smoking, were inversely associated with overweight among both genders. Daily intakes of protein, fat and alcohol were positively related to the incidence of being overweight among men. People with 7-12 years education were more likely to be overweight compared with those with less than 6 years of education. High intakes of energy and carbohydrate among both genders, as well as high intakes of protein and fat among men, and lower levels of occupational and commuting physical activity, being a non-smoker, and partly higher socio-economic status were related to a greater incidence of being overweight in this population.