儿童睾丸不全扭转的临床特点

目的:分析儿童睾丸不全扭转的临床特点,以提高对睾丸不全扭转的临床认识。方法:回顾性分析2007年4月至2017年4月收治的37例睾丸不全扭转患儿的临床资料,对患儿的病史特点,体格检查、实验室和超声检查结果,治疗结果进行分析。结果:37例患儿中位数年龄为5.7(1～14)岁,高发年龄2～4岁和12～14岁;病程时间12～96 (48±8)h。术前彩色超声检查,31例(83.8%)显示患侧睾丸内可见血流信号,但血流信号较健侧减少,6例(16.2%)睾丸内血流信号正常,但睾丸呈横位。术中逆时针扭转27例(72.9%),顺时针扭转10例(27.1%);7例(18.9%)扭转90°,20例(54.0%)扭转180°,10例(27.1%)扭转270°;31例(83.8%)为睾丸鞘膜内扭转,6例(16.2%)为睾丸鞘膜外扭转;根据Arda "睾丸组织出血3级评分系统",16例(43.3%)患儿睾丸评分为I级,21例(56.7%)为II级;37例患儿术中均予以保留患侧睾丸。术后随访1年,6例(16.2%)患儿出现睾丸萎缩。结论:儿童睾丸不全扭转发病年龄小,扭转度数全部360°(以扭转180°为主),术后睾丸存活率高是其临床特点,术前彩色多普勒检查提示睾丸血流信号减少对其有重要诊断价值。     

16例睾丸扭转的临床诊疗体会

目的探讨睾丸扭转的早期诊断和治疗体会。方法 16例睾丸扭转患者中,4例行睾丸切除术,12例行睾丸复位固定术。所有患者均行对侧睾丸探查固定术。回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果鞘膜内型睾丸扭转13例,鞘膜外扭转3例。睾丸扭转180°以内者6例,180°～270°4例,270°～360°3例,360°以上者3例。彩超诊断符合率为100%。8例发病12 h以内的患者,均得以保留睾丸。4例发病12～24 h的患者,保留睾丸3例,1例睾丸坏死行切除术。4例发病24 h以上的患者,均因睾丸坏死而行睾丸切除术。随访1～5年,11例保留睾丸的患者中,7例彩超显示睾丸形态和血流正常。3例患侧睾丸轻微萎缩,1例患者患侧睾丸明显萎缩,但对侧睾丸均血流正常。5例切除睾丸者彩超显示对侧睾丸血流正常。结论彩超是睾丸扭的转首选检查方法,早期诊断、及时手术探查对提高患者睾丸成活率具有重要意义。     

39例睾丸扭转的诊断与治疗并文献复习

目的 提高睾丸扭转的诊断与治疗水平.方法 回顾性分析2007年1月～ 2013年10月间39例睾丸扭转患者的住院病例资料.结果 30例患者早期被误诊为睾丸附睾炎.39例均行阴囊彩超检查,其中9例提示睾丸血供明显减少,30例提示睾丸血供消失.并急诊行阴囊探查术,术中发现30例患侧睾丸坏死,行患侧睾丸切除+对侧睾丸固定术;9例复位扭转睾丸后血供好转或者恢复,行睾丸复位固定术+对侧睾丸固定术.术后35例获随访,随访时间3 ～72个月,其中3例复位睾丸出现不同程度萎缩,所有患侧睾丸及健侧睾丸未再次发生扭转.结论 睾丸扭转早期容易误诊为睾丸、附睾炎,阴囊彩超有助于诊断.一旦明确或者高度怀疑睾丸扭转,应急诊行阴囊探查术,挽救扭转的睾丸.     

睾丸扭转长期随访分析(附16例报告)

目的通过回顾性临床资料分析,进一步提高急性睾丸扭转的诊疗水平。方法分析16例(其中2例为双侧睾位扭转)睾丸扭转患者经诊治后随访3~15年的临床资料。结果 7例行患侧睾丸复位固定术及对侧睾丸预防性固定术,7例行患侧睾丸切除术及对侧睾丸预防性固定术,1例双侧睾丸扭转行双侧睾丸切除术,1例双侧睾丸扭转行左侧睾丸切除术及右侧睾丸复位固定术。手术切除标本病理检查均为睾丸坏死。16例随访3年~15年,随访期间1例无睾丸患者血清睾酮偏低;其余15例患者未见明显血清睾酮异常。未切除睾丸的15例中有8例8侧(其中7例患侧睾丸行复位固定术,另1例是双侧睾丸扭转,1侧睾丸行复位固定术)患者患侧睾丸复位固定术后未再次发生患侧睾丸扭转,l例术后出现患侧复位固定的睾丸较同龄人轻度缩小;14例14侧(其中7例患者行睾丸切除术,7例患侧行睾丸复位固定术)患者对侧睾丸预防性固定术后未发生预防侧睾丸的扭转,l例术后出现对侧预防性固定的睾丸较同龄人轻度缩小。16例中,除了1例无精子症外,2例为少精子症,l例为弱精子症,l例为少弱精子症,余11例精液检查均正常。1例无睾丸患者为无精子症,未见明显阴茎晨间勃起,为重度阴茎勃起功能障碍,2例患者(其中1例为弱精子症,1例为少弱精子症)出现轻度阴茎勃起功能障碍,13例患者无勃起功能障碍;随访期间11例生育下一代。结论彩色多普勒血流显像是诊断急性睾丸扭转的可靠方法,早期手术探查对提高睾丸成活率及保护其功能有重要意义。     

睾丸扭转的术中逐步复位及患睾去留选择

目的探讨睾丸扭转的术中复位方式和扭转睾丸去留的选择。方法回顾性分析2002年至2017年收治的17例睾丸扭转患者的诊治过程。对决定保留的睾丸,术中进行逐步复位,时间不少于20min,完全复位后行睾丸固定术。对于是否切除睾丸很难把握者,切开睾丸白膜至实质,观察血渗出的时间,立即出现为Ⅰ级,10min内出现为Ⅱ级,10min内不出现为Ⅲ级。Ⅰ、Ⅱ级可考虑保留,Ⅲ级则切除。术后通过门诊、家访或电话随访,观察患睾是否萎缩及萎缩程度、有无再次扭转、晨勃情况,同时对18岁以上患者了解精液异常情况。结果本组17例,8例行睾丸切除术和健侧睾丸固定术,9例行患睾复位固定术和健侧睾丸固定术,术后15例获得1～15年随访。保留的9例患睾中萎缩5例,萎缩率与病程的关系:病程≤12h,33.3%(1/3);12～24h,50%(1/2);≥24h,75%(3/4)。萎缩率与扭转程度的关系:扭转180°～270°,萎缩率为25%(1/4);271°～360°为50%(1/2),360°为100%(3/3)。7例18岁以上患者获得精液常规检查结果,切除组3例,精液异常1例(33.3%),保留组4例,异常3例(75%)。结论术中对决定保留的患睾可逐步复位并充分考虑缺血再灌注损伤(IRI)对双侧睾丸功能的影响。青春期发育前的患者,尽可能保留患睾;已经发育的,扭转24h和/或扭转度360°,保留患睾应特别慎重。     

儿童睾丸扭转103例诊治分析

目的提高儿童睾丸扭转的诊治水平。方法回顾分析1993年1月-2008年1月总计103例14岁以下睾丸扭转患儿的诊治临床资料。砖果年龄1．5d～14岁（平均4．8岁）。睾丸扭转部位：左侧64例,右侧34例,双侧5例。9例（8．74％）患儿（扭转〈6h）行手法复位成功;手术探查94例（91．26％）,保留睾丸行睾丸固定术25例（21例扭转〈6h,3例扭转12～24h,1例扭转〉24h）。睾丸坏死切除69例。右侧睾丸扭转而左侧精索明显长者19例行对侧睾丸固定术。52例（50．49％）患儿病理报告为睾丸附睾缺血性坏死。38例（36．89％）患儿随访1～6年,未发现再发睾丸扭转,5例患侧睾丸萎缩。结论儿童睾丸扭转的早诊断、及时手术治疗是睾丸成活的关键。     

睾丸扭转导致睾丸切除原因分析(附13例报告)

目的 探讨降低睾丸扭转导致的失睾率的有效方法.方法 回顾性总结13例睾丸扭转患者的诊治资料,结合文献进行分析.结果 本组中有10例扭转时间>24h且扭转角度>360.,其中9例术前证实无生机,直接切除睾丸;1例因家属拒绝睾丸切除而予以睾丸复位且固定,术后3个月随访发现患睾明显萎缩.本组另3例中,1例扭转时间>24h,但仅扭转270°,2例扭转时间<24h,这3例均术中复位,判断血供恢复良好予以睾丸固定,经随访患侧睾丸与健侧睾丸基本对称,发育正常.患侧睾丸萎缩或切除致失睾率为76.9%(10/13).结论 睾丸扭转后存活的关键因素是首诊时间、及时诊断和处理;扭转度数也是重要因素.     

睾丸扭转的诊治体会

目的探讨睾丸扭转的诊治方法。方法回顾总结18例睾丸扭转患者的诊治资料,结合文献进行分析。结果18例经手术证实与术前彩色多普勒超声检查(CDS)诊断一致。8例行手术复位、固定,10例行患侧睾丸切除,所有病例均行对侧固定术。14例随访6～12个月,其中8例手术复位、固定者,1例睾丸萎缩。7例成年人精液分析,4例生精正常,3例生精低下。结论考虑睾丸扭转时,应首选CDS检查;治疗上应尽快手术探查;扭转360°、10h者应切除患侧睾丸。     

睾丸扭转临床分析

目的 总结睾丸扭转的诊断与治疗体会,提高睾丸扭转的诊治水平.方法 回顾性分析中国医科大学附属盛京医院泌尿外科23例睾丸扭转患者的临床资料,患者年龄14 ～ 25岁,平均16.8岁.左侧19例,右侧4例.发病至确诊时间2h～14d.结果 23例行彩色多普勒血流动态显像(CDF1)检查,均提示睾丸无血流或血流减少.4例发病时间短或扭转程度轻经手法复位而保留睾丸;11例行探查复位固定术,术后复查彩超,睾丸血流恢复至正常.其余8例因睾丸已坏死而予以切除.结论 有关男性青春期睾丸扭转的卫生知识的宣传与教育促使患者及时就诊至关重要;提高对本病的认识,仔细体检,及时进行相关的影像学检查,正确进行早期诊断和处理是提高疗效的关键.     

急性睾丸扭转的诊断与治疗

作者于 1999年以来收治睾丸扭转患者 6例 ,报告如下。1　临床资料本组 6例 ,年龄 13～ 5 7岁 ,平均 2 2岁。左侧睾丸扭转 5例 ,右侧 1例。发病到就诊时间 8ｈ～ 3ｄ ,平均 2 8ｈ。 2例在外院曾按急性睾丸炎治疗 3ｄ。 2例发病前有手淫史 ,3例有剧烈活动或外伤史 ,1例无明显诱因。均述患侧阴囊疼痛不缓解 ,疼痛向同侧腹股沟放射 ,4例伴有恶心、呕吐。睾丸均肿胀、睾丸上抬、触痛明显 ,与附睾分界不清 ,上托阴囊患侧疼痛加剧。均无发烧 ,尿检正常。ＷＢＣ≥ 10×10 9/Ｌ者 6例 ,彩色多普勒动态显像 (ＣＤＦＩ)检查 :1例提示睾丸血流信号减弱 ,…     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.