原发性高血压患者血压变异性的临床观察

目的 :探讨原发性高血压 (EH)患者血压变异性与靶器官损害、血压增高的程度及年龄、性别的关系。方法 :对 480例 EH患者及 2 0 0例正常人 (对照组 )进行 2 4h动态血压监测 ,以测得的血压标准差作为血压变异性指标。结果 :EH组血压变异性明显大于对照组 ; 期 EH患者血压变异性明显大于 期及 期患者 ; 、 期之间血压变异性无明显差异 ;对照组及 EH组各组中男女性别之间血压变异性无显著性差异 ;EH组血压变异性随血压水平的增加而逐渐增大 ,年龄≤ 6 0岁者 ,其血压变异性随年龄的增加而增大 ,年龄 >6 0岁者 ,其血压变异性不再继续增加。结论 :EH患者血压变异性明显增加 ,且靶器官损害越重 ,血压值越高 ,在一定范围内年龄越大则血压变异性越大。     

End digit preference in blood pressure measurement in a hypertension specialty clinic in southwest Nigeria

Background: One of the observer errors associated with blood pressure (BP) measurement using a mercury sphygmomanometer is end digit preference (EDP) which refers to the occurrence of a particular end digit more frequently than would be expected by chance alone. Published reports, mainly from outside Africa, have shown a high prevalence ranging from 22 to 90% of end digit zero in BP readings taken by healthcare workers (HCWs). This study examined the prevalence of EDP and patients' and physicians' characteristics influencing the occurrence of EDP. Methods: A retrospective review was undertaken of BP readings of 114 patients seen over a two-month period at our hypertension specialty clinic. Results: Nurses and physicians displayed a high frequency of preference for end digit zero in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) readings. The preference for end digit zero was, however, higher for nurses than for physicians (SBP: 98.5 vs 51.2%, p < 0.001; DBP: 98.5 vs 64.3%, p < 0.001). Among the physicians, the consultant staff displayed the least preference for end digit zero compared to resident doctors. There was no statistically significant difference in gender, age, weight, height and BMI of those with BP readings with end digit zero compared with those with non-zero end digits. Conclusion: The high prevalence of EDP for zero argues for the training, retraining and certification of HCWs in BP measurement and the institution of a regular monitoring and feedback system on EDP in order to minimise this observer error.     

原发性高血压患者血压变异性的临床研究

目的　探讨原发性高血压 (EH )患者血压变异性与靶器官损害、血压增高的程度及年龄的关系。方法　对65例EH患者及 40例正常人 (对照组 )进行 2 4h动态血压监测 ,以测定的血压标准差作为血压变异性指标。结果　EH组血压变异性明显大于对照组 ,Ⅱ、Ⅲ期EH患者血压变异性明显大于Ⅰ期EH患者 ;EH患者血压变异性随血压水平的增加而逐渐增大 ,年龄≤ 5 5岁者 ,其血压变异性随年龄的增加而增大 ,年龄 >5 5岁者 ,其血压变异性不再随继续增加。结论　EH患者血压变异性明显增加 ,且靶器官损害越重 ,血压值越高 ,在一定范围内年龄越大则血压变异性越大     

Prognostic value of nocturnal blood pressure dipping on cardiovascular outcomes in Chinese patients with hypertension in primary care

Meta‐analyses showed that non‐dipping of nocturnal blood pressure on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was associated with adverse cardiovascular prognosis. However, these prognostic studies were mainly conducted in Caucasian and Japanese populations. Whether this association applies to Chinese patients remained uninvestigated. A total of 1199 Chinese patients with hypertension undergoing ABPM between January 2012 and December 2014 were recruited retrospectively from five public hypertension referral clinics in Hong Kong. Patients were followed up for a mean 6.42 years for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and all‐cause mortality. Time to event of different dipping patterns was compared by Kaplan‐Meier curves. Hazard ratios (HR) were obtained by Cox proportional hazard models with patient demographics and confounding factors adjusted in multivariate regression. A total of 163 end point events occurred in the period. Normal dipping was observed in 446 patients (37.2%), non‐dipping in 490 (40.9%), reverse dipping in 161 (13.4%), and extreme dipping in 102 (8.5%). Kaplan‐Meier analyses showed inferior survival in non‐dippers and reverse dippers for total cardiovascular events and coronary events but not cerebrovascular events. After adjusting for confounding factors, Cox regressions showed HRs 1.166 (CI 0.770‐1.764) and 1.173 (CI 0.681‐2.021) in non‐dippers and reverse dippers for total cardiovascular events, and HRs 1.320 (CI 0.814‐2.141) and 1.476 (CI 0.783‐2.784) for coronary events. Nocturnal blood pressure non‐dipping, and to a greater extent reverse dipping, demonstrated adverse cardiovascular prognosis in a cohort of Chinese patients with hypertension in Hong Kong. Further focused studies on cerebrovascular events and reverse dippers were warranted to refine risk stratification.     

Nocturnal hypertension in primary care patients with high office blood pressure: A regional study of the MAPAGE project

Nocturnal hypertension (NH) is an independent cardiovascular risk factor. We aimed to describe the frequency of NH among primary care hypertensive patients and to analyze NH determinants. This observational, cross‐sectional, multicenter study enrolled the patients of 23 general practitioners in Burgundy region, France. We included the first patient of the day with office blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mm Hg, whatever the reason for consultation. All included patients had 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Nocturnal hypertension was considered nighttime mean blood pressure ≥ 120/70 mm Hg, as per current guidelines. Medical, sociodemographic, and deprivation data were collected. Nocturnal hypertensive and non‐hypertensive patients were compared. The determinants of NH were identified using logistic regression models. From July 2015 to November 2018, 447 patients were analyzed. Mean office blood pressure was 158.6/91.5 mm Hg, and 255 patients (57.0%) were taking at least one antihypertensive drug. Among the 409 (91.5%) valid ABPM, 316 (77.3%) showed NH. In multivariate analyses, male sex (odds ratio [OR] = 2.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.29‐3.75), first office diastolic blood pressure >100 mm Hg (OR = 5.71, 95% CI 1.53‐21.40), and current smoking (OR = 5.91, 95% CI 2.11‐16.56) were independent predictors of NH. Obesity was associated with a reduced risk of NH (OR = 0.43, 95% CI 0.25‐0.75). No association was found between deprivation status or sociodemographic factors and NH. To conclude, NH was identified in more than three out of four patients with high office blood pressure. Male smokers with high diastolic blood pressure were most affected by NH. ABPM may improve hypertension management in these patients.     

Determinants of masked hypertension in hypertensive patients treated in a primary care setting

Background: Recent data suggest that masked hypertension (MH) carries a cardiovascular risk similar to that of uncontrolled hypertension. Aims: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and determinants of MH in patients treated for hypertension in a Canadian primary care setting. Methods: Office blood pressure (OBP) was measured at baseline and after 3 months of valsartan‐based therapy in 5636 hypertensive patients who had recorded their home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) for seven consecutive days at month 3 using an Omron HEM‐711 apparatus. MH was defined in nondiabetic patients as an OBP <140/90 mmHg and an HBPM ≥135/85 mmHg, and in those with diabetes as an OBP <130/80 mmHg and an HBPM ≥125/75 mmHg. Results: Of the 5636 patients, 1025 had diabetes. OBP was controlled at 3 months in 268 (26.1%) of them, but 167 (62.3%) had MH. OBP was controlled in 2728 (59.1%) of the 4611 patients without diabetes, and 935 (34.3%) of them had MH. Overall, 1102 patients had MH, representing 36.8% of patients with controlled OBP and 19.6% of the entire hypertensive study population. Stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis in nondiabetic patients with controlled OBP at 3 months revealed that older age, male sex, higher body mass index and higher office systolic blood pressure were determinants of MH. Conclusion: Our results indicate that one of five hypertensive patients and more than one of three with controlled OBP will have MH. MH is associated with other cardiovascular risk factors, such as diabetes, and in nondiabetics, with male sex, older age and obesity.     

糖耐量异常对原发性高血压患者血压变异性的影响

目的观察糖耐量异常对原发性高血压患者血压变异性的影响情况。方法入选正常血压及原发性高血压患者260例,按动态血压水平及是否合并糖耐量异常分为正常血压组（n=68）,正常血压合并糖耐量异常组（n=60）,原发性高血压组（n=70）,原发性高血压合并糖耐量异常组（n=62）。所有受试者进行24小时动态血压监测,观察各组血压变异性特点。结果原发性高血压合并糖耐量异常组24小时收缩压变异系数[（0.12±0.03）vs.（0.10±0.02）]、白天收缩压标准差[（15.37±2.66）vs.（13.34±2.27）]、变异系数[（0.12±0.02）vs.（0.10±0.02）]均高于原发性高血压组（P〈0.01）;正常血压合并糖耐量异常组与正常血压组各时间段血压标准差、变异系数差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论糖耐量异常影响原发性高血压人群血压变异性（以收缩压为主）,对正常血压人群无明显影响。     

原发性高血压患者动脉弹性与血压变异性的相关性研究

目的探讨原发性高血压患者动脉弹性与血压变异的相关性。方法入选2006年4月至2012年3月在我院住院治疗的原发性高血压患者247例。所有入选者行脉搏波传导速度（PWV）检查,根据检查结果将其分为对照组（92例,PWV〈0．9m／s）和观察组（155例,PWV≥0．9m／s）。两组患者均行动态血压检查,比较分析两组患者血压变异情况及各种因素对脉搏波传导速度的影响。结果两组患者空腹血糖、LDL-C比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。观察组患者血压变异各项指标均显著大于对照组患者,差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。PWV血压变异的多元线性逐步回归显示,年龄、24h收缩压-标准差、空腹血糖、晨峰血压是影响动脉弹性的主要危险因素。结论血压变异对原发性高血压患者动脉弹性产生显著的影响,可加重靶器官损害。     

Cost-effectiveness of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the follow-up of hypertension

Aims. To study the cost of the follow-up of hypertension in primary care (PC) using clinical blood pressure (CBP) and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), and to analyse the cost-effectiveness (CE) of both methods. Major findings and principal conclusion. Good control of hypertension was achieved in 8.3% with CBP (95% CI 4.8-11.8) and in 55.6% with ABPM (95% CI 49.3-61.9). The cost of one patient with good control of hypertension is almost four times higher with CBP than with ABPM (€940 vs €238). Reaching the gold standard (ABPM) involved an after-cost of €115 per patient. The results for a 5% discount rate showed a saving of €68,883 if ABPM was performed in all the patients included in the study (n = 241, €285 per patient). An analysis of sensitivity, changing the discount rate and life expectancy indicated that ABPM provides a better CE ratio and a lower global cost. ABPM is more cost-effective than CBP. However, if we include the new treatment cost of poorly monitored patients, it is less cost-effective. Excellent control of hypertension is still an important challenge for all healthcare professionals, especially for those working in PC, where most monitoring of hypertensive patients takes place.     

动态血压参数与原发性高血压患者靶器官损害的关系

目的探讨24h动态血压参数与原发性高血压患者靶器官损害的关系。方法对140例原发性高血压患者进行24h动态血压监测,根据血压昼夜节律变化消失与否将其分为两组,对两组患者靶器官损害的情况进行对比分析,并对心、脑、肾各靶器官损害的危险因素进行Logistic回顾分析。结果两组脑卒中、左室肥厚、心力衰竭和肾功能损害的发生率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),24h动态血压参数与各种靶器官损害的相关性不同。结论24h动态血压各参数对高血压患者靶器官损害的影响不同,血压负荷、昼夜血压曲线消失和血压波动幅度与靶器官损害显著相关。     

A bundled quality improvement program to standardize clinical blood pressure measurement in primary care

We evaluated use of a program to improve blood pressure measurement at 6 primary care clinics over a 6‐month period. The program consisted of automated devices, clinical training, and support for systems change. Unannounced audits and electronic medical records provided evaluation data. Clinics used devices in 81.0% of encounters and used them as intended in 71.6% of encounters, but implementation fidelity varied. Intervention site systolic and diastolic blood pressure with terminal digit “0” decreased from 32.1% and 33.7% to 11.1% and 11.3%, respectively. Improvement occurred uniformly, regardless of sites’ adherence to the measurement protocol. Providers rechecked blood pressure measurements less often post‐intervention (from 23.5% to 8.1% of visits overall). Providers at sites with high protocol adherence were less likely to recheck measurements than those at low adherence sites. Comparison sites exhibited no change in terminal digit preference or repeat measurements. This study demonstrates that clinics can apply a pragmatic intervention to improve blood pressure measurement. Additional refinement may improve implementation fidelity.     

Use of a simplified clinical audit tool to evaluate hypertension and diabetes management in primary care clinics in Jamaica

This study evaluates a simple clinical audit tool for assessing quality of care and blood pressure control among persons with hypertension in primary care clinics. A systematic random sampling of persons with diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) attending five health centers in Kingston, Jamaica, was conducted. A modified Ministry of Health paper‐based audit tool captured quality of care and outcome indicators (blood pressure and glycemic control). Additional chart audits were conducted by a physician and nurse to assess reliability. One hundred and forty‐nine charts were audited between January and September 2017. One hundred and thirty‐eight persons (92.6%) had hypertension (27 men and 111 women); 77 persons (51.7%) had DM (14 men and 63 women). The median age was 64 years old. Approximately two‐thirds of persons with HTN and DM had electrolytes, lipid profile, and ECG done within the last year. One‐fifth of persons with hypertension (18.5% men and 19.8% women, P = 1.000) had adequate blood pressure control with greater control among persons with HTN only compared to persons with both DM and HTN. Poor glycemic control was recorded for 69% of persons with DM (57% men and 71% women, P = .297). Moderate to substantial inter‐rater agreement was observed for quality of care indicators. Our findings confirmed that hypertension and glycemic control are inadequate among persons attending primary care clinics in Jamaica's capital city. Simplified clinical audits can provide important quality of care and outcome indicators without losing the meaningfulness of the data collected.     

End-digit preference in blood pressure recordings of patients with ischaemic heart disease in primary care

End-digit preference describes the disproportionate selection of specific end digits. The rounding of figures might lead to either an under- or over-recording of blood pressure (BP) and a lack of accuracy and reliability in treatment decisions. A total of 85 000 BP values taken from computerised general practice records of ischaemic heart disease patients in England between 2001 and 2003 were examined. Zero preference accounts for 64% of systolic and 59% of diastolic readings, compared with an expected frequency of 10% (P<0.000001). Even numbers are more frequently seen than odd numbers. In all, 64% of nonzero systolic recordings and 65% of diastolic recordings ended in even numbers, compared with expected proportions of 44% (P<0.0001). Among the nonzero even numbers, eight is the most frequently observed: 28% of systolic and 31% of diastolic recordings compared with an expected proportion of 25% (P<0.0001). Among the five nonzero odd numbers, five is the most frequently observed end digit, representing 59% systolic and 62% of diastolic compared with an expected level of 20% (P<0.00001). English general practice displays marked end-digit preference. This is strongly for the end-digit zero. However, there is more use of other end-digits, notably 8 and 5. This bias potentially carries important treatment consequences for this high-risk population.     

Impact of educational mailing on the blood pressure of primary care patients with mild hypertension

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of mailed hypertension educational materials. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, controlled single-blind trial. SETTING: Primary care practice-based research network in which 9 clinics located in Portland, Oregon participated. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with mildly uncontrolled hypertension as defined as a last blood pressure of 140 to 159/90 to 99 mmHg from query of an electronic medical record database. INTERVENTIONS: Patients randomized to intervention were mailed 2 educational packets approximately 3 months apart. The first mailer included a letter from each patient's primary care provider. The mailer included a booklet providing an overview of hypertension and lifestyle modification and a refrigerator magnet noting target blood pressure. The second mailing also included a letter from the patient's primary care provider, a second educational booklet focused on medication compliance and home blood pressure monitoring, and a blood pressure logbook. The control group consisted of similar patients receiving usual care for hypertension. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patients from each group were randomly selected for invitation to participate in a study visit to measure blood pressure and complete a survey (intervention n= 162; control n= 150). No significant difference was found in mean blood pressure between intervention and control patients (135/77 mmHg vs 137/77 mmHg; P=.229). Patients in the intervention arm scored higher on a hypertension knowledge quiz (7.48 +/- 1.6 vs 7.06 +/- 1.6; P=.019), and reported higher satisfaction with several aspects of their care. No significant difference was seen in the prevalence of home blood pressure monitoring ownership or use. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with mildly uncontrolled hypertension, educational mailers did not yield a significant decrease in blood pressure. However, significant improvement in patient knowledge, frequency of home monitoring, and satisfaction with care were demonstrated.     

原发性高血压患者血压变异性与炎症标志物及颈动脉粥样硬化程度的相关性分析

目的 探讨原发性高血压患者血压变异性(BPV)与炎症标志物及颈动脉粥样硬化程度的关系.方法 入选2018年9月至2020年9月于郑州大学第二附属医院就诊的原发性高血压患者136例,根据收缩压(SBP)昼夜节律分为杓型组(44例)、非杓型组(56例)和反杓型组(36例),收集相关指标值,分析BPV与炎症标志物及颈动脉粥样...     

血脂康在老年高血压患者降压治疗中对血压和脉压的影响

目的 观察血脂康在老年高血压患者降压治疗中对血压和脉压的影响.方法 将经氨氯地平(5 mg,1次/d)降血压治疗后达到轻度高血压标准的老年高血压患者58例随机分为两组,血脂康组30例和对照组28例.对照组采用低脂、低盐饮食及按原剂量服用氨氯地平;血脂康组在此基础上加用血脂康600 mg,2次/d,连续服用12周,比较两组治疗前与治疗12周时血压和脉压的变化.结果 与治疗前比较,血脂康组治疗12周收缩压降低,分别为(149±9)mm Hg与(130±8)mm Hg;脉压缩小,分别为(64±11)mm Hg与(48±7)mm Hg(均为P＜0.05);12周时组间比较,血脂康组优于对照组,收缩压分别为(130±8)mm Hg与(144±9)mm Hg,脉压为(48±7)mm Hg与(60±10)mm Hg(均为P＜0.05).结论 老年高血压患者降压治疗中,应用常规剂量血脂康治疗可以起到降低血压的作用效应.     

Quality of care in diabetic patients attending routine primary care clinics compared with those attending GP specialist clinics.

AIM: To determine the impact on clinical outcomes of specialist diabetes clinics compared with routine primary care clinics. METHODS: Observational study measuring clinical performance (process/outcome measures) in the primary care sector. A cohort of patients attending specialist diabetes clinics was compared with a control cohort of patients attending routine primary care clinics. RESULTS: Patients seen in specialist diabetes clinics had a significantly higher HbA1c than patients in routine primary care clinics (mean difference 0.58%; P < 0.001) but there was no significant difference in rate of improvement with visits compared with primary care clinics. In contrast, patients seen in the routine primary care clinics had significantly higher cholesterol levels (mean difference 0.24 mmol/l; P < 0.001) compared with patients in specialist diabetes clinics and their improvement was significantly greater over time (mean difference 0.14 mmol/l per visit compared with 0.10 mmol/l; P < 0.006). Patients in routine primary care clinics also had significantly higher diastolic blood pressure (mean difference 1.6 mmHg; P < 0.007) but there was no difference in improvement with time compared with specialist diabetes clinics. Uptake of podiatry and retinal screening was significantly lower in patients attending routine primary care clinics, but this difference disappeared with time, with significant increases in uptake in the primary care clinic group. Weight increased in both groups significantly with time, but more so in the specialist clinic patients (mean increase 0.18 kg per visit more compared with routine clinic primary care patients; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that the provision of primary care services for patients with diabetes, whether traditional general practitioner clinics or diabetes clinics run by general practitioners with special interests, is effective in reducing HbA1c, cholesterol and blood pressure. However, the same provision of care was unable to prevent increasing weight or creatinine over time. No evidence was found that patients in specialist clinics do better than patients in routine primary care clinics.     

234例原发性高血压患者血压昼夜节律分析

目的　探讨原发性高血压患者血压昼夜节律曲线类型和年龄、性别、血压水平、眼底小动脉、肾功能及血管内皮功能之间的关系。方法　选择初诊原发性高血压患者 2 34例 ,根据动态血压检测结果将昼夜节律曲线分为反杓型、非杓型、杓型和超杓型 4组。检测 2 4h动态血压、眼底、血液生化及血管内皮功能。结果　不同血压曲线类型组之间收缩压、舒张压、脉压、年龄以及各曲线类型组之间单纯收缩期高血压的分布有显著差异 ,其中 ,反杓型组和非杓型组的年龄显著大于杓型组 ,非杓型组中单纯收缩期高血压的比例高于杓型组 ;而不同血压曲线类型组之间性别、眼底动脉硬化程度、尿素氮、血肌酐、内皮素及一氧化氮无显著性差异。结论　 4种血压节律曲线类型与年龄明显相关 ,而与性别、眼底小动脉硬化程度、肾功能、血管内皮功能之间无明显相关关系。     

社区卫生定向服务模式在机关干部高血压管理中的应用研究

目的探讨社区卫生定向服务(COPC)模式对机关干部高血压患者的综合管理效果。方法将我院社区医疗服务中心及内科门诊的207例机关干部高血压患者分成COPC管理组104例,对照组103例。对COPC管理组进行为期1年的综合管理,并对2组管理后的效果进行比较分析。结果管理后,COPC管理组血压控制率、高血压相关知识的知晓率、高血压相关行为采纳率均高于对照组,并且COPC管理组的血压、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、血尿酸的数值均低于对照组,2组差异有统计学意义(P均<0.01)。结论 COPC模式是机关干部高血压患者管理的有效途径,并对机关干部其他慢性病的规范化管理提供参考。     

原发性高血压患者血压变异性与早期肾损害

目的探讨血压变异性(BPV)和原发性高血压患者早期肾损害的关系。方法根据尿白蛋白与尿肌酐比值(UACR)把181例原发性高血压患者分为两组,UACR≤30mg/g为单纯高血压组(A组,120例),UACR>30mg/g为合并早期肾损害组(B组,61例),行24h动态血压监测,BPV以血压标准差和变异系数表示,用Pearson相关分析和多元线性回归分析比较两组患者BPV和早期肾损害之间的关系。结果两组患者各个时段的血压均值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);除白昼收缩压变异性外,A组和B组24h收缩压变异性[标准差(13.6±3.0)比(15.3±4.1)mmHg;变异系数(0.11±0.02)比(0.12±0.03)]、24h舒张压变异性[标准差(9.6±2.6)比(11.8±4.2)mmHg;变异系数(0.13±0.04)比(0.15±0.05)]、白昼舒张压变异性[标准差(9.5±3.0)比(11.3±4.6)mmHg;变异系数(0.12±0.04)比(0.14±0.06)]、夜间收缩压变异性[标准差(10.0±3.9)比(13.2±4.7)mmHg;变异系数(0.08±0.03)比(0.11±0.04)]和夜间舒张压变异性[标准差(7.7±3.7)比(10.0±3.8)mmHg;变异系数(0.11±0.05)比(0.14±0.05)]差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。Pearson相关分析显示UACR与24h收缩压变异性、24h舒张压变异性、白昼舒张压变异性、夜间收缩压变异性及夜间舒张压变异性呈正相关(均P<0.01)。多元线性回归分析显示UACR与夜间收缩压变异性、24h舒张压变异性、夜间舒张压水平和三酰甘油呈正相关(均P<0.05)。结论原发性高血压患者夜间收缩压变异性、24h舒张压变异性、夜间舒张压水平和三酰甘油与早期肾损害相关。