妊娠高血压综合征子痫前期患者血清钙及尿酸检测分析

目的：观察妊娠高血压综合征（简称妊高征）子痫前期孕妇血清钙及尿酸水平的变化。方法：用美国贝克曼库尔特SYN-CHRONLX20型全自动生化分析仪检测82例妊高征子痫前期患者与80例同孕周正常妊娠妇女的血清钙、尿酸水平并比较。结果：妊高征子痫前期孕妇血清钙浓度显著低于对照组（P〈0.001）;而血清中尿酸水平与对照组相比差异有显著性增高（P〈0.01）,且血清钙浓度的降低和尿酸水平的增高与妊高征病情的严重程度成正相关。结论：妊高征患者的血清钙、尿酸测定有助于对疾病的诊断,低钙可能是妊高征的诱因之一。     

妊高征患者血清和新生儿静脉血瘦素水平的研究

目的　探讨妊高征患者血清瘦素水平及其新生儿静脉血瘦素水平及其临床意义。方法　采用放射免疫分析法测定妊高征患者 3 0例、正常孕妇 2 0例及新生儿静脉血清瘦素的水平及正常未孕妇 2 0例血清瘦素水平。结果　中、重度妊高征组孕妇血清瘦素水平明显高于轻度妊高征组及正常孕妇组血清瘦素水平 ,差异非常显著 (P <0 .0 1) ,正常孕妇组血清瘦素水平明显高于未孕妇组血清瘦素水平 ,差异非常显著 (P <0 .0 1) ,轻度妊高征组血清瘦素明显高于正常未孕妇组 ,差异非常显著 (P <0 .0 1)。轻度妊高征患者与正常孕妇组相比较 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;妊高征孕妇血清瘦素水平与新生儿静脉血瘦素水平呈正相关 (r =0 .0 3 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,两组新生儿静脉血瘦素水平与新生儿体重呈显著正相关 ( r=0 .5 9,P <0 .0 1)。结论　孕妇血瘦素水平可作为监测妊高征病变及其严重程度及胎儿发育状况的一个潜在的临床指标     

孕妇血清瘦素水平与妊娠晚期体质指数的关系

目的 :探讨孕妇血清瘦素水平与妊娠晚期体质指数的关系。方法 :采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA) ,测定 4 0例孕妇 ,其中妊娠高血压综合征 2 0例 (妊高征组 ) ,正常妊娠 2 0例 (妊娠组 )和正常非孕妇女 2 0例 (正常组 )的血清瘦素水平 ,并将瘦素水平与妊娠晚期体质指数的关系进行相关分析。结果 :妊高征组血清瘦素水平为 ( 2 2 .0± 1 3.2 ) μg/L ,略高于妊娠组的 ( 1 9.8± 7.8) μg/L( P >0 .0 5) ,妊高征组及妊娠组明显高于正常组的 ( 7.1± 5.1 ) μg/L( P <0 .0 1 )。妊高征组和妊娠组孕妇血清瘦素与妊娠晚期体质指数均无相关性。正常组血清瘦素水平与体质指数呈显著正相关 (r =0 .61 ,P <0 .0 0 1 )。结果提示 ,妊娠期间瘦素的调节机制不同于非妊娠妇女 ,妊娠妇女瘦素水平与妊娠晚期体质指数无相关性。     

内皮素－1、胱抑素 C 和一氧化氮对妊娠期高血压疾病早期肾损伤的诊断价值

目的：评价内皮素－1（ET－1）、胱抑素 C（CysC）和一氧化氮（NO）对妊娠期高血压疾病早期肾损伤的诊断价值。方法选取妊娠期高血压疾病患者120例,按照妊高征的严重程度分为重度47例、中度29例和重度44例。根据肾功能损害与否,分为肾功能正常组65例和肾功能损害组55例。同期就诊的正常妊娠患者45例为正常妊娠组,另选取同期行健康体检非妊娠女性30例,为健康对照组。观察健康对照组、正常妊娠组和妊高征组的 ET－1、CysC和 NO 水平变化,并观察上述各指标与妊高征严重程度和肾脏功能损害之间的关系。结果正常妊娠组的 ET－1和CysC 水平明显高于健康对照组（ P ＜0．01）,而妊高征组的 ET－1和 CysC 水平明显高于正常妊娠组（ P ＜0．01）;而NO 水平出现了相反趋势,妊高征组的 NO 水平明显低于正常妊娠组和健康对照组（ P ＜0．01）。随着妊高征严重程度的升高,机体的 ET－1和 CysC 水平出现明显的升高（ P ＜0．01）,而 NO 水平出现明显的降低（ P ＜0．01）。妊高征肾功能损害组的 ET－1和 CysC 水平明显高于肾功能正常组（ P ＜0．01）,而 NO 水平明显低于肾功能正常组（ P ＜0．01）。结论 ET－1、CysC 和 NO 对妊高征合并早期肾功能损害具有良好的监测作用,有助于判断妊娠高血压患者疾病严重程度。     

妊高征孕妇血清肿瘤坏死因子测定的临床意义

目的 通过对比正常孕妇与妊高征孕妇血清肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)水平的差异,以探讨TNF-α在妊高征发病机制中的作用.方法 采用放射免疫法测定113例妊高征患者血清TNF-α及100例正常孕妇血清TNF-α.结果 中、重度妊高征患者血清中TNF-α显著高于正常妊娠组(P＜0.01),且随病情加重其值升高,轻度妊高征患者与正常妊娠组相比虽有升高趋势,但无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 中、重度妊高征患者血清TNF-α水平明显增高,TNF-α与妊高征的发生发展有关.     

妊娠高血压综合征患者血清中可溶性Fas水平的测定及其临床意义

目的探讨妊高征孕妇血清中可溶性Fas(sFas)的水平及意义。方法采用ELISA法测定42例妊高征孕妇(轻度7例,中度16例,重度19例)血清sFas水平,并与同期30例正常足月妊娠妇女相比较。结果(1)轻度、中度、重度妊高征组和正常妊娠组血清sFas含量分别为676.264±1.312pg/ml、874.563±1.429pg/ml、1106.587±1.287pg/ml和659.354±1.648pg/ml;(2)轻、中、重度妊高征组与正常妊娠组相比较,血清sFas含量差异有非常显著性(P.<0.001);(3)妊高征各组间比较,血清sFas含量差异有非常显著性(P<0.001)。结论随着妊高征病情加重,孕妇血清sFas水平也显著增高。提示妊高征孕妇体内存在Fas/Fas-L介导的淋巴细胞激活诱导的细胞凋亡,导致母体时胚胎的免疫排斥增强或细胞免疫不适当激活,从而导致妊高征的发生。孕妇血清sFas可以作为妊高征的预测指标之一。     

妊高征与尿酸、血脂水平的相关性探讨

目的进一步研究妊高征与高尿酸血症,高血脂的关系及其临床意义。方法检测173例妊娠期各期孕妇及164例正常非孕健康女性的血清尿酸三酰甘油胆固醇水平。结果妊娠孕妇组的血清尿酸水平(367.8±58.7)μmol/L,正常非孕健康组(242.6±43.6)μmol/L三酰甘油水平分别为(1.30±0.25)mmol/L,(1.56±0.30)mmol/L,胆固醇水平(3.95±0.55)mmol/L与(4.53±0.95)mmol/L;妊娠组中高尿酸血症孕妇发生妊高征的比率83.95%(68/81)明显高于尿酸值正常孕妇28.26%(26/92)。妊高征组明显高于对照组,胆固醇水平差异有极显著性t=13.86,P<0.01,三酰甘油水平差异有显著性(t=8.62,P<0.01)。结论妊娠期女性比正常非孕期女性血清尿酸水平升高,妊娠期高尿酸血症发生妊高征的比率明显增加。     

妊娠高血压综合征病人血浆神经肽Y的测定及意义

目的　研究神经肽Y(NPY)与妊娠高血压综合征 (妊高征 )发病的关系。方法　检测 30例妊高征病人、30例正常妊娠妇女和 2 6例正常妇女的血浆NPY水平 ,以及妊高征病人分娩后 2周的血浆NPY水平。结果　妊高征组分娩前NPY水平明显高于正常妊娠组和正常对照组 ,差异均有显著意义 (均为P <0 0 1) ;正常妊娠组和正常对照组NPY水平比较 ,差异无显著意义 (P >0 0 5 ) ;妊高征组分娩后NPY水平明显下降 ,与分娩前比较 ,差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 1) ;而妊高征组分娩后NPY水平与正常妊娠组和正常对照组NPY水平比较 ,差异均无显著意义 (均为P >0 0 5 )。结论　妊高征病人的血浆NPY水平明显升高 ,NPY增加参与了妊高征的发病。     

妊娠期高血压疾病孕妇血脂水平分析

目的研究妊娠期高血压疾病(妊高征)患者的血脂特点。方法将2007年9月至2011年9月来我院就诊、检查的正常未孕妇女85例(对照组),正常妊娠组180例(正常妊娠组),妊娠期高血压疾病孕妇100例(妊高征组),分别进行高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、血清脂蛋白a(LPa)、载脂蛋白B(ApoB)、载脂蛋白A1(ApoA1)测定,并进行比较。结果妊高征组与对照组相比,除了HDL偏低外,其他各项指标都较高,差异有统计学意义;HDL差异无统计学意义。与正常妊娠组相比,妊高征组孕妇的TC、TG、LDL、ApoB、LPa水平相对增高,ApoA1水平则相对较低,差异有统计学意义;HDL差异无统计学意义。随着患者妊娠期高血压病病情的不断加重,LPa、TC、TG、LDL、ApoB水平明显升高。结论妊娠期高血压疾病孕妇与正常孕妇比较,存在血脂代谢异常,应严密监测,确保良好的妊娠结局。     

垂体激素与妊娠高血压综合征关系探讨

目的 探讨垂体激素水平变化与妊娠高血压综合征（妊高征）的关系。方法 选择51例妊高征患者为研究组，39例正常孕妇为对照组。采用放射免疫分析技术测定血清卵泡刺激素（FSH）、黄体生成素（LH）、催乳激素（PRL）水平。结果 重度妊高征组血清FSH、LH、PRL水平显著高于正常妊娠组（P〈0．05）；正常妊娠组产后血清LH、PRL显著降低；妊高征组产后三项指标显著降低（P〈0．001）；妊高征组产后FSH显著低于正常妊娠组（P〈0．0003）、PRL显著高于正常妊娠组（P〈0．05）。结论 妊高征的发生与发展与下丘脑垂体神经内分泌改变有关。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.