盐酸法舒地尔注射液细菌内毒素检查法建立及方法学研究

目的建立盐酸法舒地尔注射液细菌内毒素检查法。方法按照《中华人民共和国药典》2005年版二部附录细菌内毒素检查法〔1〕和2005年版《药品标准操作规范》细菌内毒素检查法〔2〕,确定盐酸法舒地尔注射液细菌内毒素限值,用2个厂家鲎试剂对3个批次的盐酸法舒地尔注射液进行干扰试验考察。结果盐酸法舒地尔注射液的浓度稀释到0.05mg·mL-1时进行细菌内毒素检查无干扰作用。结论盐酸法舒地尔注射液采用细菌内毒素检查法检查是可行的。     

动态浊度法定量测定盐酸半胱氨基酸中细菌内毒素的含量

目的应用动态浊度法对盐酸半胱氨基酸中细菌内毒素的含量进行定量测定并建立测定盐酸半胱氨基酸中细菌内毒素含量的方法。方法采用动态浊度法对盐酸半胱氨基酸稀释液进行干扰预实验,并考察盐酸半胱氨基酸对细菌内毒素的干扰作用。用1.0、0.5、0.25、0.125、0.063、0.031、0.016EU/mL内毒素标准品溶液作标准曲线,通过测定盐酸半胱氨基酸中外加内毒素的回收率,并定量测定样品中的细菌内毒素。结果盐酸半胱氨基酸溶液对细菌内毒素反应存在干扰作用,将盐酸半胱氨基酸稀释成12.5mg/mL溶液时对实验无干扰作用。结论动态浊度法可用于盐酸半胱氨基酸溶液中细菌内毒素的定量检测。     

生物制品生产中6种常用液体培养基高压灭菌前后的pH变化特征分析

目的：建立注射用右旋雷贝拉唑钠细菌内毒素动态浊度法检测方法。方法：按照《中国药典》2010年版二部相关附录，用动态浊度法进行干扰试验。结果：0.06mg?ml-1右旋雷贝拉唑钠无干扰作用，内毒素回收率均在50%~200%之间。结论：本品可用动态浊度法进行细菌内毒素定量检测，建议其内毒素限值为每1mg右旋雷贝拉唑钠中含内毒素的量应小于10.0EU。     

胆固醇的细菌内毒素检查方法研究

目的 为难溶性辅料胆固醇(供注射用)建立细菌内毒素检测方法。方法 通过筛选出适合溶解胆固醇的有机溶剂,并经过9种排除干扰的方法筛选,采用凝胶法和动态浊度法进行干扰试验,排除了有机溶剂和胆固醇对内毒素检查法的干扰,最终建立了胆固醇的细菌内毒素质量控制方法。检测条件：取胆固醇用无水乙醇配制成20 mg·mL-1溶液,用0.5 mg·mL-1聚氧乙烯(35)蓖麻油水溶液代替细菌内毒素检查用水稀释100倍,按内毒素检查法动态浊度法检测。结果 3批样品使用2个厂家的动态浊度法鲎试剂的回收率均在50%～200%,并且内毒素检测值均<0.1 EU·mg-1。如使用凝胶法,该品种只能使用1个厂家最高灵敏度的试剂进行检测。因此,胆固醇不建议使用凝胶法进行检测。结论 建立了胆固醇(供注射用)细菌内毒素动态浊度法检测方法,用于质量控制。     

碳酸氢钠注射液中细菌内毒素的含量测定

目的:对碳酸氢钠注射液进行细菌内毒素检测,建立检测碳酸氢钠注射液细菌内毒素的实验方法。方法:采用2005年版中国药典细菌内毒素检查法,用盐酸对碳酸氢钠注射液的 pH 值进行调整,在 pH>7和 pH<7两种条件下,对样品进行4倍稀释,分别用凝胶法和动态浊度法对样品中的内毒素进行测定。结果:当样品的 pH>7时,凝胶法和动态浊度法均存在干扰,凝胶法为抑制,动态浊度法为增强;当样品的 pH<7时,凝胶法和动态浊度法均无干扰,实验方法成立。结论:用凝胶法和动态浊度法检测碳酸氢钠注射液中的细菌内毒素是可行的。动态浊度定量法较凝胶法具有方便、快捷、定量、可以观察动态反应过程、利于分析干扰情况等优势。     

动态浊度法检测注射用盐酸头孢替安中细菌内毒素的含量

目的:建立注射用盐酸头孢替安中细菌内毒素含量的动态浊度检测方法。方法:通过干扰试验,确定注射用盐酸头孢替安中细菌内毒素检测的不干扰浓度并与家兔热原检查法比较。结果:当样品作200倍稀释时用动态浊度法进行测试未见干扰作用,动态浊度法和家兔热原法测试3批样品均符合规定。结论:注射用盐酸头孢替安中的细菌内毒素可以用动态浊度法进行定量测试。     

盐酸赖氨酸（注射用）细菌内毒素检查法的研究

目的 建立盐酸赖氨酸（注射用）细菌内毒素的检测方法。方法 按2020年版《中国药典（四部）》通则1143细菌内毒素检查法,采用凝胶法对样品进行干扰试验和细菌内毒素检查,采用动态浊度法定量检测样品中细菌内毒素的含量。结果 Tris缓冲液稀释供试品,调节pH值在6.0～8.0范围内,可有效消除盐酸赖氨酸（注射用）对细菌内毒素的干扰。凝胶法和动态浊度法试验均符合规定,动态浊度法的回收率为84.75%～96.12%,在50%～200%范围内。结论 所建立的方法可行,可用于盐酸赖氨酸（注射用）细菌内毒素的检查。     

盐酸川芎嗪注射液细菌内毒素检测方法研究

目的建立定量检测盐酸川芎嗪注射液细菌内毒素实验方法。方法采用《中国药典》2005年版（Ⅱ部）附录检测细菌内毒素的动态浊度法。结果盐酸川芎嗪注射液用细菌内毒素定量法检测无干扰因素影响,内毒素回收率在50%～200%范围内。结论使用动态浊度法定量检测盐酸川芎嗪注射液的细菌内毒素是可行的,具有结果准确,灵敏度高的优点。     

动态比浊法检测注射用右旋雷贝拉唑钠细菌内毒素方法的建立

目的：建立注射用右旋雷贝拉唑钠细菌内毒素动态浊度法检测方法。方法：按照《中国药典》2010年版二部相关附录,用动态浊度法进行干扰试验。结果：0.06mg·ml-1右旋雷贝拉唑钠无干扰作用,内毒素回收率均在50%~200%之间。结论：本品可用动态浊度法进行细菌内毒素定量检测,建议其内毒素限值为每1mg右旋雷贝拉唑钠中含内毒素的量应小于10.0EU。     

动态浊度法测定利巴韦林注射液的细菌内毒素含量

目的：建立定量检测利巴韦林注射液细菌内毒素的实验方法。方法：采用《中国药典》2005年版二部附录中细菌内毒素的动态浊度法。结果：将利巴韦林注射液配制成5mg·ml^-1的溶液，用细菌内毒素定量法检测无干扰因素影响，内毒素回收率在50％～200％之间。结论：使用动态浊度法定量检测利巴韦林注射液中细菌内毒素可行。动态浊度定量法以其快捷、准确、灵敏，可以动态观察反应过程，帮助分析干扰情况等优势，更应得到应用和推广。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.