河南省药品批发企业新版GSP跟踪检查缺陷项目分析

目的：分析河南省药品批发企业实施新版《药品经营质量管理规范》（GSP）后跟踪检查中发现的共性问题,为今后制定有针对性的监管措施和企业避免出现类似问题提供参考。方法：对224家药品批发企业实施新版《药品经营质量管理规范》后跟踪检查中发现的缺陷项目进行统计,分析药品批发企业GSP质量体系存在的主要问题和原因,提出相应的解决措施。结果与结论：河南省药品批发企业在药品储存与养护、设施与设备、收货与验收、采购、人员与培训等方面还存在不足,企业应当持续不断地改进和完善质量管理体系;提高培训的针对性和实效性。     

山东省新修订药品GSP认证检查缺陷项目分析

目的:分析企业在实施新修订的《药品经营质量管理规范》(GSP)过程中存在的主要共性问题,为今后制定有针对性的监管措施和全面推进药品GSP的实施提供技术参考.方法:对435家次药品批发企业GSP认证现场检查中发现的缺陷项目进行统计,分析药品批发企业GSP质量体系中存在的主要问题及其成因,并提出相应的对策.结果与结论:企业应进一步建立完善的质量管理体系;注重质量风险管理;提高培训的针对性和实效性.     

广东省撤销GSP证书的药品批发企业缺陷项目分析

目的：为药品批发企业科学有效实施GSP、监管部门制定有针对性的监管措施提供参考。方法： 对2017-2019年在国家和广东省药监部门官方网站上查询到的广东省76家被撤销GSP证书的药品批发企业在现场检查中发现的缺陷项目进行统计,分析其存在的问题,并提出相应的解决措施和建议。结果与结论：广东省被撤证药品批发企业严重缺陷项目主要集中在总则和销售部分;主要缺陷项目主要集中在储存与养护、机构和质量管理职责、人员与培训以及质量管理体系等部分。药品批发企业应强化企业质量安全第一责任人意识,提高仓库管理水平和对员工进行针对性的培训,优化质量管理体系,为企业持续长远发展提供坚实的质量保障。监管部门要加强法规宣传与监管,加大惩治力度,降低药品流通领域的质量风险。     

广东省药品批发企业GSP跟踪检查情况分析

目的： 分析2018-2019年期间广东省药品批发企业实施《药品经营质量管理规范》（Good Supply Practice，GSP）的情况以及在跟踪检查中发现的共性问题，为今后制定有针对性的监管措施和企业避免出现类似问题提供参考。方法： 对122家药品批发企业在跟踪检查中发现的缺陷项目进行统计，分析药品批发企业GSP质量体系存在的主要问题和原因，提出相应的解决措施和建议。结果与结论： 在对122家企业的GSP跟踪检查中共发现141项合计488条缺陷项目，缺陷项目主要分布在药品储存与养护（18.03%）、设施与设备（14.75%）、人员与培训（13.93%）、机构和质量管理职责（7.58%）、质量管理体系（7.17%）等5个方面。企业应当提高培训的针对性和实效性，加强质量管理体系的内审，充分发挥质量管理部在各环节的作用，并持续不断地改进和完善质量管理体系。     

浅谈药品批发企业实施新版GSP的6个关键问题

目的：自2013年6月1日起,全国各药品经营企业均要求实行新版GSP规范。本人对药品批发企业实施新版GSP（即2012年版GSP）过程中的关键问题进行探究,为药品批发企业质量管理工作者在新版GSP实施开展工作中提供指导方向和管理方法。方法：对实施新版GSP的关键问题进行总结分析,针对实施新版GSP过程中的关键问题提出具体解决方法。结果：解决药品批发企业质量管理工作人员在执行新版GSP工作中的困难,使新版GSP规范在药品批发企业中得以落实,保障新版GSP规范在药品批发企业有序实施。结论：提高药品批发企业质量管理工作人员的工作效率,规范药品批发企业质量管理工作,保障药品批发企业通过新版GSP认证。     

安国市专营批发企业实施新修订GSP存在的问题及对策

目的：通过探讨企业实施新修订《药品经营质量管理规范》（GSP）过程中存在的问题并找到解决问题的措施和办法,为科学有效实施新修订GSP提供建议。方法：对185家次企业现场检查报告中发现的缺陷项条款进行统计,分析安国市药品批发企业存在的主要问题,并提出相应的措施和办法。结果与结论：药品经营企业应当加强培训,制定符合企业实际经营情况的质量管理体系文件,并切实参与验证及做好对委托运输单位质量保障能力的审计等工作;政府应该出台健全的人才引进机制;药品监督管理部门应加强GSP认证检查员的培训,提高检查员的现场检查专业素质,从而确保新修订GSP正确贯彻实施。     

福建省药品GSP换证检查缺陷项目分析

目的：通过分析福建省药品GSP换证检查过程中发现的一些普遍性问题,提出建议与对策,促进监管部门科学有效监管,促进企业持续提升药品质量管理体系。方法：对321家药品批发企业和零售连锁企业总部换证检查中发现的缺陷项目进行统计汇总,分析企业存在的共性问题。结果与结论：企业在实施药品GSP的过程中,各岗位人员应全员参与,提高责任意识、风险意识,严格按照制度履职;监管部门应培养一支高素质检查员队伍,加强新修订版药品GSP的宣贯与日常监督,促进企业规范经营。     

药品批发企业质量管理体系运行中内审问题分析与对策研究

目的： 分析药品批发企业质量管理体系运行中存在的普遍问题,提出改善药品批发企业质量体系内审管理水平的具体实施建议,持续改进批发企业质量管理水平,控制药品经营环节风险,保证药品质量。方法： 对328家药品批发企业GSP认证申报资料及现场检查报告中发现的企业内审工作中存在的具体问题进行汇总、整理、分析原因,发现当前企业普遍存在的问题,并探讨改进措施。结果与结论： 药品批发企业应通过完善内审管理,建立完整严谨的标准和工作流程,强化企业内审工作的权威性和独立性,建立企业全员参与机制,提高内审人员的综合素质和能力;寻找质量管理体系文件贯彻执行的偏差;在体系关键要素发生重大变化或调整后,完善新经营环境下质量管理体系。从而确保企业在药品采购、储存、销售、运输等日常经营过程中均严格执行药品GSP,确保企业质量管理体系保持健康正常的运行。     

广东省药品经营企业GSP认证现场检查缺陷项目分析

目的：为药品监管部门GSP检查及药品经营企业完善药品经营质量管理提供技术参考。方法：通过对2018-2019年期间广东省药品批发企业及药品零售连锁企业总部的GSP认证现场检查发现的缺陷项目进行汇总分析,找出药品批发企业及药品零售连锁企业总部在药品质量管理中存在的问题。结果与结论：药品经营企业应该加强药品经营质量管理意识,加大对药品质量的管理力度,确保药品质量管理效果,为其持续发展夯实基础。     

新《药品管理法》实施后广东省GSP跟踪检查情况分析

目的：分析新《药品管理法》实施后广东省GSP跟踪检查中发现的共性问题,为药品监管部门制定有针对性的监管措施提供参考。方法：对GSP跟踪检查中发现的缺陷项目进行统计,分析企业GSP质量体系存在的主要问题和原因,提出相应的解决措施和建议。结果与结论：在GSP跟踪检查中共发现178 项缺陷项目,其中,缺陷项目主要分布在药品储存与养护(17.98%)、质量管理体系文件(16.85%)、 人员与培训(15.73%)、设施与设备(13.48%)、质量管理体系(7.87%)5个方面。企业应当提高培训的针对性和实效性,加强质量管理体系文件的管理,充分发挥质量管理在各环节的作用,并持续不断地改进和完善质量管理体系。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.