冠心病患者TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8的变化研究

目的 :对冠心病患者血清中肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF -α)、白介素 - 1β(IL - 1β)、白介素 - 6 (IL - 6 )、白介素 - 8(IL - 8)含量进行分析 ,以探讨它们在冠心病发病过程中的意义。方法 :研究对象为正常对照组 36例 ,稳定型心绞痛组 32例 ,心肌梗塞组 39例 ,采用化学发光酶分析法检测其血清TNF -α、IL - 1β、IL - 6、IL - 8水平。结果 :与正常组比较 ,冠心病患者中TNF -α、IL - 1β、IL - 6、IL - 8水平均有不同程度升高 ,尤以心肌梗塞组升高明显 ,其差别有显著临床意义。心绞痛组TNF -α(p <0 0 5 ) ,IL - 6 (p <0 0 1) ,IL - 8(p <0 0 5 )。心肌梗塞组TNF -α(p<0 0 1) ,IL - 1β(p<0 0 5 ) ,IL - 6 (p <0 0 0 1) ,IL - 8(p <0 0 0 1)。 结论 :TNF -α、IL - 1β、IL - 6、IL- 8与动脉粥样硬化和冠心病的发生有密切关系 ,这些细胞因子可通过相互诱导、相互协同共同参与冠心病的发生、发展过程     

TRAb放射受体分析在甲状腺疾病中的临床应用

目的 :探索TRAb放射受体分析在甲状腺疾病中的临床价值。方法 :采用放射受体法 (RRA)对 2 95例 (5组 )甲状腺疾病患者血清中TRAb进行测定 ,测定结果分别与 4 5例正常对照组进行比较。结果 :Graves’病症状未控制组、Graves’病症状控制组及原发性甲减组TRAb均高于正常对照组 (P <0 0 1～ 0 0 0 1) ;而自主性高功能腺瘤组、单纯性甲状腺肿组与正常对照组比较 ,差别无显著性 (P均 >0 0 5 ) ;Graves’病症状未控制组与Graves’病症状控制组比较 ,差别亦无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论 :Graves’病患者和原发性甲减患者的发病可能与TRAb有关 ,TRAb可作为病因诊断的一种指标 ,但不能用来评价Graves’病的甲亢严重程度。     

幽门螺杆菌相关性消化道疾病血清IL-8,TNF-α和Gas测定及其临床意义

目的 :探讨HP感染慢性胃炎及十二指肠溃疡患者血清IL - 8、TNF -α及Gas水平变化与其发病的关系。方法 :选择1 4C -尿素呼气试验阳性及胃镜和病理组织学确诊的 35例慢性胃炎及 30例十二指肠溃疡患者 ,皆采用放射免疫分析测定其血清IL - 8、TNF -α及Gas水平。结果 :慢性胃炎组血清IL - 8、TNF -α及Gas均显著高于正常对照组 ,其血清IL - 8及Gas水平与对照组比较差异极显著 (p <0 0 1)。TNF -α与对照组比较也具统计学意义 (p <0 0 5 )。十二指肠溃疡组则三项指标均极显著高于正常对照组 (p <0 0 1)。两组间比较三项指标亦均呈极显著差异 (p <0 0 1)。结论 :HP感染的慢性胃炎及十二指肠溃疡患者三项指标均呈显著变化 ,证实两种消化系疾病的发生、发展与HP感染密切相关。     

甲亢患者IL-4、IL-10水平检测的临床意义

目的 :探讨IL - 4、IL - 10水平变化在甲亢的临床意义。方法 :选择甲亢未治疗组 6 4例、甲亢经1 31 I治疗组 39例和正常对照组 35例 ,用化学发光法测定FT3、FT4 、TSH的含量 ,用放射免疫分析测定IL - 4、IL - 10含量。结果 :甲亢未治疗组患者血清IL - 4、IL - 10水平均高于正常对照组 (p <0 0 1、p <0 0 5 )。1 31 I治疗组患者血清IL - 4、IL - 10水平均低于未治疗组 (p <0 0 1、p <0 0 5 )。甲亢1 31 I治疗组患者血清IL - 4、IL - 10与正常对照组差异无显著性 (p>0 0 5 )。结论 :IL - 4、IL - 10在甲亢的发病机理中起重要作用 ,判断疗效有一定意义。     

血浆神经肽Y水平在不同甲状腺功能状态的意义

目的 :研究不同甲状腺功能状态 (甲亢、甲减及正常 )神经肽Y的水平。方法 :选取甲亢患者 5 5例 ,甲减患者 4 7例和正常对照 5 7例 ,放射免疫分析其NPY水平。结果 :甲亢患者 (无论性别 )NPY水平 (71 5±14 7)ng/L较正常对照组 (5 2 3± 11 8)ng/L呈显著性增高 (0 0 0 1

0 0 5 ) ;甲亢组 (71 5± 14 7)ng/L较甲减组 (4 2 2± 2 4 3)ng/L呈显著性增高 (P <0 0 0 1) ;所有样本NPY与瘦素 (Leptin)关系分析呈负相关 (r =-0 5 8,P =0 .0 15 )。结论 :甲状腺激素与NPY是影响人体正常能量代谢的激素 ;甲状腺激素与NPY可能存在相互影响的关系。     

不育症患者精浆IL-2,IL-6,IL-8,TNF-α测定的临床意义

目的 :观察精浆中白细胞介素 - 2 (IL - 2 )、白细胞介素 - 6 (IL - 6 )、白细胞介素 - 8(IL - 8)、肿瘤坏死因子 -α(TNF -α)等细胞因子对男性生殖的影响。方法 :应用放射免疫分析 (RIA)对 1 2 6例不育男性和 2 0例正常生育男性精浆IL - 2、IL - 6、IL - 8、TNF -α水平进行了检测。结果 :不育症组精浆IL - 2、IL - 6、IL -8、TNF -α含量均高于生育组 (p <0 0 5或 p <0 0 1 ) ;精浆中IL - 2、IL - 6、IL - 8、TNF -α含量在不育症组的WBC精液组与非WBC精液组之间均存在显著性差异 (p <0 0 5或 p <0 0 1 )。另外 ,精浆中TNF -α含量在精子活动力、活动率正常与减少之间 ,IL - 8含量在精子活动率正常与减少之间均存在显著性差异 (p <0 0 5或p <0 0 1 )。结论 :检测精浆中IL - 2、IL - 6、IL - 8、TNF -α等细胞因子的含量可以反映男性不育症患者的状态 ,帮助临床进行有价值的治疗     

131I治疗后甲亢患者血清TNF-α及sTNFRⅡ水平的变化

目的 :观察甲状腺功能亢进患者1 3 1 I治疗前后血清TNF -α和sTNFRⅡ水平的变化 ,探讨其与自身免疫性甲状腺疾病的关系。方法 :36例病例均为门诊患者 ,其中Graves病占 95 %以上 ,分别以RIA及ELISA法测定其血清TNF -α及sTNFRⅡ水平。1 3 1 I治疗后 6个月再测一次。另设对照组 31人。结果 :经1 3 1 I治疗后 ,2 7人治愈 ,9人仍呈甲亢。治愈组治疗前血清TNF -α和sTNFRⅡ与对照组比较差异有显著性 (p <0 0 1 ,p <0 0 5 ) ,治疗后与对照组比较差异无显著性 (p >0 0 5 ) ,血清TNF -α和sTNFRⅡ治疗前与治疗后比较差异均有显著性(p <0 0 1 )。未愈组治疗前血清TNF -α和sTNFRⅡ与对照组比较差异有显著性 (p <0 0 5 ) ,治疗前与治疗后比较差异无显著性 (p >0 0 5 )。患者血清TNF -α及sTNFRⅡ值之间呈正相关 (r=0 2 6 4 ,p <0 0 1 ) ,血清TNF -α及FT3 、FT4之间呈正相关 (r =0 35 4 ,p <0 0 1 ;r=0 2 78,p <0 0 1 )。结论 :1 3 1 I治疗能有效抑制GD患者自身免疫 ,其治疗前后血清sTNFRⅡ和TNF -α水平的变化对指导临床的治疗和预后判断有较好的价值     

老年急性冠状动脉综合征患者CRP与TNF-α、IL-1β相关性研究

目的 :观察老年冠心病不同类型患者中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF -α)、白细胞介素 1β(IL - 1β)水平变化及其与C反应蛋白 (CRP)之间的关系 ,进一步探讨急性冠状动脉综合征临床识别和预测的炎症指标。方法 :采用放射免疫分析测定血清TNF -α、IL - 1β和CRP的浓度。 结果 :急性冠脉综合征患者 (ACS)TNF -α和IL- 1β水平均显著高于对照组 (p <0 0 5 ;p <0 0 1)和稳定性冠心病患者 (p <0 0 5 ;p <0 0 1)。ACS患者CRP水平(7 99± 11 9)mg L显著高于SCHD组 (2 71± 5 4 5 )mg L ,p <0 0 5和对照组 (0 99± 1 5 )mg L ,p <0 0 1。CRP水平与TNF -α呈显著正相关 (r=0 5 4 5 ,p <0 0 1) ;与IL - 1β亦呈明显正相关 (r=0 31,p <0 0 5 )。 结论 :老年冠心病患者细胞因子表达异常与炎性标志物CRP密切相关 ,提示可能与急性冠脉综合征的发生有关 ,是动脉粥样硬化斑块不稳定的标志     

Graves’病患者^131I治疗剂量疗效与甲减

目的　探讨13 1I治疗甲亢剂量对疗效及甲减发生率的影响 .方法　随访Graves’病 4 6 8例 ,13 1I治疗 1年的情况 ,按预计剂量大小分成 2组 ,<3.70MBq(10 0uCi)A组 ,≥ 3.70MBq(10 0uCi)B组 ,动态测定 3、6、12个月血清垂体 -甲状腺轴激素浓度及其相关抗体 .结果　治愈率B组高于A组 ,甲减发生率B组高于A组 ,其中 4 4例行第二次13 1I治疗 ,30例治愈 (6 8.2 % ) ,3例未愈 (6 .8% ) ,11例甲减 (2 5 .0 % ) .13 1I治疗后TGA与TMA无明显改变 .结论　13 1I是治疗甲亢的有效手段 ,增加剂量明显提高甲亢的治愈率 ,但甲减的发生率增加 ,13 1I治疗对相关抗体滴度无明显影响     

慢性肾炎与相关细胞因子变化的研究

目的 :探讨慢性肾炎患者血清白介素 - 2 (IL - 2 )、白介素 (IL - 6 )、肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF -α)在肾炎发生、发展过程中的浓度变化及相互关系。方法 :用放射免疫分析检测 71例慢性肾炎患者及 36例年龄和性别相匹配的健康志愿者血清IL - 2、IL - 6、TNF -α的水平。结果 :①慢性肾炎患者外周血中IL - 6、TNF -α水平明显高于正常对照组 (p <0 0 1 ) ,而IL - 2水平明显低于正常对照 (p <0 0 1 ) ;②直线相关分析显示 :IL -6、TNF -α与BUN呈正相关 (p <0 0 1 ) ;③各临床分型组间细胞因子浓度水平比较无显著性差异。 结论 :细胞因子IL - 2、IL - 6、TNF -α在慢性肾炎的发生、发展过程中相互作用 ,观察其浓度变化对探讨发病机理、预防及指导用药均有重要价值。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.