趋化因子CXCL8/IL-8与急性白血病关系的研究进展

趋化因子CXCL8 (CXCL8),又称白细胞介素8(IL-8),是一种多效性细胞因子.急性白血病细胞结构性表达IL-8及其受体.全反式维甲酸(ATRA)诱导急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)细胞向中性粒细胞分化过程中,伴有IL-8表达的变化;且当患者出现分化综合征时外周血IL-8含量显著升高;而成熟的中性粒细胞表达IL-8受体,但不表达IL-8.研究发现具有ELR序列的IL-8与肿瘤发生、发展、治疗的毒副作用及治疗效果密切相关,IL-8及其受体形成的趋化因子轴已经成为新的生物治疗热点及靶向治疗的靶点.本文综述了IL-8与急性白血病特别是急性早幼粒细胞白血病关系的研究进展.     

IL-35对sCD40L刺激后的人脐静脉血管内皮细胞黏附功能的影响

目的 探讨白细胞介素(IL)-35对可溶性CD40配体(sCD40L)刺激后血管内皮细胞黏附功能的影响。方法 选取2020年1月至12月于滨海县人民医院诊治的30例下肢深静脉血栓急性期患者(DVT组)和30例健康体检者(HC组)。采集外周静脉血，ELISA检测血清IL-35、sCD40L、血管细胞间黏附分子(VCAM-1)、细胞间黏附分子(ICAM-1)、P-选择素和血管性血友病因子(vWF)的水平。体外培养人脐静脉血管内皮细胞(HUVECs),分为对照组、sCD40L组和IL-35组。ELISA检测细胞培养上清液中VCAM-1、ICAM-1、P-选择素和vWF的水平；Western blot检测细胞VCAM-1、ICAM-1、P-选择素和vWF蛋白的表达；免疫荧光法检测血小板和外周血单个核细胞对HUVECs的黏附。结果 DVT组血清中IL-35表达显著低于对照组(P<0.05),sCD40L、VCAM-1、ICAM-1、P-选择素和vWF的表达显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。体外实验表明，IL-35能显著抑制sCD40L刺激后HUVECs VCAM-1、ICAM-1、P-...     

支气管哮喘患者粘附分子和细胞因子的变化及其意义

目的:探讨支气管哮喘患者外周血白细胞粘附分子β2整合素(β2-integrin熏CD18)、血清可溶性细胞间粘附分子-1(sICAM-1,CD54)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和白细胞介素-8(IL-8)的变化及其意义。方法:采用流式细胞仪技术检测外周血白细胞CD18和血清sICAM-1的表达;采用酶连接免疫吸附方法(ELISA)检测血清IL-6和IL-8水平。结果:(1)与正常对照组相比,支气管哮喘患者外周血白细胞CD18和血清sICAM-1表达显著增加穴P<0.05雪;(2)与正常对照组相比,支气管哮喘患者血清IL-6和IL-8水平显著增加穴P<0.05雪;(3)支气管哮喘患者外周血白细胞CD18和血清sICAM-1表达呈显著正相关(r=0.791熏P<0.05)。结论:支气管哮喘患者外周血白细胞CD18和血清sICAM-1表达以及IL-6和IL-8水平增加,可能是支气管哮喘重要的发病机制之一。     

粘附分子在过敏性紫癜患者血管内皮细胞中的作用探讨

目的：探讨粘附分子在过敏性紫癜血管炎性损伤中的作用及可能的调节机制。方法：建立人脐静脉内皮细胞（human umbilical veins endothelial cell，HUVEC）体外培养模型，ELISA双抗体夹心法检测过敏性紫癜患儿外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）培养上清液炎性细胞因子IL-6、TNF-α的含量。采用流式细胞仪间接荧光免疫法检测PBMC及其所诱导的HUVEC粘附分子的表达；MTT生物活性检测法测定PBMC与HUVEC间的粘附率。结果：过敏性紫癜患儿PBMC及其培养上清可诱导内皮细胞表面粘附分子表达明显增强，PBMC与内皮细胞间的粘附率明显提高，上述粘附作用可被抗粘附分子抗体明显阻断。同时IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α等炎性细胞因在过敏性紫癜患儿外周血中异常升高，用抗细胞因子的单克隆抗体可明显阻滞过敏性紫癜患儿外周血免疫活性细胞及其所诱导的局部血管内皮细胞上粘附分子的表达和内皮细胞与PBMC间相互粘附作用。结果：（1）粘附分子通过介导全身循环中的免疫效应细胞粘附于血管内皮细胞，在过敏性紫癜血管损伤的病理生理机制中起重要作用。（2）IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α等炎性细胞因子可能作为过敏性紫癜血管损伤的重要环节，在诱生免疫活性细胞及血管内皮细胞多种粘附分子的表达、介导免疫活性细胞向血管局部聚集及进一步向血管深层浸润最终导致内皮细胞损伤中起重要作用。     

过表达miR-16下调IL-4诱导分化的THP-1细胞IL-10和Arg1的表达

目的探讨慢病毒介导的miR-16对THP-1巨噬细胞表达白细胞介素10(IL-10)和精氨酸酶1(Arg1)的影响。方法利用重组人IL-4(rh IL-4)将THP-1细胞诱导分化为M2型巨噬细胞,利用ELISA检测诱导前后细胞IL-10的分泌,实时荧光定量PCR检测THP-1巨噬细胞诱导前后miR-16的表达;通过慢病毒感染获得miR-16过表达细胞;ELISA检测miR-16过表达细胞和对照细胞IL-10的分泌;流式细胞术检测miR-16过表达细胞和对照细胞IL-10的表达;Western blot法检测miR-16过表达细胞和对照细胞Arg1的表达。结果 THP-1细胞经IL-4诱导后,培养上清中IL-10的分泌逐渐增加,并在第6天达峰值。IL-4将THP-1细胞诱导为M2型巨噬细胞后,miR-16表达下调;慢病毒感染M2型巨噬细胞经嘌呤霉素筛选后GFP表达率提高至97.7%;ELISA检测M2型巨噬细胞miR-16过表达组上清液中IL-10的分泌量为(72.15±0.16)pg/m L,较对照组(103.47±0.14)pg/m L低。流式细胞术检测显示miR-16过表达细胞IL-10的平均荧光强度(Gm)为3.47,胞内IL-10的表达水平较对照组(Gm=12.40)低。过表达miR-16后,M2型巨噬细胞中Arg1表达降低。结论慢病毒介导的miR-16能够抑制IL-4诱导分化的THP-1巨噬细胞中IL-10和Arg1的表达。     

IL-35对可溶性CD40配体诱导血管内皮细胞损伤的影响

目的 探索深静脉血栓(DVT)患者外周血可溶性CD40配体(sCD40L)和白细胞介素(IL)-35浓度,并研究IL-35对sCD40L诱导血管内皮细胞损伤的保护作用。方法 收集深静脉血栓急性期患者30例(DVT组)、健康对照者30名(HC组)外周静脉血3 mL。ELISA检测外周血清IL-35、sCD40L、IL-1β、IL-18的水平;体外培养人脐静脉血管内皮细胞(HUVECs)并分为3组,对照组(磷酸盐缓冲液)、sCD40L组(25μg/mL sCD40L)、IL-35组(20 ng/mL IL-35和25μg/mL sCD40L);CCK8法检测HUVECs的活力;ELISA检测细胞培养上清IL-1β、IL-18的水平;Western blot检测细胞GSDMD-N、cleaved caspase-1蛋白的表达。结果 DVT患者外周血IL-35水平显著低于对照者,sCD40L、IL-1β、IL-18的水平显著高于对照者(P<0.05)。DVT患者外周血IL-35与sCD40L呈负相关。体外实验表明：IL-35能抑制sCD40L诱导内皮细胞活力的损伤,降低sCD40L组细胞...     

重度烧伤大鼠血清对巨噬细胞Notch1的激活及分泌功能的影响

目的研究重度烧伤大鼠血清刺激后巨噬细胞Notch1蛋白表达变化,及其细胞分泌因子白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的水平变化。方法选取成年雄性SD大鼠24只,随机分为假伤组、烧伤24 h组和烧伤7 d组,每组8只。烧伤组SD大鼠造成约30%总体表面积(TBSA)Ⅲ度烧伤,分别于伤后24 h、7 d收集血清;假伤组大鼠用37℃水浴,水浴后24 h取其血清作为对照。用上述各组血清制成20%培养液,刺激小鼠源巨噬细胞系RAW264.7,分别于加入血清刺激后即刻和刺激4、8、12、24、48 h后收取细胞及其上清液。另外用含20%假伤血清+脂多糖(100 ng/m L)培养液刺激巨噬细胞,于相同时间点收样。Western Blot检测各时间点巨噬细胞中Notch1蛋白表达变化,酶联免疫吸咐试验检测刺激24 h后培养上清液中IL-6及TNF-α的含量变化。结果 (1)假伤组血清刺激后即刻和刺激4、8、12、24、48 h后,Notch1蛋白表达无明显变化;(2)烧伤24 h组血清刺激后,Notch1蛋白表达明显升高,并随时间延长而达高峰;(3)烧伤7 d组血清刺激后,Notch1蛋白表达无明显变化,与假伤组血清刺激结果类似;(4)假伤组血清+脂多糖混合刺激后,Notch1蛋白表达明显增加;(5)烧伤24 h组血清及假伤组血清+脂多糖,上清液中IL-6和TNF-α含量均明显高于假伤组血清及烧伤7 d组血清。结论烧伤血清刺激下的巨噬细胞Notch1信号被激活,IL-6及TNF-α分泌能力增强,且这种激活可被脂多糖刺激所模拟。     

IL-1β促进nave T细胞向Th22细胞分化及在非小细胞肺癌中表达的相关性研究

目的:研究白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)促进nave T细胞向Th22细胞转化的机制及其在非小细胞肺癌患者外周血中表达的相关性和临床意义。方法:采用CD4~+nave T细胞磁珠分选试剂盒分离健康人外周血单个核细胞中的CD4~+nave T细胞,加入转化生长因子β和IL-2促进其分化增殖,分化过程中加入IL-1β诱导其向Th22细胞的分化,流式细胞术检测CD4~+IL-22~+T细胞的比例,ELISA检测IL-22的表达。选择我院确诊为非小细胞肺癌的患者60人,其中Ⅰ期18人,Ⅱ期20人,Ⅲ期13人,IV期9人,同时选择健康人25例,用流式细胞术检测外周血中Th22(CD4~+IL-22~+)细胞的比例,ELISA检测血清中IL-1β和IL-22的水平。结果:IL-1β可以诱导na6ve T细胞向Th22细胞转化并促进IL-22的分泌(P0.05)。非小细胞肺癌患者外周血中Th22细胞比例及IL-22和IL-1β的水平均高于健康人且与临床分期相关(P0.05)。结论:IL-1β可以诱导Th22细胞的分化和IL-22的表达,三者的水平和非小细胞肺癌的进展相关,可能参与免疫抑制并促进非小细胞肺癌的发生。     

慢性支气管炎患者血清与痰中IL-4含量检测

白细胞介素4(IL-4)在T细胞、B细胞和巨噬细胞的增殖分化与功能调节方面起作用。通过对慢性支气管炎患者在急性期和临床控制期中,血清、痰与诱导痰IL-4含量水平的检测分析,以研究其临床意义及应用。     

腹腔液中巨噬细胞产生血管内皮细胞生长因子及其受体的表达

目的 :探讨腹腔环境在子宫内膜异位症发病机制中的作用 ,以及腹腔液血管内皮细胞生长因子 (VEGF)的来源和调节。方法 :将 14例子宫内膜异位症患者和 10例正常妇女腹腔液中的巨噬细胞体外培养 ,并在培养的正常妇女腹腔液巨噬细胞中加入 17 β雌二醇、孕酮和脂多糖 (LPS)共培养。用ELISA法检测培养的巨噬细胞上清液中VEGF的水平。同时将二者无血清培养的上清液 ,加入到内皮细胞中培养 ,用MTT比色法检测其对内皮细胞增殖活性的影响。用免疫组化法检测两者的巨噬细胞表达受体flt 1和flt 4的水平。结果 :子宫内膜异位症患者的巨噬细胞培养上清液中 ,VEGF的浓度明显高于正常对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,且无周期性变化 (P >0 .0 5 )。子宫内膜异位症患者的巨噬细胞无血清培养上清液 ,在体外能显著提高内皮细胞的增殖活性 (P <0 .0 5 )。雌激素和孕激素能显著增加体外巨噬细胞分泌VEGF的水平 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,与LPS组相比较差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,即激素的调节作用大于LPS的作用。但雌激素和孕激素调节巨噬细胞分泌VEGF的程度无明显差别 (P >0 .0 5 )。LPS激活的巨噬细胞能增加雌激素、孕激素对巨噬细胞分泌VEGF的调节作用 (P <0 .0 5 )。巨噬细胞能表达受体flt 1和flt 4 ,无周期性变化 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :子宫内膜     

NLS-RARα Inhibits the Effects of All-trans Retinoic Acid on NB4 Cells by Interacting with P38α MAPK

Nuclear localization signal retinoic acid receptor alpha(NLS-RARα), which forms from the cleavage of promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor alpha(PML-RARα) protein by neutrophil elastase(NE), possesses an important role in the occurrence and development of acute promyelocytic leukemia(APL). However, the potential mechanism underlying the effects of NLS-RARα on APL is still not entirely clear. Here, we investigated the effects of NLS-RARα on APL NB4 cells and its mechanism. We found that all-trans retinoic acid(ATRA) could promote differentiation while inhibit proliferation of APL NB4 cells via upregulating the expression of phosphorylated p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase(p-p38α MAPK). We also found that NLS-RARα could inhibit differentiation while accelerate proliferation of NB4 cells via downregulating the expression of p-p38α protein in the presence of ATRA. Furthermore, immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation assays confirmed NLS-RARα interacted with p38α protein directly. Finally, application of PD169316, an inhibitor of p38α protein, suggested that recruitment p38α-combinded NLS-RARα by ATRA eventually caused activation of p38α protein. In summary, our study demonstrated that ATRA cound promote differentiation while inhibit proliferation of APL NB4 cells via activating p38α protein after recruiting p38α-combinded NLS-RARα, while NLS-RARα could inhibit the effects of ATRA in the process.     

Selective up-regulation of phospholipase C-beta2 during granulocytic differentiation of normal and leukemic hematopoietic progenitors

In this study, we have investigated the expression of phospholipase C-beta2 during the course of granulocytic differentiation of normal and malignant progenitors. As a model system, we used the NB4 cell line, a reliable in vitro model for the study of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), a variety of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that responds to pharmacological doses of all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) by differentiating in a neutrophil-like manner. We found that PLC-beta2, virtually absent in untreated NB4 cells, was strongly up-regulated after ATRA-induced granulocytic differentiation. Remarkably, using primary blasts purified from bone marrow of patients affected by APL successfully induced to remission by treatment with ATRA, we showed a striking correlation between the amount of PLC-beta2 expression and the responsiveness of APL blasts to the differentiative activity of ATRA. An increase of PLC-beta2 expression also characterized the cytokine-induced granulocytic differentiation of CD34+ normal hematopoietic progenitors. Taken together, these data show that PLC-beta2 represents a sensitive and reliable marker of neutrophil maturation of normal and malignant myeloid progenitors. Moreover, PLC-beta2 levels can predict the in vivo responsiveness to ATRA of APL patients.     

脑缺血再灌注对大鼠下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺-胸腺轴的影响

为探讨脑缺血再灌注损伤对大鼠神经-内分泌和免疫功能的影响,本研究采用免疫组织化学和放射免疫等实验技术,从形态、结构和功能三个层次观察了脑缺血再灌注损伤时大鼠下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺-胸腺(HPAT)轴的变化。结果发现:脑缺血后6h、9h组大鼠垂体重量明显减轻;其下丘脑和垂体激素分泌细胞数量减少,体积缩小;脑缺血后血浆CRH、ACTH和CORT浓度呈一致性先短暂升高后持续下降,T细胞增殖能力、T细胞克隆形成率和IL-2活性明显下降,且上述改变缺血9h组重于6h组。当脑缺血恢复再灌注时,缺血3h再灌注组比缺血6h再灌注组恢复快。以上结果表明:①脑缺血再灌注时,HPAT轴先出现一短暂的激活过程,继而很快转入抑制状态;②脑缺血再灌注损伤后大鼠免疫功能受抑制;③缺血后恢复再灌注早,HPAT轴受损轻,恢复快。     

Allergen-stimulated T lymphocytes from allergic patients induce vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression and IL-6 production by endothelial cells.

Adhesion of inflammatory cells to endothelium is a critical step for their transvascular migration to inflammatory sites. To evaluate the relationship between T lymphocytes (TL) and vascular endothelium, supernatants from allergen-stimulated TL obtained from patients sensitive to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dpt) versus healthy subjects were added to endothelial cell (EC) cultures. TL were stimulated by autologous-activated antigen-presenting cells (APC) previously fixed in paraformaldehyde to prevent monokine secretion. Two parameters were measured: the expression of adhesion molecule and the production of IL-6. Related allergen-stimulated TL supernatants from allergic patients induced an increase of VCAM-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression when supernatants of the control groups (TL exposed to an unrelated allergen or not stimulated or TL obtained from healthy subjects) did not. E-selectin expression was not modulated whatever the supernatant added to EC culture. IL-6 production by EC was significantly enhanced after activation with related allergen-stimulated TL supernatants from allergics compared with control supernatants. Induction of VCAM-1 expression was inhibited by adding neutralizing antibodies against IL-4, whereas IL-6 production and ICAM-1 expression were inhibited by anti-interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) antibodies. Enhanced production of IL-4 and IFN-gamma was detected in related allergen-stimulated TL supernatants from allergic subjects compared with the different supernatants. These data suggest that allergen-specific TL present in the peripheral blood of allergic patients are of Th1 and Th2 subtypes. Their stimulation in allergic patients may lead to the activation of endothelial cells and thereby participate in leucocyte recruitment towards the inflammatory site.     

Lithium Chloride Promotes Apoptosis in Human Leukemia NB4 Cells by Inhibiting Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Beta

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). With the application of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO), APL becomes one of best prognosis of leukemia. However, ATRA and ATO are not effective against all APLs. Therefore, a new strategy for APL treatment is necessary. Here, we investigated whether lithium chloride (LiCl), a drug used for the treatment of mental illness, could promote apoptosis in human leukemia NB4 cells. We observed that treatment with LiCl significantly accelerated apoptosis in NB4 cells and led to cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. Moreover, LiCl significantly increased the level of Ser9-phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3β(p-GSK-3β), and decreased the level of Akt1 protein in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, LiCl inhibition of c-Myc also enhanced cell death with a concomitant increase in β-catnin. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that LiCl promoted apoptosis in NB4 cells through the Akt signaling pathway and that G2/M phase arrest was induced by increase of p-GSK-3β(S9).     

All-trans retinoic acid up-regulates Prostaglandin-E Synthase expression in human macrophages

All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is a potent retinoid, which has been used successfully in different clinical settings as a potential drug to treat COPD and emphysema. In the present study, we analyzed genes modulated by ATRA by performing mRNA expression array analysis on alveolar macrophages after treatment with ATRA. Here we observed a 375-fold up-regulation of Prostaglandin-E Synthase (microsomal PGES-1, NM_004878 PTGES) which mediates the conversion of prostaglandin H(2) (PGH(2)) to Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). We furthermore studied the expression of PTGES after treatment with ATRA in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells. ATRA up-regulated PTGES mRNA expression in MDMs generated with M-CSF by 2500-fold whereas in M-CSF+IL-13 macrophages the up-regulation was only 20-fold. Similarly, ATRA up-regulated PTGES mRNA expression by factor 1524 in BAL cells. The up-regulation of PTGES mRNA expression by ATRA is both time and dose dependent. IL-13 suppressed the ATRA induced PTGES expression at both mRNA and protein level in MDM and BAL cells. We also observed that LPS acts synergistically with ATRA in MDMs and strongly induces PTGES expression. ATRA had little impact on cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (COX-1 and -2) expression as compared to PTGES expression under the same experimental conditions. Furthermore, we observed an induction of PGE(2) levels by ATRA in BAL cells. These data indicate that ATRA is a potent inducer of PTGES expression in human macrophages but not in alternatively activated macrophages and suggest that the eicosanoid pathway is important for ATRA action in macrophages.     

Cysteinyl leukotrienes induce monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in human monocytes/macrophages

BACKGROUND: Monocytes/macrophages have a cysteinyl leukotriene 1 (CysLT1) receptor, but its function is poorly understood. Objective To elucidate the biological function of the CysLT1 receptor of human monocytes/macrophages. METHODS: We examined the production of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and eotaxin induced by CysLTs (leukotriene (LT)C4, -D4, and -E4) in THP-1 cells, a human monocytic leukaemia cell line, and peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes/macrophages. Moreover, we examined the effect of CysLTs on the expression of beta-chemokine receptor 2B (CCR2B) as the receptor of MCP-1 by Western blot analysis. RESULTS: ELISA revealed that CysLTs induced MCP-1 in THP-1 cells and peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes/macrophages, but not other cytokines. PCR demonstrated that CysLTs increased MCP-1 mRNA expression in THP-1 cells, and Western blotting showed that CysLTs increased the expression of CCR2B in THP-1 cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that pranlukast, a CysLT1 receptor antagonist, blocked MCP-1 production by CysLTs in THP-1 cells almost completely, and partially inhibited MCP-1 release by CysLTs in peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes/macrophages and CCR2B expression by CysLTs in THP-1 cells. CONCLUSION: CysLTs induce MCP-1 and increase CCR2B expression in human monocytes/macrophages.     

乌苯美司下调c-myc表达与其增强全反式维甲酸诱导NB4细胞

目的： 了解氨肽酶抑制剂乌苯美司（bestatin）能否增强全反式维甲酸（ATRA）对NB4细胞的诱导分化作用，及此过程中NB4细胞c-myc mRNA表达水平的改变。 方法： MTT法检测药物抑制细胞生长的作用。流式细胞仪测细胞表面分化抗原CD11b及四氮唑蓝（NBT）还原实验检测NB4细胞的分化。RT-PCR检测细胞c-myc mRNA表达水平。 结果： 50 mg/L、75 mg/L、100 mg/L乌苯美司与10 nmoL/L ATRA联合处理72 h，均能明显增强NB4细胞的NBT还原能力，与10 nmoL/L ATRA组差异显著（P<0.05，P<0.01）。从48 h到96 h，100 mg/L乌苯美司时间依赖性地增强10 nmoL/L ATRA诱导NB4细胞的NBT还原能力，与相应时点10 nmoL/L ATRA组差异明显（P<0.01）。100 mg/L乌苯美司与10 nmoL/L ATRA联合应用72 h，NB4细胞CD11b表达率明显高于10 nmoL/L ATRA组（P<0.01）。50 mg/L、75 mg/L、100 mg/L乌苯美司与10 nmoL/L ATRA联合处理4 h，NB4细胞c-myc mRNA表达水平明显低于单用ATRA组（P<0.05，P<0.01）；药物联合应用各组NB4细胞的c-myc mRNA表达水平与NBT还原能力之间呈负相关（r=-0.917,P<0.05）。 结论： 乌苯美司可能通过下调NB4细胞c-myc mRNA的表达，从而增强ATRA诱导NB4细胞分化的作用。     

Tumor-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor prolong the survival of neutrophils infiltrating bronchoalveolar subtype pulmonary adenocarcinoma

We evaluated the role of the tumor environment in the regulation of apoptosis of tumor-infiltrating neutrophils, the number of which correlates negatively with outcome, in patients with adenocarcinoma of the bronchioloalveolar (BAC) subtype. We examined three different parameters of apoptosis, namely morphological aspect, annexin-V expression, and DNA fragmentation. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) supernatants from patients with BAC significantly inhibited the 24-hour spontaneous apoptosis of normal peripheral blood neutrophils in vitro compared to BALF supernatants from control patients (64 +/- 4% versus 90 +/- 2% measured by annexin-V flow cytometry, P = 0.04). The alveolar neutrophil count correlated positively with the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) concentrations in the patient's BALF. Furthermore, neutralizing antibodies (Abs) against GM-CSF and G-CSF significantly inhibited BALF anti-apoptotic activity (15 to 40% and 34 to 63% inhibition, respectively), whereas neutralizing Abs against interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, IL-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha had no significant effect. In an attempt to identify the cell origin of anti-apoptotic cytokines, we tested in vitro the effect of BAC cells (A549 cell line and primary culture derived from a patient's BAC tumor) on the apoptosis of peripheral blood neutrophils. Cell-free supernatants from tumor cells did not inhibit neutrophil apoptosis. In contrast, cell-free supernatants from tumor cells previously exposed to conditioned media from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and alveolar macrophages significantly inhibited spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis. This inhibition was partially lifted when conditioned media from mononuclear cells were previously treated with Abs against IL-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. As in vivo, neutralizing Abs against GM-CSF significantly inhibited the anti-apoptotic activity of cell culture supernatants, and combination with Abs against G-CSF had an additive effect. In vivo, GM-CSF and G-CSF were strongly expressed by tumor cells and moderately or not expressed by the normal epithelium, as assessed by immunohistochemical studies. These findings demonstrate that the tumor environment generates local conditions that prolong alveolar neutrophil survival through the production of soluble factors, thereby contributing to the persistence of the neutrophil alveolitis observed in BAC.