应用新型输送系统经胸微创封堵膜周部室间隔缺损

目的 观察应用新型输送系统经胸微创封堵膜周部室间隔缺损（VSD）效果。方法 11例膜周VSD患儿，年龄11月-12岁（中位年龄3．2岁），体重（15．8±6．4）kg，接受经胸微创非体外循环室间隔缺损封堵术。根据经食道超声心动图（TEE）选择合适的封堵器类型，然后自胸骨下端3～5cm小切口入胸，TEE引导和实时监测下穿刺右心室前壁，建立轨道，释放封堵器关闭VSD。TEE评估封堵器的位置、对主动脉瓣、房室瓣的影响以及有无残存分流。结果 11例患儿均1次封堵成功，超声引导下释放封堵器的时间为5—12min，无残余分流和主动脉瓣反流，心电监测无明显心律失常。术后3～5d出院，随访5个月以上无残余分流、主动脉瓣反流以及周围组织卡压。结论 应用新型输送系统经胸微创非体外循环下置入室间隔缺损封堵器是一种安全、有效的治疗方法，有较大临床推广价值。     

左胸骨旁小切口封堵分流方向偏向流出道的室间隔缺损15例

目的总结左胸骨旁小切口微创封堵分流方向偏向流出道的室间隔缺损(VSD)的初步经验。方法2014年2~8月广州医科大学附属第一医院对15例分流方向偏向流出道的VSD患者施行左胸骨旁小切口微创封堵手术,其中男7例,女8例;年龄10个月~19岁(4.5±4.6)岁;体重5.5~54.0(14.6±14.1)kg;其中干下型6例,嵴内型6例,膜周部型3例;缺损直径2.5~6.5(4.0±1.2)mm,距主动脉瓣环距离≤1 mm 9例,≤2 mm4例,2 mm 2例;合并主动脉瓣右冠瓣轻度脱垂5例;采用左胸骨旁第2或第3肋间1.5~2.5 cm切口,在经食管超声心动图(TEE)监视下在右心室流出道表面选择适当的穿刺点,建立VSD输送轨道并置入封堵器,观察有无残余分流、主动脉瓣反流;术后3个月复查经胸超声心动图。结果 15例均成功封堵,无中转开胸,无残余分流和心律失常,新发主动脉瓣轻微反流2例,围手术期输血1例;手术时间30~120(58±28)min,术中出血量5~200(26±50)ml;术后住院时间3~13(4.3±2.6)d,无二次开胸止血、Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞、主动脉瓣反流加重、溶血、切口感染等并发症;术后3个月返院复查经胸超声心动图13例,无新发主动脉瓣反流和封堵器脱落;2例术中新发主动脉瓣反流加重,其中1例出现残余分流。结论左胸骨旁小切口封堵分流方向偏向流出道VSD手术安全、切口小、操作简单,近期效果尚满意;对合并主动脉瓣轻度脱垂VSD需慎重施行外科微创封堵手术。     

TEE在外科微创房、室间隔缺损封堵术中的应用

目的探讨TEE引导下外科微创封堵治疗房间隔缺损(ASD)、室间隔缺损(VSD)的价值。方法 58例ASD和129例VSD患者接受TEE引导下外科微创封堵治疗。术中行胸壁小切口暴露心脏,于TEE监测下选择右心房或右心室穿刺点,指引动脉止血鞘通过缺口后释放封堵装置,待TEE多切面证实封堵器位置良好、无明显残余分流及瓣膜并发症后释放封堵器。结果 58例ASD均封堵成功,术后即刻TEE见8例封堵器周围微量残余分流。129例VSD中,114例VSD封堵成功,其中19例术后即刻TEE检查见残余分流,2例右心室流出道血流速度增快,1例变更右心室壁穿刺点后导丝顺利进入缺口;15例转行体外循环下心内直视修补术。结论 TEE可用于指导外科微创封堵治疗ASD和VSD,包括测量缺损大小和位置、选择封堵器型号、确定手术路径、引导封堵器释放和评估治疗效果。     

经食管超声在室间隔缺损小切口封堵术中的应用

目的评价TEE在室间隔缺损（VSD）外科小切口封堵术中的价值。方法 25例VSD患者接受外科小切口封堵术,其中膜周型缺损19例,嵴内型缺损6例;缺损直径3～9mm,平均（5.25±3.47）mm。所有患者术前均接受TTE检查评估VSD。气管插管全身麻醉后,在TEE引导下,经右心室游离壁置入VSD封堵器,并于术后即刻评价手术效果。结果 25例均封堵成功,19例使用等边封堵器,6例使用偏心封堵器。25例术后即刻超声及术后超声观察,室间隔水平均无分流信号。结论 TEE在VSD小切口封堵术术中监测及术后评价中具有重要价值。     

经胸微创非体外循环下封堵膜部室间隔缺损

目的探讨一种新的经胸微创非体外循环下封堵膜部室间隔缺损(VSD)的手术方法,总结临床应用经验,观察中期随访结果。方法自2007年3月至2009年6月,采用改良新型输送系统封堵技术连续对136例膜部VSD患者施行修补,年龄3个月~15岁,平均年龄1.8岁;体重4.0~26.0 kg,平均体重12.7 kg;VSD直径3~12mm,平均5.1 mm。患者经胸部微创小切口(胸骨下端3~4 cm纵行小切口或胸骨左缘第3肋间2~3 cm横切口)在非体外循环下手术,于右心室表面选择适当的穿刺点,在食管超声心动图(TEE)实时引导下,建立VSD输送轨道,将封堵器安放在VSD部位,封堵VSD。术后密切随访病情变化,按期复查经胸心脏超声心动图、心电图和胸部X线片检查。结果 136例患者中131例(96.3%)封堵成功,手术时间少于90 min,安置封堵器时间5~42 min(16.3±5.7 min)。89例(67.9%)采用对称封堵器,42例(32.1%)采用偏心封堵器。术后即刻用TEE监测,3例存在轻微残余分流,4例发生新的微量至轻度三尖瓣反流,但所有术前有三尖瓣反流患者未见反流加重,主动脉瓣未受影响,无左、右心室流出道梗阻和完全性房室传导阻滞发生。1例患者术后第4 d发生一过性完全性房室传导阻滞,但经内科处理3 d内恢复正常心律。5例(3.7%)术中改为常规体外循环手术。介入封堵成功的131例患者均获得随访,随访时间6~30个月(18.3±6.6个月)。随访期间3例原有轻微VSD残余分流者分流全部消失;所有患者未出现新的三尖瓣和主动脉瓣反流,无血栓和溶血,无封堵器位置移动现象,未发现左、右心室流出道狭窄。手术切口隐蔽,基本不影响美观。结论在TEE引导下经胸微创封堵VSD技术不需要体外循环辅助,适用于大多数膜部限制性VSD患者,是一种简单、安全、有效的治疗方法。远期结果尚需要随访观察。     

经胸微创室间隔缺损封堵术38例临床分析

目的 探讨食管超声心动图（ TEE）引导下应用国产封堵器经胸微创封堵室间隔缺损（VSD）的临床价值。方法 回顾性分析自2011年5月至2012年5月内蒙古医学院第一附属医院38例VSD患者的临床资料,,男20例,女18例;年龄2.6～13.0岁;体重10～35 kg。其中膜部VSD 30例,干下型VSD 6例,肌部VSD 2例。术前经胸超声心动图检查符合封堵条件者在全身麻醉下经口插入食管超声探头,手术开始前重新评估VSD是否符合封堵治疗,如符合,根据VSD最大直径选择合适的封堵伞。于手术开始后,监测整个封堵过程,引导封堵伞的位置,评价即刻封堵效果,确认是否有残余分流及并发症。 结果 38例患者均一次封堵成功,置入封堵器直径4～10 mm,TEE显示封堵器与VSD边缘吻合紧密无残余分流。术后4～7 d复查心脏彩色超声心动图提示封堵器位置正常、牢固,无残余分流,主动脉瓣无反流。随访31例,随访时间10～24个月,未出现新的瓣膜和主动脉瓣反流,无溶血和血栓形成,无封堵器位置移动现象,未发现左、右心室流出道狭窄,手术切口隐蔽,基本不影响美观。 结论经胸微创VSD封堵术安全、有效,无需体外循环、创伤小,无需X线辅助,住院时间短,使该手术成为更简便、可行、成功率更高的封堵方法,值得临床广泛推广应用。     

经食管超声心动图引导下经胸小切口行漏斗部室间隔缺损封堵术的疗效分析

目的评价经食管超声心动图引导下经胸小切口行先天性心脏病漏斗部室间隔缺损封堵术的临床疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析2013年1~6月河北省儿童医院21例漏斗部室间隔缺损患儿经食管超声心动图引导下经胸小切口行漏斗部室间隔缺损封堵术的临床资料,其中男10例、女11例,年龄8~24（16±8）个月,体重（9±3）kg,室间隔缺损大小（4.5±2.5）mm。经食管超声心动图引导下完成21例经胸小切口漏斗部室间隔缺损封堵术。用经食管超声心动图评估封堵器的位置、对房室瓣和主动脉瓣的影响以及有无残余分流。结果无围术期死亡和并发症发生。21例室间隔缺损患儿中20例成功封堵,成功率95.2%。其中1例因缺损太大,转为体外循环下直视室间隔缺损修补术。安置封堵器时间（32±16）min,封堵器大小（5±3）mm;住院时间6~8 d。所有患者术后随访3~6个月,随访期间超声心动图提示：封堵器回声清晰,位置正常,无轻度以上残余分流和瓣膜反流。结论经食管超声心动图引导下经胸小切口行漏斗部室间隔缺损封堵术易于操作、疗效确切、安全可靠。     

低龄低体重患儿经胸小切口封堵膜周部室间隔缺损的策略及早期疗效

目的探讨经胸小切口封堵治疗低龄低体重先天性心脏病膜周部室间隔缺损(ventricular septal defect,VSD)患儿的手术方式及疗效。方法 2010年10月～2011年11月,对51例经胸心脏超声选择的分流口直径4～8 mm、距主动脉瓣距离>1 mm的膜周部VSD患儿,经胸小切口封堵治疗。年龄4～12个月,(8.6±2.1)月,体重6～11 kg,(7.4±2.1)kg。胸骨下端4～5 cm切口,在食道超声(TEE)引导下经右心室前壁,置入导引钢丝,导入输送鞘管和装置鞘管,将封堵器安放在VSD部位。并对手术方式及疗效进行回顾性分析。结果无手术死亡。封堵成功46例(90%),5例封堵失败,改体外循环(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)下心内直视修补。封堵成功患儿无残余漏、脱伞、心律失常,心彩超下无主动脉瓣反流,新增加三尖瓣轻度反流5例(13%)。3例(5.8%)输血50 ml。术后住院3～7 d,(3.9±0.7)d。46例全部随访,随访时间1～12个月,(3.6±1.4)月。无死亡,均行心电图、胸片及心脏彩超检查,无心律失常、残余漏、脱伞、血栓、出血事件,无新发瓣膜反流,心功能Ⅰ级。结论对于低龄低体重、分流口直径4～8 mm、距主动脉瓣距离>1 mm的先天性心脏病膜周VSD,实施经胸小切口封堵治疗,手术方式可行,效果良好。     

经导管治疗室间隔缺损

目的 评价经导管治疗室间隔缺损(VSD)的疗效及其安全性. 方法 17例VSD患者经胸超声心动图显示,膜部VSD 16例,肌部VSD 1例;合并室间隔瘤1例;2例VSD上缘距离主动脉瓣1mm,其余均在1mm以上;VSD直径2.3～10 mm(5.05±2.03 mm).所有患者均无严重的肺动脉高压或右向左分流.膜部VSD封堵使用Amplatzer膜部室间隔封堵器和国产室间隔封堵器,肌部VSD使用Amplatzer动脉导管封堵器. 结果 17例VSD造影测量值为2.3～10.5mm(5.75±2.10 mm),选择的封堵器直径为4～12 mm(7.12±1.67 mm).17例患者均成功行VSD封堵术,封堵后10分钟造影无残余分流.1例术后即刻出现I度房室传导阻滞伴右束支传导阻滞,无症状;2例术后3～4天出现右束支传导阻滞,全部患者均随访1～12个月,无其它并发症和残余分流发生. 结论经导管治疗VSD是安全有效的治疗方法之一.     

特殊室间隔缺损的外科经胸封堵治疗

目的探讨特殊室间隔缺损（ventricular septal defect,VSD）经胸封堵治疗的安全性和手术效果。方法 2010年2~11月,应用外科经胸封堵治疗6例特殊VSD,包括2例不接受锯胸骨和X线辐射的先天性VSD（A组）,3例内科介入封堵失败的先天性VSD（B组）,1例急性心肌梗死室间隔穿孔形成的后天性VSD（C组）。经胸骨下段小切口不锯胸骨（A组）或锯部分胸骨（B组）或正中大切口（C组）行外科经胸封堵术。于右心室表面选择适当的穿刺点,在食道超声实时引导下,用输送鞘将封堵伞送入封堵VSD。术后密切随访病情变化,定期复查超声心动图、心电图和胸部X线片。结果 6例全部封堵成功,无死亡。5例采用对称封堵伞,1例因VSD上缘距主动脉瓣较近采用非对称的偏心封堵伞。4例术后即刻和3个月及9个月复查超声心动图均无分流和其他异常;1例术后即刻复查有3 mm分流,1例术后即刻复查有5 mm分流、3个月复查仍有3 mm分流,仍在随访中。无新发的主动脉瓣和三尖瓣反流、完全性房室传导阻滞、左或右室流出道狭窄,无溶血或血栓形成,无封堵伞移位。结论外科经胸封堵VSD是一种简单有效而又安全的治疗方法,尤其对于一些特殊的VSD病例不失为一种良好的选择。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.