水飞蓟宾及其同分异构体的抑菌谱及其与抗生素联合抑菌效应探讨

目的探讨水飞蓟宾及同分异构体的体外抗菌谱及水飞蓟宾与临床常用抗生素的联合抑菌效应。方法用微量肉汤稀释法测定水飞蓟宾及同分异构体对临床感染常见细菌的6种标准菌株和6种临床分离菌株(74株)的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。用平板菌落计数法测定不同质量浓度水飞蓟宾对6种标准菌株的生长抑制曲线。用棋盘微量肉汤稀释法进行水飞蓟宾与临床常用抗生素的联合药敏试验,计算联合抑菌指数(FIC),判定水飞蓟宾与抗生素的联合抑菌效应。结果水飞蓟宾对表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌标准菌株的MIC为50~400μg/m L,对大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌标准菌株的MIC均400μg/m L;对表皮葡萄葡萄球菌临床分离菌株的MIC分别为100、200、400、400μg/m L,对金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌临床分离菌株的MIC分别为400、400μg/m L;对大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌临床分离菌株的MIC均400μg/m L。水飞蓟宾其他同分异构体对6种标准菌株的MIC为≥400μg/m L。水飞蓟宾对表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌标准菌株的生长曲线都有明显抑制作用,抑制效果随药物质量浓度增加而增加,对大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌标准菌株的生长曲线无影响。水飞蓟宾与青霉素/红霉素联用对革兰阳性试验菌的FIC以0.5FIC≤1和1FIC≤2为主,水飞蓟宾与环丙沙星或庆大霉素联用对革兰阴性试验菌的FIC以FIC2或1FIC≤2为主。结论水飞蓟宾对革兰阳性菌有较好的抑菌活性,其中对表皮葡萄球菌抑菌活性最强。水飞蓟宾的抑菌活性明显高于其他同分异构体。水飞蓟宾与青霉素/红霉素联用主要为相加和无关作用,与环丙沙星或庆大霉素联用主要为拮抗或无关作用。     

花椒与野菊花抑菌作用比较研究

目的:研究花椒乙醇提取物、野菊花乙醇提取物和花椒挥发油对不同细菌的抑制作用。方法:采用微量稀释法测定花椒乙醇提取物、野菊花乙醇提取物和花椒挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、MRSA、肺炎克雷伯菌的最小抑菌浓度。结果:花椒醇提取物和野菊花醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和MRSA两种细菌的最小抑菌浓度分别为31.25mg/mL、15.625mg/mL,对大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌三种细菌的最小抑菌浓度分别为62.5mg/mL、31.25mg/mL。花椒挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌三种细菌的最小抑菌浓度均为0.625%,对铜绿假单胞菌、MRSA两种细菌的最小抑菌浓度均为1.25%。结论:花椒乙醇提取物、野菊花乙醇提取物和花椒挥发油均有抑菌作用,其中野菊花乙醇提取物、花椒挥发油的抑菌作用强于花椒乙醇提取物。     

鹅不食草醇提取物抑菌作用研究

目的:通过抑菌试验了解中药鹅不食草乙醇提取物的抗菌活性。方法:试验采用纸片扩散法测定乙醇提取物对福氏志贺菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、变形杆菌、枯草芽胞杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、藤黄微球菌、酿酒酵母的抗菌活性。采用试管比浊法测定其最小抑菌浓度。结果:鹅不食草提取物除福氏志贺菌、铜绿假单胞菌、酿酒酵母无抑菌活性外,对其余菌株均有抑菌作用,尤其对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性显著。结论:鹅不食草有较好的抑菌效果,在临床抗菌消炎方面有极大地优势。     

鸡骨草醇提物抗菌活性研究

目的对鸡骨草的醇提物进行体外抗菌活性的研究。方法采用四种常用菌杯碟法进行测定。结果发现提取液对大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌均有抑菌效果,对金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌则几乎没有抑菌效果,其中对铜绿假单胞菌抑菌效果最为明显,如以1 g鸡骨草提取1 mL提取液为标准,则其提取液对铜绿假单胞菌的抗菌活性与0.1 mg/mL的盐酸四环素溶液相当。结论鸡骨草醇提物具有抑菌活性。     

对掌叶大黄水根提取物体外抗菌活性的初步研究

目的:考察甘肃礼县掌叶大黄水根提取物的抗菌活性。方法:采用标准琼脂扩散法,测定抑菌圈直径。结果:掌叶大黄水根乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、粪肠球菌及铜绿假单胞菌具有不同程度的抑菌活性,对大肠埃希菌抑制作用最强[抑菌圈直径为(15.5±0.4)mm],对金黄色葡萄球菌和粪肠球菌抑制作用相当[抑菌圈直径分别为(14.8±0.8)mm和(14.5±0.4)mm)],对铜绿假单胞菌抑制作用略弱[抑菌圈直径为(11.8±0.2)mm]。结论:掌叶大黄水根乙醇提取物对细菌有一定的抗菌活性,对临床分离的真菌(白色念珠菌)则无明显抑菌活性。     

蔊菜提取物体外抗菌活性研究

目的：研究蔊菜提取物对金色葡萄球菌ATCC25923、大肠埃希菌ATCC25922、铜绿假单胞菌ATCC27853的体外抗菌作用。方法：采用试管二倍稀释法测定蔊菜提取物的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）和最低杀菌浓度（MBC）；利用琼脂扩散法测定蔊菜提取物的抑菌圈大小判断其抑菌活性。结果：本品对所试金色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌的MIC分别为7.8、15.6和62.5mg/ml，MBC值分别为62.5、〉500和125mg/ml；蔊菜提取物在高浓度（原液浓度及原液稀释1/2、1/4）时有抑菌环，抑菌环直径在12-16mm。结论：本品具有一定的抗菌活性，对所试金葡菌和铜绿假单胞菌的MBC值约为其MIC值的8倍和2倍，表明本品在高于MIC值8倍和2倍时分别对所试金色葡萄菌和铜绿假单胞菌呈现出杀菌作用，而对所试大肠埃希菌的MBC值为其MIC值的32倍以上，表明本品对所试大肠埃希菌主要为抑菌作用。     

35味中草药提取物体外抑菌活性的研究

目的:探究35味中草药提取物对14种标准菌株的体外抑菌活性。方法:噻唑蓝(MTT)微量肉汤法测定35味中草药提取物及10种抗菌素对14种标准菌株的90%最低抑菌浓度(MIC_(90))。其中10味可有效抑菌的中草药提取物经3kDa的超滤离心管筛分为大、小分子后再次测定MIC_(90)。筛选了针对5种常见院内感染菌株(金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌)的增效药物组合。结果:新疆产秦艽、玫瑰、沙棘具有显著的抑菌能力,甘草对革兰氏阳性菌具有强抑菌作用。紫草可抑制白色念珠菌。秦艽可增强头孢他啶对大肠埃希菌的抑菌活性。沙棘可增强氯霉素对铜绿假单胞菌的抑菌活性。千叶蓍可增效多种抗菌素以抑制肺炎克雷伯氏菌。结论:综合评价35味中草药提取物对14种标准菌株的抑菌效果,初步总结了可抑制5种常见院内感染菌株的药物复方。     

清热解毒滴眼液体外抗菌作用的研究

目的：研究清热解毒滴眼液对53株临床分离细菌及6株细菌标准菌株的体外抗菌活性。方法：采用琼脂稀释法，用MH琼脂对清热解毒滴眼液进行定量抗菌实验。结果：清热解毒滴眼液对革兰氏阳性菌中的金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌以及革兰氏阴性菌中的大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌都有较强的抑制作用，其中对铜绿假单胞菌的抑制作用最强。结论：清热解毒滴眼液对引起眼部感染的常见细菌具有良好的抑制作用。     

土茯苓配方颗粒对临床常见致病菌的抗菌研究

目的观察土茯苓配方颗粒对临床主要致病菌的抗菌效果。方法采用美国临床实验室标准化委员会（CLSI/NCCLS）推荐的液体稀释法检测MIC,琼脂稀释法检测MBC,K-B纸片法检测土茯苓维生素C联合抗菌作用。结果土茯苓配方颗粒对铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的MIC50分别为25、1.56、12.5、25、0.78、6.25mg/mL;土茯苓维生素C复合纸片的抑菌圈均明显大于土茯苓配方颗粒纸片。结论土茯苓配方颗粒抗菌活性较强,联合使用维生素C可以增强其抗菌效能。     

51种常见中草药抗菌活性筛选

目的研究51种常见药材80%乙醇提取物体外抑菌活性。方法制备51种常见药材的醇提物,用琼脂打孔法对其进行抗菌活性的筛选,通过微量稀释法测定其最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果有8种药物醇提物显示出对标准金黄色葡萄球菌、标准大肠埃希菌、标准铜绿假单胞菌、标准白色念珠菌均有不同程度的抑制活性,木蝴蝶对白色念珠菌的MIC为0.09mg·ml-1,五倍子、鹿衔草、虎杖、炒乌梅对铜绿假单胞菌的MIC为0.39~6.25mg·ml-1,五倍子对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC为0.09mg·ml-1,对大肠埃希菌的MIC为0.39mg·ml-1。结论木蝴蝶对白色念珠菌的抑菌效果十分显著,五倍子等4种药对铜绿假单胞菌的效果较好,桂心、夏枯花、金樱根3种药材对以上4种菌及耐药菌均显示出较好抑菌活性。     

Antibacterial activity of leaf essential oils and their constituents from Cinnamomum osmophloeum

The antibacterial activities of the essential oils from leaves of two Cinnamomum osmophloeum clones (A and B) and their chemical constituents were investigated in this study. The nine strains of bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella sp., and Vibrio parahemolyticus, were used in the antibacterial tests. Results from the antibacterial tests demonstrated that the indigenous cinnamon B leaf essential oils had an excellent inhibitory effect. The MICs (minimum inhibitory concentrations) of the B leaf oil were 500 microg/ml against both K. pneumoniae and Salmonella sp. and 250 microg/ml against the other seven strains of bacteria. Cinnamaldehyde possessed the strongest antibacterial activity compared to the other constituents of the essential oils. The MICs of cinnamaldehyde against the E. coli, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, MRSA, K. pneumoniae, Salmonella sp., and V. parahemolyticus were 500, 1000, 250, 250, 250, 250, 1000, 500, and 250 microg/ml, respectively. These results suggest that C. osmophloeum leaf essential oil and cinnamaldehyde are beneficial to human health, having the potential to be used for medical purposes and to be utilized as anti-bacterial additives in making paper products.     

Composition and antimicrobial activity of Achillea clavennae L. essential oil

The volatile constituents of Achillea clavennae L. (Asteraceae), rare plant of Europe, have been analysed using GC/MS. Twenty- five components making up 81.6% of the oil were characterized with camphor (29.5%), myrcene (5.5%), 1,8-cineole (5.3%), beta-caryophyllene (5.1%) and linalool (4.9%) being the major constituents. The essential oil was evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal activities. The screening of the antimicrobial activity of essential oil was conducted by a disc diffusion test against Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis), Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis) and fungal organisms (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans). The activity was more pronounced against Gram-negative and fungal organisms than against Gram-positive bacteria. A. clavennae oil was found to possess antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and all fungal organisms.     

Antibacterial activity of traditional Australian medicinal plants

Fifty-six ethanolic extracts of various parts of 39 plants used in traditional Australian Aboriginal medicine were investigated for their antibacterial activities against four Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes) and four Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium) bacterial species. In a plate-hole diffusion assay, 12 extracts inhibited the growth of one or more of the bacteria, with five extracts showing broad spectrum antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. B. cereus was the most susceptible bacterium, with all 12 extracts displaying activity against this organism. Extracts from the leaves of Eremophila species (Myoporaceae) were the most active, with Eremophila duttonii exhibiting the greatest activity (against Gram-positive bacteria). The antibacterial effects of E. duttonii were further investigated by time-course growth assays which showed that significant growth inhibition was observed in cultures incubated in the presence of the extract within 1 h for B. cereus, E. faecalis and S. aureus and 2 h for S. pyogenes.     

Composition and antimicrobial activity of Equisetum arvense L. essential oil

The volatile constituents of the sterile stems of Equisetum arvense L. (Equisetaceae) were investigated for the first time using GC, GC/MS and (13)C-NMR. Twenty-five compounds were identified. Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (18.34%), cis-geranyl acetone (13.74%), thymol (12.09%) and trans-phytol (10.06%) were the major constituents. A disk diffusion method was used for the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of this oil against a panel of microorganisms (bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enteritidis; fungi: Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans). The 1:10 dilution of the essential oil of Equisetum arvense L. was shown to possess a broad spectrum of a very strong antimicrobial activity against all tested strains.     

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antimicrobial activity of two Satureja species essential oils

The phytochemical GC[sol ]MS analysis and in vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of the aerial parts of Satureja montana L. and Satureja cuneifolia Ten., collected in Croatia were performed. The major compound of S. montana oil was the phenolic monoterpene carvacrol (45.7%). Other important compounds were the monoterpenic hydrocarbons p-cymene (12.6%), gamma-terpinene (8.1%) and the oxygen-containing compounds carvacrol methyl ether, borneol, thymol and thymol methyl ether. The volatile oil of S. cuneifolia was characterized as beta-cubebene (8.7%), limonene (8.3%), alpha-pinene (6.9%), spathulenol and beta-caryophyllene. The antimicrobial effects of S. montana and S. cuneifolia oils were found to have a broad spectrum activity against multidrug-resistant pathogens by the broth microdilution method. These oils were active against all the test strains, with the exception of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Compared with S. cuneifolia, savory oil exhibited greater antimicrobial activity. The maximum activity of savory oil was observed against Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and against the yeast (Candida albicans). The essential oil of S. cuneifolia was also found to inhibit the growth of medically important pathogens such as S. aureus and E. coli. Fungicidal activity for both oils against C. albicans and S. cerevisiae was also observed.     

Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Syzygium jambolanum seeds

The water and methanolic extracts of Syzygium jambolanum seeds were examined for antibacterial and antifungal activity in vitro using the disc diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration. Activity against gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus), gram negative bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli) and fungal strains (Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus sp., Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum gypseum) is discussed.     

斜叶檀和杠香不同提取物的体外抗菌活性初探

目的探究传统民族药斜叶檀(又称为斜叶黄檀,Dalbergia pinnata(Lour.)Prain)和杠香(又称为滇黔黄檀,Dalbergia yunnanensis Franch)不同提取物的体外抗菌活性。方法采用纸片扩散法探究斜叶檀及杠香的水蒸气蒸馏挥发油、超临界二氧化碳萃取挥发油、水提物及醇提物对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus S.aureus)、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)、粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)、大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli)、铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)及白念珠菌(Candida albicans,C.albicaus)的抑菌效果,并探究提取物浓度对敏感菌株抑菌活性的影响,同时进行最低抑菌浓度(Minimum Inhibitory Concentration,MIC)及最低杀菌浓度(Minimal Bactericidal Concentration,MBC及Minimal Fungicidal Concentration,MFC)的测定。结果两种药物不同的提取物均表现出不同程度的抑菌活性,且活性强弱与提取物浓度成正相关。二者水提物对两种葡萄球菌抑制效果明显,对粪肠球菌抑制效果稍逊;斜叶檀水蒸馏挥发油对白念珠菌抑制效果极强,抑菌圈直径大于30 mm。斜叶檀水蒸馏挥发油对白念珠菌的MIC和MFC均为220μg·mL-1;水提物对两种葡萄球菌的MIC及MBC均为625μg·mL-1。杠香水提物对两种葡萄球菌的抑菌作用均优于其水蒸馏挥发油。结论斜叶檀、杠香的水蒸馏挥发油及水提物有较好的抗菌活性,拥有进一步开发的潜力。     

壮丽含笑活性成分的提取分离及抗菌活性的研究

用溶剂提取和色谱技术进行分离（柱层析LSC,薄层层析TLC）壮丽含笑中具有抗菌活性的活性段,并用琼脂打孔法和二倍稀释法测定其活性段对标准金黄色葡萄球菌、标准大肠埃希菌、标准铜绿假单胞菌、标准白色念珠菌以及临床分离得到的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抑菌效果。利用活性导向继续分离有活性的色谱段并追踪到活性单体。这对从植物中寻找抗MRSA的活性成分具有指导意义。     

Antibacterial activity of Leontopodium alpinum (Edelweiss)

Extracts and individual constituents of Leontopodium alpinum Cass. (Asteraceae) were tested for their antimicrobial activity in two different assays. Extracts were screened in agar diffusion assays, whereas the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of single compounds were determined by the microbroth dilution method according to NCCLS criteria. Significant antimicrobial activities were found against various strains of Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes strains. These results support the ethnomedicinal use of Leontopodium alpinum for the treatment of respiratory and abdominal disorders.