Fluorophotometry in patients with human immunodeficiency virus with and without cytomegalovirus retinitis

OBJECTIVE: To study the aqueous humor dynamics in subjects with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with and without cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis. DESIGN: Prospective cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Fourteen HIV-positive subjects (27 eyes, 19 with CMV retinitis and 8 without CMV retinitis), and a control group of 9 HIV-negative subjects (17 eyes). TESTING: Fluorophotometry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Aqueous flow rates as measured by fluorophotometry and intraocular pressure (IOP). RESULTS: Analysis of variance of the mean corrected aqueous flow rate revealed that both HIV-positive groups had significantly lower aqueous flow rates than did the control group (P < 0.03). No difference in mean aqueous flow rates was found between the HIV-positive eyes with or without CMV retinitis. Comparison of mean IOP revealed that HIV-positive eyes with CMV retinitis had significantly lower IOP than did the HIV-positive eyes without CMV retinitis (P = 0.03) and HIV-negative subjects (P = 0.002). There was no correlation between aqueous flow rate and IOP in HIV-positive subjects (P > 0.5). CONCLUSION: The lack of correlation between the aqueous flow rate and IOP suggests that there may be some disassociation between these parameters in HIV-positive patients. Further studies are needed to better understand the mechanism of aqueous formation and in the management of disorders affecting IOP in this population.     

Dual infection of retina with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and cytomegalovirus

We examined retinal tissue from eight human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seropositive patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex for evidence of dual infection with HIV-1 and cytomegalovirus. Culture demonstrated simultaneous infection with HIV-1 and cytomegalovirus in two of 13 retinal specimens. This was confirmed by both immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining. Moreover, coinfection of individual cells with cytomegalovirus and HIV-1 was observed by immunohistochemical staining. Infection of retina with cytomegalovirus or HIV-1 alone occurred in one and six of the 13 retinal specimens, respectively. HIV-1 antigens were present on scattered cells in all layers of the retina and on retinal vascular endothelium. HIV-1 was isolated from retinal tissue derived from eyes both with and without gross ocular lesions. Cytomegalovirus antigens were found in all layers of the retina, but not on vascular endothelial cells. The atypically rapid clinical progression of retinitis in one of the patients with dual HIV-1 and cytomegalovirus infection suggests the possibility that interactions between these two viruses may influence retinal disease in patients with AIDS.     

未经抗巨细胞病毒治疗时艾滋病合并巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎的临床特征及其预后

目的 了解未经抗巨细胞病毒治疗时获得性免疫缺陷综合征（艾滋病）合并巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎的临床特征及其预后。设计 回顾性病例系列。研究对象 11例未经抗巨细胞病毒治疗的艾滋病合并巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎患者。方法 所有患者查矫正视力、非接触眼压、裂隙灯显微镜检查、动态视野、散瞳间接检眼镜检查、眼底照相,并行CD4 T淋巴细胞检测。随访2个月~5年（平均26.2±23.8个月）,观察病程过程中各项指标的变化。主要指标 矫正视力、眼前后节情况。结果 11例（21眼）发病,其中14眼无光感,矫正视力＜0.05者2例（2眼）,0.05≤矫正视力＜0.3者1例（1眼）,矫正视力≥0.3者3例（4眼）;21眼中,5眼仅有不同程度的角膜后色素性KP,余16眼除角膜KP外,均有不同程度的白内障;21眼中13眼有不同程度虹膜前后粘连,2例（3眼）合并角膜白斑、角膜血管翳,影响外观。眼底能窥入者9眼,表现为不同程度眼底瘢痕性改变,合并视网膜脱离者2眼。结论 未经抗巨细胞病毒治疗的艾滋病合并巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎患者视力预后差,除眼底病变外,还可引起眼前节病变。     

Retinal pigment epithelial dysfunction in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis

OBJECTIVE: Prior clinical observations led the authors to examine electrophysiologic measures of retinal (electroretinogram [ERG]) and retinal pigment epithelial (electro-oculogram [EOG]) function in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who either had or did not have cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in order to determine if the ERG or EOG measures were differentially affected in CMV retinitis. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-one HIV-infected patients (20 with and 21 without CMV retinopathy) were evaluated. INTERVENTION: ERGs and EOGs were recorded. Patients' fundi were evaluated by indirect ophthalmoscopy or fundus photography. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The ERG a- and b-wave amplitudes and EOG light/dark amplitude ratio (L/D ratio) from the eyes of all patients were compared with values 2 standard deviations from the mean of a normal sample. The area of the retinal lesions was estimated from fundus photographs or from careful drawings made during indirect ophthalmoscopy. RESULTS: The majority of the eyes (64.5%) of the patients with CMV retinitis had subnormal L/D ratios, and most eyes (95%) of patients without CMV retinitis had normal L/D ratios. Only six eyes (four with and two without CMV retinopathy) had subnormal a-wave amplitudes, and there was no significant correlation between a-wave amplitude and the L/D ratio for patients with CMV retinitis. Most eyes (80.6%) of the patients with CMV retinitis had subnormal b-wave amplitudes, but there was no significant correlation between b-wave amplitude and L/D ratio in the patients with CMV retinitis. In three patients with CMV retinitis selected to exemplify the range of effects on the ERG and EOG, the b-wave amplitude loss was roughly proportional to the area of retina visibly affected in indirect ophthalmoscopy. One patient had a nonrhegmatogenous retinal detachment. CONCLUSIONS: Middle retinal function, as reflected in the b-wave amplitude, and retinal pigment epithelial function, as reflected in the L/D ratio, were both compromised in CMV retinitis, but the effect on function in the two layers of the retina appeared independent because there was no significant correlation between the L/D ratio and b-wave amplitude. The decrease in L/D ratio was not secondary to loss of photoreceptor function and probably represents a dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium because there was no significant correlation between a-wave amplitude, which was normal in most cases, and L/D ratio. The inner retinal pathology of CMV retinitis is visible clinically and was associated with decreases in b-wave amplitude in this and previous studies. The significant independent retinal pigment epithelial dysfunction demonstrated in this study may be an important predisposing factor to retinal detachment in CMV retinitis.     

玻璃体腔注射小剂量更昔洛韦治疗获得性免疫缺陷综合征合并巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎的疗效观察

目的:观察小剂量更昔洛韦玻璃体腔注射(IVTG)治疗获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)合并巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎(CMVR)的临床疗效和安全性。方法:前瞻性临床研究。2016年1月至2018年1月于南宁爱尔眼科医院眼底病专科就诊的AIDS合并CMVR患者15例28只眼纳入研究。28只眼中,BCVA手动~数指者6只眼(21.4%);0.02~0.1者15只眼(53.6%);>0.1者7只眼(25.0%)。所有患眼均给予IVTG 0.1 ml(含更昔洛韦0.4 mg)治疗,诱导期2次/周,共4次;维持期1次/周,直至病灶完全消退或瘢痕化。平均IVTG次数为(7.1±1.7)次。无更昔洛韦全身使用禁忌症且住院患者给予全身静脉注射更昔洛韦(IVG)5.0 mg/(kg·d),共2周。根据不同治疗方案将患者分为IVTG组、IVTG+IVG组,分别为5例8只眼和10例20只眼。治疗后随访时间≥6个月。观察BCVA、病灶稳定或消退以及并发症发生情况。结果:治疗后6个月,28只眼前房及玻璃体炎症均明显减轻或消失;视网膜病灶稳定或消退20只眼(71.4%)。BCVA提高者24只眼,稳定者4只眼。BCVA≤数指者2只眼(7.1%),0.02~0.1者7只眼(25.0%),>0.1者19只眼(67.9%);与治疗前比较,BCVA≤数指、0.02~0.1者百分率降低,BCVA>0.1者百分率提高。IVTG+IVG组、IVTG组患眼病灶稳定或消退时间分别为(83.2±25.2)、(85.3±24.4)d;病灶消退或稳定时间比较,差异无统计学意义(Z=0.17,P=0.87)。两组患眼病灶稳定或消退者分别为15(75.0%)、5(62.5%)只眼;病灶消退率比较,差异无统计学意义(F=0.42,P=0.51)。随访期间所有患眼CMVR无复发,单眼患者对侧眼未出现CMVR;未出现眼内炎、玻璃体积血、视网膜脱离等与治疗方式相关的严重并发症。结论:小剂量IVTG治疗AIDS合并CMVR安全、有效。     

Microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in a healthy contact lens wearer without human immunodeficiency virus infection

PURPOSE: To present a rare case of microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in an otherwise healthy contact lens wearer without human immunodeficiency virus infection who responded to treatment with systemic albendazole and topical fumagillin. DESIGN: Interventional case report. METHOD: A cornea epithelial scraping from a man with unilateral keratoconjunctivitis previously treated with topical steroids was evaluated by modified trichome staining. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The patient was evaluated for his symptoms, visual acuity, clinical observations, and pathologic examination of corneal scrapes. RESULTS: Modified trichome staining of an epithelial corneal scraping revealed pinkish to red organisms characteristic of microsporidia. Results of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test were negative. The symptoms of ocular discomfort and clinical signs of keratoconjunctivitis resolved after 2 months of treatment with albendazole and topical fumagillin. CONCLUSIONS: Ocular infection with microsporidia, although classically occurring in patients with HIV infection, may occur rarely in healthy individuals, especially if previously treated with systemic immune suppression or topical steroids. Microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a contact lens wearer with atypical multifocal diffuse epithelial keratitis.     

获得性免疫缺陷综合征合并巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎患眼光相干断层扫描图像特征

目的观察获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)合并巨细胞病毒视网膜炎(CMVR)患眼OCT图像特征。方法2015年1月至2017年12月在首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院眼科检查确诊的AIDS合并后极部CMVR患者26例39只眼纳入研究。患者均为男性,平均年龄(33.12±9.87)岁。采用德国Heidelberg公司Spectralis HRA+OCT设备行频域OCT检査。扫描区域包括视盘、黄斑区以及病变区域及邻近视网膜。典型图像存盘分析。结果所有患眼病变中心区视网膜增厚,反射增强;病变累及区域以及病变外周区域椭圆体带(EZ)缺失或结构改变。39只眼中,病变周边视网膜外层点状强反射6只眼(15.38%),视网膜全层点状强反射31只眼(79.49%);病变累及黄斑区25只眼(64.10%);可见玻璃体细胞34只眼(87.17%)。结论AIDS合并CMVR患眼OCT图像特征为病变累及视网膜全层;病变累及区域以及病变外周区域可见EZ缺失或结构改变。     

Bilateral frosted branch angiitis and cytomegalovirus retinitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

This report describes a case of frosted branch angiitis associated with AIDS.     

A foveal-sparing pattern of cytomegalovirus retinitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Purpose: We describe the clinical course of 12 eyes of 10 patients in whom recurrent cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis exhibited a foveal-sparing pattern.
Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the case records and photographic charts of 10 patients (12 eyes) with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), in whom recurrent CMV retinitis exhibited a foveal-sparing pattern within 1500 mm of the foveola.
Results: The site of primary retinitis was temporal in 10 eyes of nine patients in whom it was known. The median number of recurrences up to the observation of foveal-sparing retinitis was two (range one to eight), and five patients had active CMV retinitis despite treatment for at least two continuous months. Once established, the median rate of progression in a non-foveal vector was 2.3 times faster than toward the fovea, and the median time to reduction in acuity to < 6/30 (or death) was 11 to 14 weeks. Three eyes of three patients retained 6/30 or better acuity up to death. Foveal CMV retinitis ultimately reduced acuity to < 6/30 in five eyes. Six eyes suffered retinal detachment, involving the fovea in five, and being the primary reason for acuity of < 6/30 in four. Four patients suffered dose-limiting toxicity.
Conclusion: Foveal-sparing CMV retinitis arises in patients with recurrent CMV retinitis resistant to treatment ('clinically resistant'), particularly that which has arisen temporally. Despite its foveolar proximity, and ultimate significant loss of function, the pattern of progression allows for preservation of useful foveal vision for longer periods than would have been expected.     

人类免疫缺陷病毒感染患者167例眼部表现临床分析

目的 分析人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染患者眼部病变表现的特点,以便及时发现,尽早治疗,减轻视功能的损害.方法 对2006年11月至2008年11月在尼日尔共和国三家医院167例HIV感染患者眼部病变、病程、症状、体征及全身情况作回顾分析.结果 167例患者以眼部病变首诊33例(19.76％);眼部病变表现为机会性感染和肉瘤形成.表现依次为视网膜炎86例(51.0％),葡萄膜炎46例(28.0％);带状疮疹32例(19.0％);神经系统病变19例(11.0％);Kaposi肉瘤15列(9.0％).视力损害低于正常98例(其中重度双眼盲17例、轻度19例;轻度单眼盲34例);≥0.3者69例.所有病例伴程度不等全身慢性消耗性症状,CD 4/CD 8比值下降146例,平均0.056(正常值1.75～2.10).结论HIV感染40％～92.3％可发生眼部病变,视力损害与视网膜/葡萄膜损害关系较大.鉴于HIV感染患者增加现状,其表现于眼部早期症状体征,应引起眼科医师高度重视,及早发现病变,及时治疗,提高患者生存质量.