Multilocular Cystic Renal Cell Carcinoma：A Series of 8 Cases and Review of the Literature

OBJECTIVE To study the clinical, pathologic and imaging features of multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma （MCRCC） and to review the diagnosis and treatment of this subtype of renal cell carcinoma （RCC）. METHODS The data from 8 cases （mean age, 49.4; 5 men and 3 women） who had been treated from 2004 to 2006, were reviewed retrospectively. Radiologic and pathologic documents were evaluated. For treatments, radical nephrectomy was conducted in 4 patients, partial nephrectomy in 2 and laparoscopic nephrectomy in 2. RESULTS Postoperative pathological findings confirmed the diagnosis of MCRCC. The stage of all 8 cases was pT1. For pathologic grade, 7 cases were G1 and 1 case was G2. Seven patients available for follow-up had survived tumor-free during the mean time of 8 months. CONCLUSION MCRCC is an uncommon subtype of RCC, it has a lower malignant potential and a better prognosis compared with other types of RCC. Nephron-sparing surgery may be an appropriate treatment options for MCRCC.     

Collision tumor of the kidney composed of clear cell carcinoma and collecting duct carcinoma：report of a case with unusual morphology and clinical follow-up

We report the case of a 67-year-old female who presented with a large renal mass. Gross examination of the nephrectomy specimen demonstrated a 6-cm renal mass that invaded into the renal sinus and perinephric fat. Histologic examination revealed two distinct tumor types. The first type was a conventional （clear cell） renal cell carcinoma that was of low nuclear grade and comprised the minority of the overall tumor. The second type was a high-grade collecting duct carcinoma with glandular/tubular differentiation and composed the majority of the tumor. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated distinctive patterns of the two tumor types, thus confirming two distinct lineages. Five months postoperatively, the patient developed metastasis to the lungs and right hilar lymph node region. A fine needle aspiration of a lung nodule demonstrated a metastatic, poorly differentiated carcinoma, similar to the collecting duct carcinoma component in the kidney. Collision tumors of the kidney are rare with fewer than 10 cases reported in the literature. Our report further expands the spectrum of this rare phenomenon.     

儿童原发性恶性肾肿瘤的CT表现

Objective： To investigate the imaging manifestation of primary malignant renal tumor with CT. Methods： Forty-three cases of surgically and pathologically confirmed primary malignant renal tumor were retrospectively reviewed. Un-contrast and contrast CT was performed in all 43 patients in which 15 patients received MRI examination. Results： The residual normal renal tissue of 29 cases out of 34 cases of Wilms＇ tumor was enhanced and manifested ＂crescent sign＂ or ＂ring sign＂. Four cases of malignant rabdoid tumor （RTK） manifested as large mass with notable necrosis and subcapsular fluid collection; Two cases of clear cell sarcoma （CCS） showed metastases to the skull which could indicate the diagnosis; Renal cell carcinoma （RCC） （n=3） showed calcification in 1 case. Conclusion： CT can precisely delineate the location, size, extent of involvement, imaging characteristics and metastases of renal tumor, which can provide information necessary to the clinical staging, therapy planning and prognosis of the tumors.     

Erythrocytosis caused by giant chromophobe renal cell carcinoma: a case report indicating a 9-year misdiagnosis of polycythemia vera

Background:Erythrocytosis,a rare paraneoplastic syndrome,generally occurs in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma and has never been reported in patients with chromophobe renal cell carcinoma.Case presentation:We report a case of a young man suffering from a giant (22-cm) mass on his left kidney.Because of a history of polycythemia vera,the patient had been treated for the condition for 9 years.Radical nephrectomy was successfully performed,and the postoperative pathologic examination confirmed a diagnosis ofchromophobe renal cell carcinoma.Unexpectedly,the symptom of erythrocytosis disappeared after the surgery.Further examination and analysis were performed,and we finally attributed his erythrocytosis to chromophobe renal cell carcinoma.Conclusions:Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma could cause erythrocytosis,but the clear-cut mechanism needs further research.Secondary erythrocytosis such as those related with renal tumors should be taken into consideration during the diagnosis of polycythemia vera.     

Recurrent renal cell cancer presenting as gastrointestinal bleed

We present an unusual case of renal cell cancer(RCC) which relapsed with duodenal metastasis and unveiled itself by gastrointestinal(GI) bleeding.An 80-year old Caucasian gentleman with history of renal cell cancer status post nephrectomy 11 mo previously,presented with syncope and melena.Computed tomography scan of the abdomen revealed heterogeneous soft tissue mass in the right nephrectomy bed invading the duodenum.Upper GI endoscopic biopsy confirmed the presence of recurrent renal cell cancer.However,due to extensive metastatic disease,the patient was placed on palliative chemotherapy as surgical options were ruled out.Our case report reiterates the fact that renal cell carcinoma can recur with gastrointestinal manifestations and,although a rarity,it should be considered in a patient with a history of malignancy who presents with these symptoms.     

Primary renal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue ymphoma, the result of chronic pyelonephritis？

Objective： To report 2 cases of primary renal marginal zone B-cell lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue （MALT lymphoma）, and observe the relations between this rare tumor of kidney and chronic pyelonephritis. Methods： 2 renal MALT lymphomas were collected from referral consultation. Detailed clinical information were reviewed, morphological analysis based on the HE section, and immunohistochemistry were performed by CD20, CD79a, CD5, CD10, CD43, CD23, BCL10 and Cyclin D1 antibodies. Results： 2 female patients with age of 48 and 55, respectively, all had a history of chronic pyelonephritis. Under the B ultrasonic and CT scanning a bump in the kidney was found. Renal carcinoma suspected and hereby the whole nephrectomy performed. In the macroscopic, tumors were laid in the renal medulla, with dark red color and ill-defined boundary. In the microscopic, there were mixed lymphoid cells infiltrate which mainly consisted of small lympho- cytes, centrocyte-like cells, lymphoplasmacytoid and plasma cells, reactive follicles and lymphoepithelial lesions also could be seen in the lesion, but follicles colonization was rare. In fact, except changes of lymphoma, basic renal disease also could be seen. Most glomeruli were atrophic, some glomeruli were hyperplastic and hypertrophic. Tubules were dilated or contacted, many dilated tubules contained pink-color glassy-appearing casts that suggest the appearance of thyroid tissue. As a result, those 2 cases showed juxtaposed changes of lymphoma and pyelonephritis. Immunohistochemistry showed that tumor cells were CD20 and CD79a positive, CD43 was weak positive, but CD5, CD10, CD23, BCL10 and Cyclin D1 were all negative. Conclusion： Primary renal MALT lymphoma was very rare disease. According to the clinical manifestation, it＇s hard to differentiate from renal cell carcinoma. But the morphological features were consistent with the classic MALT lymphomas in other sites. Immunophenotypic profiles were helpful for diagnosis. Based on the truth that many MALT lymphomas in other sites were connected with chronic inflammations, we suppose that the renal MALT lymphoma may originate from chronic pyelonephritis.     

后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术治疗局限性肾癌的疗效研究

目的 研究后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术(laparoscopic radical nephrectomy,LRN)治疗局限性肾癌的效果及安全性.方法 选择局限性肾癌患者80例,分为LRN组39例和传统开放肾癌根治术(open radical nephrectomy,ORN)41例(ORN组),比较两组的临床疗效.结果 与ORN组相比,LRN组手术时间、住院时间、术后肠功能恢复时间、术中出血量、白细胞、C-反应蛋白、肌酐和尿素氮均明显降低(P<0.05);LRN组的切口感染、术后出血、深静脉血栓形成、肺部感染、气胸、泌尿系统感染等并发症发生率为12.82%,明显低于对照组的29.27%(P<0.05);随访3~30个月,LRN组有1例术后5个月出现双肺转移,经口服索拉非尼后,现在病情已平稳;ORN组有1例术后4个月出现双肺转移,2例术后1年出现肿瘤全身转移.结论 后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术治疗局限性肾癌安全、有效,与传统开放手术相比,具有术后恢复快、创伤小、并发症少等优点,临床应用价值更高.     

Expression and Significance of Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor in Renal-Cell Carcinoma

OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of Coxsackie and Adenovirus receptor (CAR) in renal-cell carcinoma and the relationship of the CAR to the biological behavior of the carcinomas.METHODS The immunohistochemical SP method was used to detect the expression of Coxsaekie and Adenovirus receptor in 48 cases of renalcell carcinoma and in 12 cases of normal renal tissue 2 cm away from the tumor tissue.RESULTS The positive rates of CAR were 100% in 12 cases of para-tumcr normal renal tissue and 35.4% in 48 cases of renal-cell carcinoma respectively. The difference of CAR expression between them was significant (P＜0.05). The grades of the tumor were as follows: 22 in Grade Ⅰ, 17in Grade Ⅱ and 9 in Grade Ⅲ with the CAR positive rate being 54.5%,23.5% and 11.1%, respectively. There was a negative correlation between CAR expression and tumor grading (P＜0.05). In addition, the number of the cases in stages Ⅰ to ⅣV were 19, 13, 11 and 5 respectively, with the respective positive rates being 57.9%, 30.8%, 18.2% and 0.0%, i.e. there also was a negative relationship between CAR expression and the stage (P＜0.05).CONCLUSION CAR expression is down-regulated in renal-cell carcinoma compared with normal tissue. The level of CAR may be a sensitive predictor of differentiation, invasion and metastasis. Loss of CAR expression correlates with the invasive phenotype in our analysis of renal-cell carcinoma.     

Renal Collecting Duct Cancer： a Report of 2 Cases

Renal collecting duct cancer is a rare malignant tumor, which accounts for 1% to 2% of epithelial kidney tumors,[1] Its pathological appearance has been easily misdiagnosed as a mammilliform renal cell carcinoma or as other tumors. The malignancy of renal collecting duct cancer is high, with early metastasis and poor prognosis. The clinical data for 2 cases of the tumor are discussed in this report, including reports on the histopathology and the changes in immunohistochemistry.     

RESPONSE OF HUMAN RENAL CANCER TO UFT IN NUDE MICE

A primary human renal cell carcinoma was developed as a xenograft (NT-25) and maintained by serial transplantation in nude mice. The effect of UFT on this neogrowth was tested and evaluated as well its distribution in the animal tissues. The concentration of UFT was higher in tumor tissues than that in other tissues and in the animal experimentation UFT was found to be effective on human renal cell carcinoma.     

后腹腔镜下肾癌根治术60例临床观察

[目的]探讨后腹腔镜在肾癌根治术中的应用。[方法]对60例行后腹腔镜下肾癌根治术肾癌患者进行回顾性分析。[结果]60例肾癌患者,59例手术成功,1例中转开放手术。手术平均时间173．5min（95～300min）;失血量50～1500ml,中位失血量175ml;术后住院4～12d,平均7．2d。术后随访7～32个月,平均17个月。60例患者全部生存,无一例肿瘤局部复发或切口种植转移。[结论]后腹腔镜下肾癌根治术具有创伤小、恢复快等特点,是肾癌外科治疗的发展方向。     

后腹腔镜肾癌根治术与传统开放术式治疗局限性肾癌的临床优势分析

目的探讨并分析后腹腔镜肾癌根治术与传统开放术式治疗局限性肾癌的临床效果。方法选取本院2010年7月至2013年6月收治的96例局限性肾癌患者,根据术式分为观察组和对照组,其中观察组51例应用后腹腔镜肾癌根治术,对照组45例行传统开放术式,比较分析两组术中相关临床指标的变化。结果观察组与对照组相比,术中出血量[（163.38±16.09）ml vs（270.42±18.64）ml]、术后通气时间[（38.29±1.64）h vs（61.32±2.16）h]、术后镇痛药物使用量[（34.20±3.35）mg vs（113.51±9.48）mg]、术后并发症的发生率（9.80%vs 29.41%）、术后引流拔除时间[（61.80±4.93）h vs（76.47±5.68）h]、下床活动时间[（4.11±0.87）d vs（5.95 d±1.02）d]、平均术后住院时间[（11.38±1.09）d vs（14.63±1.76）d]均下降,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;而平均手术时间[（171.33±8.29）min vs（114.56±9.43）min]则升高,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论后腹腔镜肾癌根治术治疗局限性肾癌,是一种较理想的治疗手段。     

后腹腔镜肾癌根治切除手术160例体会

目的：总结后腹腔镜肾癌根治切除手术经验。方法：回顾性分阶段比较后腹腔镜肾癌根治切除手术160例之手术成功率及手术平均时间。结果：160例手术其128例成功,32例转开放手术,开展手术最初前2年成功率43％,平均手术时间276分钟,中间2年成功率63％,平均手术时间195分钟,近2年成功率96％,平均手术时间105分钟。结论：腹膜后腔途径行腹腔镜肾癌根治切除手术创伤小、安全、可靠。随着手术的不断开展,手术水平逐年快速提高。     

后腹腔镜肾癌根治术技术改进及临床效果(附30例临床报告)

目的 评价后腹腔镜肾癌根治性切除术改进后的临床效果。 方法 回顾性分阶段比较后腹腔镜肾癌根治性切除术的30例病例,探讨了后腹腔镜肾癌根治术的手术技巧和改进,比较其术中出血量及手术时间及术后恢复情况,并对病例进行随访。 结果 随著技术改进和成熟,手术时间和术中出血量明显减少,平均手术时间101±41.4 min,由最初5例平均166 min减少到最后5例平均74 min,平均术中出血量51±44 ml,由最初5例平均104 ml减少到最后5例平均26 ml。术后肠功能恢复时间平均32±18hrs、术后下床活动时间30.4±12hrs、术后住院天数5.6±1.5 d,术中及术后未发生无明显并发症,随访2～20月未见肿瘤复发与穿刺通道的种植性转移。 结论 与传统的腹腔镜根治性肾切除术相比,改进后的后腹腔镜根治性肾切除具有手术时间短,出血少,并发症少的优点。     

肾嫌色细胞癌28例临床分析并文献复习

目的分析肾嫌色细胞癌的临床及病理特点以提高对其的诊治水平。方法回顾性分析苏州大学附属第三医院2010年1月至2017年12月收治的28例肾嫌色细胞癌患者的资料,其中男12例,女16例;年龄27～78岁,中位年龄57岁。患者肿瘤均局限于单侧肾脏,其中左肾17例,右肾11例。结果28例患者均行手术治疗,术后病理均证实为肾嫌色细胞癌。7例行开放肾癌根治术,16例行腹腔镜下腹膜后肾癌根治术,5例行腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术。病理分期:pT1N0M0期23例,pT2N0M0期5例。28例患者均获得随访,随访12～72个月,平均24个月,28例患者均无瘤生存,行开放手术和腹腔镜手术患者的预后无明显差异。结论肾嫌色细胞癌是具有特殊形态的少见肾癌类型,确诊有赖于典型的病理特征。手术切除是肾嫌色细胞癌的主要治疗方式,其较少复发和转移,预后良好。     

后腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术治疗T1期肾癌的临床体会（附37例报告）

目的:探讨后腹腔镜保留肾单位手术（retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy,RLPN）治疗T1期肾癌的手术方法及临床效果。方法:回顾性分析37例行RLPN的T1期肾癌患者的临床资料,观察手术时间、术后住院时间、阻断方式及时间、术中出血和术后并发症及术后效果。结果:37例患者手术均顺利完成。手术时间62-185min,平均手术时间97min;肾动脉阻断时间0-47min,平均23.8min;出血量45-220ml,平均103.3ml;术中无并发症;术中切缘组织病理均阴性;术后无尿漏、继发出血及肾功不全发生;术后5天1例患者出现上消化道出血;平均住院日9天。随访时间3-48个月,平均24个月,复查B超及CT未见肿瘤复发及转移;复查静脉肾盂造影（IVP）提示患侧肾肾功能良好。结论:RLPN安全有效、创伤较小、出血少、恢复快,同时可保留患肾功能,可作为治疗T1期肾癌的首选手术方式。     

非同步处理肾蒂血管技术在后腹腔镜复杂性肾癌肾盂癌根治术中的应用探讨

目的:探讨经后腹腔入路行腹腔镜复杂性肾癌肾盂癌根治术肾蒂血管非同步处理技巧。方法:2010年1月至2018 年 4月就诊于我科的109例肾癌、肾盂癌患者接受腹膜后入路腹腔镜根治性肾切除术。根据肾蒂血管处理方式的差异分别纳入非同步组和同步组。非同步组患者61例,其中肾癌43例,肾盂癌18例;同步组患者48例,其中肾癌33例,肾盂癌15例;均采用3套管技术,从腹膜后入路,显露肾蒂,非同步组优先处理肾动脉,游离肾脏,最后结扎肾静脉。同步组先游离出肾动脉及肾静脉予以结扎,最后游离肾脏。分别对两组患者的手术时间、术中失血量进行统计分析。结果:非同步组1例男性患者因左肾肉瘤浸润腰大肌、腹膜及结肠,粘连严重转为开放手术,予以排除,两组其余患者均顺利完成手术。非同步组与同步组手术时间分别为:肾癌（94.3±28.1）min vs （113.3±40.3）min,肾盂癌（135.2±43.3）min vs （168.2±37.2）min;术中出血量分别为:肾癌（68.4±56.8）ml vs （100.7±93.1）ml,肾盂癌（105.4±37.3）ml vs （131.3±36.3）ml。比较两组患者病种间手术时间及术中出血量均有统计学差异（P<0.05）。结论:肾蒂血管的处理是复杂性肾癌、肾盂癌经后腹腔镜根治切除的关键,术中灵活的肾血管处理应对尤为重要,非同步肾蒂血管处理技巧有助于减少术中出血量,缩短手术时间,增加手术安全性。     

后腹腔镜下保留肾单位的肾部分切除术14例临床分析

目的:探讨后腹腔镜下保留肾单位肾部分切除术的方法及临床应用价值。方法:分析2007年1月至2009年10月,我院行后腹腔镜下保留肾单位的肾部分切除术14例患者的临床资料。术前经超声、CT或MR I等诊断为肾脏肿瘤。直径2.2 cm-4.0 cm,平均2.9 cm;左侧9例,右侧5例;以2002年AJCC肾癌的临床分期为标准,均属于T1 a期。结果:手术均成功。手术时间100-140m in,平均110m in;热缺血时间22-39m in,平均30m in;术中出血量80-330m l,平均180m l;术后留置引流管5-10d,平均7d;术后引流量150-300m l,平均200m l;术后住院时间8-10d,平均9d;术中、术后均未输血;术后无继发出血、漏尿等并发症。术后病理诊断:肾细胞癌11例,肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤3例,切缘均为阴性。随访3-30个月,所有患者均未见肿瘤局部复发、远处转移及切口种植等。结论:后腹腔镜下保留肾单位的肾部分切除术可以最大限度保存残肾的功能单位,对小于4 cm的肾肿瘤是有效和微创的治疗方法。远期疗效有待进一步观察。     

机器人辅助腹腔镜与后腹腔镜肾部分切除术治疗早期肾癌的疗效比较

目的 比较机器人辅助经腹腹腔镜肾部分切除术（RALPN）与后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术（RLPN）治疗早期肾癌的疗效和安全性,探讨RALPN的临床应用价值。方法 选取2010年5月至2013年10月收治的70例肾癌患者,根据术式的不同分为RALPN组（n=36）和RLPN组（n=34）。比较两组手术时间、肾动脉阻断时间、术中出血量、术中输血率、术后住院时间及术后并发症发生情况。结果 除RLPN组有2例术中转开放手术,两组均成功完成手术。RALPN组和RLPN组的手术时间、肾动脉阻断时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间分别为（90.5±12.6）min和（110.7±20.3）min、（15.2±5.8）min和（24.6±7.2）min、（50.2±9.5）ml和（130.2±22.4）ml、（6.1±1.7）d和（7.8±2.2）d,两组比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。RALPN组和RLPN组的术中输血率分别为0和11.8%。RALPN组术后出现1例肾周血肿,RLPN组出现1例尿漏和2例继发性出血。两组在随访期间均为无瘤生存。结论RALPN是治疗肾癌安全、有效的微创术式。