乳腺癌保乳治疗的临床研究

目的探讨早期乳腺癌保乳综合治疗的疗效及可行性。方法将189例Ⅰ、Ⅱa期乳癌患者前瞻性非随机分为两组：（1）保乳组：92例行乳腺区段切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫术;（2）对照组：97例行乳癌改良根治术。两组术后均给予相同方案的放疗、化疗和内分泌治疗,术后进行定期随访,并进行美容评估。结果本组178例得到随访,随访率94.2%,中位随访时间为78个月。局部复发：保乳组3例,对照组1例。保乳组3年存活率97.7%,5年存活率94.1%,远处转移率7.9%。对照组3年存活率97.8%,5年存活率90.8%,远处转移率7.9%,两组局部复发和远处转移差异均没有统计学意义,两组3、5年生存率差异应用log-rank检验无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。COX比例风险模型分析发现年龄、ER、PR情况不是影响生存的风险因素,TNM分期与生存率有关。85.5%患者对保乳手术的美容效果满意。结论对早期乳癌使用保乳综合治疗可达到传统根治术相当的治疗效果,应作为早期乳癌的首选治疗方法。     

早期乳腺癌的保乳综合治疗疗效分析

目的　评价早期乳腺癌保乳综合治疗的疗效。方法　保乳组 92例 ,行保留乳房的肿瘤切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫术 ;对照组 60例 ,行乳癌改良根治术。术后给予放疗、全身化疗和 /或内分泌治疗。结果　平均随访 5 7个月 ,保乳组中无局部复发病例 ,3年生存率为 97.2 % ,5年生存率为 89.3 % ,远隔脏器转移率为 6.5 % ;对照组局部复发 2例 ,3年生存率为 97.5 % ,5年生存率为90 .1% ,远隔脏器转移率为 5 .0 % ,两组各指标对比无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　早期乳腺癌采用保乳综合疗法 ,可以达到与根治术相似的治疗效果 ,可作为首选方法     

早期乳腺癌的区段切除加腋淋巴清扫──附32例报告

作者对３２例早期乳腺癌患者，行乳腺区段切除加腋淋巴结清扫术。术后常规给以放射治疗，腋淋巴结阳性者绝经前给以ＣＭＦ方案化疗，绝经后雌孕激素受体阳性者给以他莫西芬治疗。结果显示早期乳腺癌区段切除加腋淋巴结清扫辅以放疗和化疗或内分泌治疗，局部复发率为６．２％，对生存率无影响，并发症少，而且体型效果好，患者易接受。对局部复发者尚可再行根治手术。结论：乳腺的区段切除加腋淋巴清扫当作为早期乳腺癌的首选术式。     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结定位活检及其临床意义

自1894年Halsted建立乳腺癌根治术以来，已有100多年了。随着对乳腺癌生物学特性研究的不断深入，先后经历了Halsted根治术、扩大根治术、改良根治术和保留乳房的术式，术中均强调腋窝淋巴结的廓清。现代乳腺外科认为：(1)乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫(ALND)有利于判断预后和术后辅助治疗的选择。(2)乳腺癌手术的主要并发症，如上肢淋巴回流性水肿和患侧上肢功能障碍等，主要由ALND所致。(3)早期乳腺癌淋巴结转移率很低，如T1期患者有70％～80％无淋巴结转移，而T1a期患者则转移率更低。     

乳腺癌诊治发展的趋势

乳腺癌的手术治疗由Halsted根治术、扩大根治术、以及“三切”（切乳房、清扫腋窝淋巴结、切卵巢）向着既治疗癌肿又保持人体美，减少生理、心理创伤，更加人性化的“三保”（保乳腺、保腋窝、保卵巢）方向发展。笔者从宣传乳腺自查常识和定期检查高危人群、改变乳癌的治疗观念等方面，就目前乳腺癌诊治发展的趋势作一综述。     

乳腺癌的保留乳房手术及哨兵淋巴结活检103例报告

目的 总结乳腺癌保留乳房手术及哨兵淋巴结活检的临床经验。方法 103例乳腺癌患者，肿块局部扩大切除23例，乳腺区段切除加腋淋巴结清扫80例。全部病例均行哨兵淋巴结活检。结果 活检与术后病理对照，准确性95．8％，假阴性率14．1％，假阳性率0。随访10个月至7年，2例4年内复发，7例5年内复发，10例7年内复发。复发者均改行乳腺癌改良根治术。结论 早期乳腺癌中。行保留乳房的乳腺癌手术可行。术后应进行根治性放疗及全身化疗，可获得满意效果。     

早期乳腺癌的保守性治疗

当今由于对乳癌知识的普及教育及早期诊断的进展,因此乳癌患者的特征与过去相比有了根本的改变.在二十年前,小于2cm的肿瘤仅占少数, 而今天,至少在发达国家大约40%的治疗病例是小乳癌,并且在将来还可望得到进一步提高.这些是在乳癌的治疗中产生了保守疗法的主要原因,其它因素还有扩大的超根治手术的失败、对乳癌自然史认识的改变以及病人对尽可能保留乳房要求的增加.在六十年代,伦敦首先进行了旨在保留乳房的随机实验研究,然而其结果并不理想,因为采用乳房切除(不行腋窝清扫)加放射治疗(剂量30～38Gy)与Hasted氏根治术比较,其局部复发率高,生存率低.1981年米兰肿瘤研究所首先发表了乳癌保守性治疗(乳房区域切除并腋窝清扫加60Gy剂量放射治疗)     

乳腺癌根治手术关键问题

1894年Halsted报道切除全部乳腺、胸大、小肌联合腋窝淋巴结清扫的乳腺癌根治手术使乳腺癌病人5年生存率达到40%。历时近130年,Halsted手术方式作为肿瘤经典根治术载入乳腺癌外科的历史。20世纪70年代,以提高生存质量为目的的Patey,Auchincloss等改良根治手术方式,以Halsted术式为对照组完成了生存获益的非劣效研究,并成为70%以上中国早期乳腺癌病人接受的常规手术方式。进入21世纪以来,伴随乳腺癌诊治理念的更新,保留乳房手术联合放疗,前哨淋巴结活检阴性豁免腋窝淋巴结清扫所带来的临床获益得到广泛认同。乳腺癌根治性手术的基本理念也被赋予了新的内涵。科学解读乳腺癌根治性手术的基本定义和基本问题是推动并提高乳腺癌临床同质化诊疗水平的关键。     

乳腺癌保乳手术中、远期疗效的临床评价

目的探讨早期乳腺癌保乳治疗的中、远期临床疗效。方法观察52例Ⅰ、Ⅱ期原发性乳腺癌患者，51例施行保乳切除并腋窝淋巴结清扫，术后辅以化疗、放疗、内分泌等综合治疗，另外1例因二次切缘阳性而行改良根治术。结果保乳手术局部复发率和远处转移率分别为5．9％、3．9％，3、5年生存率分别为96．08％、92．16％。患者对残乳自我评价的满意程度为82．4％（42／51），其中良好者占58．8％（30／51）。结论保乳手术联合术后辅助放疗和全身化疗治疗早期乳腺癌安全可行。     

早期乳腺癌保留乳房和切除乳房的疗效观察

目的　评价早期乳腺癌保留乳房和切除乳房两种治疗方法的疗效。方法　 14 8例早期乳腺癌患者分保留乳房组 (保乳组 ,n =46 )和切除乳房组 (切乳组 ,n =10 2 )。前者行乳房的局部切除加腋淋巴结清扫 ,后者行乳房改良根治术。结果　 139例患者获得随访 ,随访期 3～ 13年。两组 3年、5年、10年的生存率分别为 10 0 %、87.88%、73.6 8%和 10 0 %、85 .92 %、75 .0 0 % ,局部复发率分别为 6 .98%、9.0 9%、5 .2 6 %和 7.2 9%、8.45 %、7.5 0 % ,远处转移率分别为 2 .33%、12 .12 %、10 .5 3%和 3.13%、12 .6 8%、12 .5 0 %。两组各指标差异无显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;而保留乳房组手术创伤小 ,乳房美观满意率 81.4% ,与后者相比差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　与乳房的改良根治术相比 ,乳房的局部切除腋淋巴结清扫加根治性放疗对于早期乳腺癌疗效可靠 ,生活质量提高 ,是一种安全、有效的方法 ,但应有严格适应证。     

乳腺癌术后局部复发的治疗及预后分析

目的 探讨乳腺癌术后局部复发的治疗方案及影响预后的相关因素.方法回顾性分析天津肿瘤医院2002年7月至2005年2月期间收治的477例乳腺癌术后复发患者的临床资料.结果 477例复发病例中,术后1年内复发占26.2%(125/477),2年内复发占61.2%(292/477).局部复发后远处转移率为65.0%(310/477),复发后5年总生存率48.4%.不同复发部位、临床分型、有无放射治疗、放射治疗范围、有无手术切除或切除活检的亚组之间局部控制率的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).不同原发肿瘤分期、无病间期、临床分型以及治疗方式的亚组间远处转移率及5年总生存率的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),多因素分析显示治疗方案单一、原发肿瘤分期晚、三阴型乳腺癌是影响复发性乳腺癌预后的独立危险因素(P<0.05).结论 多部位复发者和三阴型乳腺癌局部控制不佳,局部扩大野放射治疗结合手术治疗是改善局部控制率的必要模式.原发肿瘤分期晚、2年内复发、三阴型的乳腺癌复发后容易发生远处转移,对于复发性乳腺癌采取综合治疗方案可以提高患者的生存率.

Abstract：

Objective To explore an optimal treatment and to study the prognosis related factors of breast cancer patients with local recurrence after mastectomy. Methods From 2002. 7 to 2005. 2, 477female patients with loco-regional recurrence of breast cancer treated in Tianjin Cancer Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. Results In 477 cases, recurrence within 1 year after mastectomy accounted for 26. 2% , recurrence within 2 years accounted for 61. 2%. There were 310 cases with metastasis after local recurrence was diagnosed, accounting for 65.0%. 5-year total survival rate after recurrence is 48.4%.Local control rates varied in subgroups with different recurrence site, clinical subtypes, radiotherapy fields,with or without radiotherapy, surgical resection or excisional biopsy ( P<0. 05 ). There was a statistical difference in distant metastasis rate and 5-year survival rate among subgroups which had different clinical stage of primary tumor, disease-free interval, clinical subtypes or treatment methods ( P<0. 05 ). Simplistic treatment option, late clinical stage of primary tumor and triple-negative breast cancer were the independent factors predicting poor prognosis for recurrent breast cancer ( P<0.05 ). Conclusions Multi-site recurrence and triple-negative breast cancer lead to a poor local control. Local expansion of radiotherapy combined with surgery improves the local control rate. Patients with late clinical stage of primary tumor,recurrence within 2 years, triple-negative breast cancer are likely to have distant metastasis when recurrence is diagnosed. Combined treatment program improves survival rate.     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术疗效分析

目的探讨早期乳腺癌保乳综合治疗的疗效。方法行保留乳房的肿瘤切除及腋窝淋巴结清扫术52例,术后给予放化疗和内分泌治疗。结果平均随访56个月,无局部复发病例,3年和5年生存率分别为96.2%和92.3%,远隔脏器转移率为3.8%。结论早期乳腺癌采用保乳综合疗法,可以达到与根治术相似的治疗效果,且提高了患者生存质量,可作为首选治疗方法。     

Elective neck dissection versus observation in stage I squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue and floor of the mouth.

A retrospective study was undertaken of patients with T1N0M0 squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue and floor of the mouth who underwent surgical treatment between 1985 and 1995. Evaluation of two groups of patients (neck dissection versus observation) was made according to the management of the neck. Results were obtained regarding the presence of occult metastases, recurrence in the neck, treatment failure, results of salvage treatment, and disease-free survival. Forty-nine patients underwent surgical treatment: 25 resection of primary and 24 resection plus neck dissection. Overall incidence of regional metastases was 24.5%. Eight patients (16%) developed recurrence of the disease. Seven (14%) had regional recurrences (including 1 with distant metastases) and 1(2%) had local recurrence. Twenty-four percent of patients from the resection of primary group developed neck recurrences in comparison with 4% of the resection plus neck dissection group (P = 0.05). Overall salvage rate was 37.5%. Second primary tumors developed in 16% of patients. Patients who underwent elective neck dissection had a 23% higher disease-free survival rate compared with those who underwent resection of the tumor alone (P = 0.03). The findings of this study stress the importance of control of the neck in early oral cancer. Elective neck dissection significantly improved regional control of the disease.     

保留乳房的乳腺癌改良根治术治疗早期乳腺癌的临床观察

目的探讨保留乳房的乳腺癌根治术治疗早期乳腺癌的疗效。方法对22例早期乳腺癌患者行保乳手术治疗，术后并行辅助放疗、化疗等综合治疗。结果全组随访6～48个月，无局部复发和远处转移，3年生存率100％（17／17）。结论对早期乳腺癌行保乳手术疗效满意，严格掌握手术指征，规范的切除和术后放疗、化疗等综合治疗是保乳手术治疗成功的关键。     

I，II期乳腺癌部分腋窝淋巴结清扫术远期疗效分析

目的探讨I,II期乳腺癌部分腋窝淋巴结清扫术对乳腺癌患者的预后及上肢功能的影响。方法随机选择临床I,II期乳腺癌部分腋窝淋巴结清扫组(PAL)及全腋窝淋巴结清扫组(TAL)各1 1 0例。PAL组行乳腺癌改良根治术加部分腋窝淋巴结(I,II组淋巴结)清扫术,TAL组行乳腺癌改良根治术加全腋窝淋巴结清扫术。比较术后远期复发及上肢功能状况。结果随访5~1 0年,PAL组胸部局部复发4例,占3.8%(4/1 0 6),腋窝淋巴结复发转移1例;TAL组胸部局部复发5例,占4.9%(5/1 0 3),无腋窝淋巴结复发转移;两组差异无显著性(P>0.0 5)。PAL组发生患肢水肿及功能障碍5例,占4.7%(5/1 0 6);TAL组1 2例,占1 1.7%(1 2/1 0 3),差异有极显著性(P<0.01)。两组5年和1 0年生存率均无明显统计学差异。结论I,II期乳腺癌实施使PAL可减少患肢的术后功能障碍,不增加预后风险。     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术探讨

目的 探讨早期乳腺癌保乳手术加放疗治疗效果.方法 分析近6年76例保乳术后加放疗的乳腺癌病人临床资料.结果 76例患者3,5年生存率分别为96.05%,94.8%;3,5年局部复发率分别为5.3%,6.6%;术后3,5年乳房保留率分别为96.05%,93.3%;仅1例胸壁复发,无死亡病例.该复发病例25岁,未婚,保乳愿望强烈,复发后再次行乳房切除及化疗,现健在.术后形体美容效果满意度80.5%.结论 早期乳腺癌采用保乳手术及放射治疗可取得满意结果,规范化的切除和术后放疗、全身综合治疗是保乳治疗成功的关键.     

New treatment protocol by intra-operative radiation therapy for metastatic brain tumours

Summary In patients with brain metastasis from lung cancer, we have been able to control local recurrence in approximately 80% of cases. But many of them tend to show brain atrophy with mental deterioration developing a few months after whole brain radiation.To prevent brain atrophy, we have attempted treating patients, whose metastasis was diagnosed as single, by intra-operative radiotherapy (IOR) alone following surgical resection. Among 43 patients, 19 patients who had no metastases other than the brain metastases, were chosen as subjects for active treatment (surgical resection+IOR). Their 1-year survival rate was 75%. Fourteen out of 27 patients with brain métastases from lung cancer received active treatment and their 1-year survival rate was 74%. This result was not inferior to our result of 71 patients who received surgical resection and whole brain irradiation.When no preventive whole brain irradiation was performed, patients were observed every 8 weeks by CT scan in order to ascertain tumour recurrence limited to the treated site or appearance of any new metastatic lesion remote from the treated site. Among all 43 patients, local recurrence was recognized in 7 cases and remote recurrence was observed in 7 cases. Within 6 months, local and remote recurrence was found in 3 cases each. These results were almost the same as those for the usual therapy (surgery plus whole brain irradiation). If such a new lesion is detected, additional radiation can be performed with the possibility of achieving complete remission.     

Does Breast Conservation Therapy in Young Women with Breast Cancer Adversely Affect Local Disease Control and Survival Rate? The M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Experience

Abstract: Historically, it was thought that young women with breast cancer had a poor prognosis and a high local disease recurrence rate after breast-conservation therapy. To determine the effect of breast-conservation therapy, the outcomes of young women with breast cancer who were treated at a single institution were retrospectively reviewed.
Between 1978 and 1993, 219 women ≤35 years of age with breast cancer were treated at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center and met the following criteria: no evidence of distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis, no prior treatment, and no concurrent cancers. The variables analyzed included demographics, type of surgery, TNM stage, use of adjuvant therapy, locoregional disease recurrences, distant metastases, and vital status. The median length of follow-up among surviving patients was 7.9 years (range, 1–17 years). Univariate analyses were performed using the log-rank test. Multivariate analyses were performed using the Cox proportional hazards model.
Seventy-nine patients underwent breast-conservation therapy (BCT) and 140 patients underwent modified radical mastectomy (MRM). Locoregional disease recurrences were identified in 27 cases: 12 in the BCT group and 15 in the MRM group. When patients were matched stage for stage, the type of local treatment did not correlate with the loco-regional recurrence rate (p = 0.236) or the disease-specific survival rate (p = 0.915). The five-year disease-specific survival rate was 84.2%. In the multivariate analysis, only TNM stage correlated with locoregional recurrence rate (p = 0.019) and disease-specific survival rate (p = 0.002).
This study shows no significant difference in locoregional recurrence rates or disease-specific survival rates in young women with breast cancer treated with BCT versus MRM.     

新辅助化疗联合保乳手术在中晚期乳腺癌中临床疗效的分析

目的：探讨新辅助化疗联合保乳手术在中晚期乳腺癌治疗中的临床疗效及应用价值。 方法：回顾性分析2008年2月—2010年2月收治的II~III期乳腺癌97例的临床资料,其中新辅助化疗联合保乳手术41例（保乳组,术前行新辅助化疗）和改良根治术56例（改良根治组,术前未行化疗）,对两组临床疗效进行评估。 结果：保乳组客观缓解率高于改良根治组（73.17% vs. 57.14%,P<0.05）。经23.2个月中位随访,保乳组全部存活,局部复发1例,未发生远处转移;改良根治组局部复发6例,5例发生远处转移,其中3例死亡;保乳组与改良根治组中位无进展生存期分别为32.3个月和22.1个月（P<0.05）。保乳组乳房外形评价82.93%为优;患者美观满意度90.24%为非常满意,7.32%为基本 满意。 结论：保乳术前辅助化疗可明显使中晚期乳腺癌临床分期降低,且术后近期疗效和美观效果均好,这对部分中晚期患者来说具有重要临床价值。