下咽癌外科治疗41例分析

本文回顾４１例下咽癌病人的外科治疗效果，５年生存率为３７．５％（１２／３２），其中咽胃吻合术病例５的生存率为３５．７％。无手术死亡病例。产生各种并发症者为４１．４％。全部病人均恢复吞咽功能，部分病人保留了喉功能。本文就下咽癌的综合治疗，咽胃吻合术及下咽癌手术中喉功能的保护等问题进行讨论。     

64例下咽癌病人临床疗效的回顾分析

目的：探讨下咽癌外科切除与修复手术的治疗效果。方法：分析1989年1月－1995年9月64例下咽癌切除患者的手术方法,并发症,生存率等,其中保留喉功能的下咽癌切除患者26例,未保留喉功能的下咽癌切除患者38例,结果：64例下咽癌患者手术后全部恢复了吞咽功能,并发症发生率40．6％（26／64）,以咽瘘最常见。26例保留喉功能的下咽癌切除术后拔管率53．8％（14／26）,3年和5年生存率分别为65．4％（17／26）和50％（13／26）,38例喉全切除下咽癌患者3年和5年生存率分别为52．6％（20／38）和44．7％（17／38）,保留喉功能和未保留喉功能两者3,5年生存率比较没有显著差异（P＞0．05）,结论：保留喉功能下咽癌手术适用T1,T2期的肿瘤及经过仔细选择部分T3期肿瘤患者,不影响患者的长期生存,同时可有效的提高患者的生存质量。     

下咽癌累及颈段食管的处理

目的总结下咽癌累及颈段食管的处理经验。方法回顾性分析1989年—2000年48例累及颈段食管的下咽癌患者的手术治疗情况，其中男38例，女10例；年龄26～71岁，平均54．3岁。梨状窝癌33例，下咽后壁区癌14例，环后癌1例，均无远处转移。根据UICC1997年TNM分期标准均为T4M0期，其中cN0 28例，cNl 15例，cN2 5例。喉全切除术8例，喉部分切除残喉气管瓣修复下咽17例，23例保留了喉功能。所有病例均行改良性颈清扫术，其中单侧清扫38例，双侧清扫10例。患侧甲状腺叶切除42例。下咽食管缺损的修复方法分别为：喉气管瓣修复11例，胸大肌肌皮瓣13例，喉气管瓣＋胸大肌肌皮瓣6例，裂层皮片＋胸大肌肌皮瓣10例，胃上提咽胃吻合3例，结肠上徙5例。术后均接受放射治疗，剂量为55—75Gy。结果手术证实颈部淋巴结转移20例病理诊断；高分化鳞状细胞癌18例，中分化鳞状细胞癌24例，低分化鳞状细胞癌6例。术后并发症包括胸部刀口裂开1例，咽瘘10例。直接法计算生存率，失访2例以死亡计。全组患者3、5年生存率分别为52．1％（25／48）和27．3％（12／44）。保留喉功能组3、5年生存率分别为65．2％（15／23）和33．3％（7／21），不保留喉功能组3、5年生存率分别为40．0％（10／25）和21．7％（5／23）。23例保留了喉功能，15例患者拔除了气管套管，恢复了全部喉功能（发音、呼吸、吞咽保护），8例患者恢复了部分喉功能（发音、吞咽保护），拔管率为65．2％（15／23）。结论下咽癌累及颈段食管的处理以手术＋放疗的综合治疗为主，需行患侧颈清扫术，应尽量保留喉功能，无法保留喉功能时可以采用喉气管瓣或联合裂层皮片、胸大肌肌皮瓣修复下咽颈段食管缺损，颈段食管缺损较大时则采用胃或结肠代替。     

咽胃吻合术中采用近全喉切除保留发音功能－4例报告

为了改善病人的生存质量，作者对４例晚期下咽癌（Ｔ３，Ｔ４）患者行近全喉下咽切除、食管内翻剥脱、咽胃吻合发音重建术。术后给予６０钴放射治疗。手术由气管切开、咽喉切除、胃的游离、食管剥脱并提胃到颈部、胃咽吻合，将术中保留的喉组织制成最大径１．０～１．２ｃｍ发音分路吻合于咽胃吻合的前部。术后随访２年以上，２年生存率７５％（３／４），发音功能好，无明显误吸。术式取材方便、手术简便、并发症少、成功率高。对于晚期下咽癌是一种可行的咽胃吻合发音重建方法。     

下咽及颈胸段食管多原发癌一期手术

目的 探讨下咽、颈胸段食管多原发癌（multiple primary carcinoma,MPC）在胸腔镜辅助下行全喉、下咽、食管切除并管状胃重建一期手术的应用及疗效。方法 胸科组行胸腔镜辅助下分离食管及纵膈淋巴结清扫后开腹行管状胃成形,头颈组行颈部淋巴结清扫、全喉下咽切除、咽胃吻合术。术后常规补充放化疗。结果 本组全部病例均一期完成手术,肺部感染3例,胸腔积液2例、气管撕裂1例;无吻合口瘘及围手术期死亡病例;3年生存率63.6%,5年生存率50.0%。结论 下咽癌应常规行胃镜检查以免MPC的漏诊;胸腔镜辅助下全喉、下咽、食管切除并管状胃重建术可一期完成以往分次手术难以完成的手术治疗,有效提高下咽颈胸段食管多重癌的治疗效果。     

保留喉功能的T4声门癌的手术治疗

目的 探讨T4声门癌喉功能保留手术的方法和临床疗效。方法 对1982－1998年间22例T4声门癌患者进行手术治疗，切除肿瘤及受累的软骨和喉外组织，以胸骨舌骨肌筋膜瓣、颈阔肌皮瓣、颈阔肌筋膜瓣、甲状软骨膜瓣、下咽黏膜瓣等修复组织缺损，保留会厌或环状软骨板重建喉功能。全部患者均接受术后放射治疗（5000－6000cGy)。结果 全组病例3年生存率86．4％（19／22），5年生存率75．0％（15／20）。喉功能恢复（吞咽保护、呼吸、发音）为68．2％（15／22），喉功能部分恢复（吞咽保护、发音）31．8％（7／22）。结论 T4声门癌尽管可累及喉软骨和喉外组织，但经仔细选择的病例在彻底切除肿瘤的前提下保留喉功能是可行的。     

51例喉全切除术的临床分析

目的：探讨喉全切除术及发音重建术的临床应用价值及疗效。方法：对1988年1月--2001年12月间51例喉癌及喉咽癌施行喉全切除术及部分施行发音重建术的病例进行回顾性分析。结果：51例全部施行喉全切除术，其中17例行气管(环)咽吻合术，发音成功率88．2％(15／17)。6例行新喉再造术，发音成功率100％。3例行食管气管造瘘术，发音成功率66．7％(2／3)。25例行气管皮肤造口术(咽-食管发音)，发音成功率52％(13／25)。手术主要并发症咽瘘的发生率为17．6％(9／51)。5年生存率为64．7％(33／51)。结论：喉全切除术仍不失为治疗各种中、晚期喉癌及喉咽癌最基本、最安全的手术，特别是在喉全切基础上选择施行各种发音重建术，对病人恢复发音功能，提高病人生存质量，具有广泛临床府用价值。     

303例下咽癌的外科治疗及组织移植修复重建术的临床分析

目的探讨下咽癌的外科治疗及术后下咽食管缺损不同组织移植Ⅰ期重建方法在下咽癌治疗中的远期疗效。方法回顾性分析1965～1998年外科治疗下咽癌患者303例，其中130例经不同组织移植重建下咽食管手术治疗(1997年UICC分期：Ⅱ期5例；Ⅲ期16例；Ⅳ期109例)，其中梨状窝区94例，咽后壁区18例，环后区18例。游离空肠15例，胃代下咽食管81例，结肠代下咽食管10例，胸大肌肌皮瓣修复20例，其他方法4例。173例下咽癌患者不需要重建(Ⅰ期7例，Ⅱ期12例，Ⅲ期51例，Ⅳ期103例)，其中梨状窝160例，咽后壁8例，环后5例。结果Kaplan-Meire法统计生存率，130例组织移植重建患者3年生存率为43．2％，5年生存率为36．4％；173例不需要组织重建患者3年生存率为59．2％，5年生存率为47．7％。各组吞咽功能良好率均在80％，以上。胃代下咽食管手术死亡率为8．6％(7／81例)；胸大肌肌皮瓣修复手术死亡率15．0％，(3／209例)；游离空肠及结肠代食管下咽无手术死亡。总手术并发症20世纪90年代之前为44．3％(35／79例)，90年代手术并发症为13．7％(7／51例)，x^2=13．457，P=0．004，差异有显著性；其中90年代胸大肌肌皮瓣修复并发症最高为18．2％(2／11例)。结论游离空肠、胃代下咽食管、胸大肌肌皮瓣修复在下咽癌的生存率、吞咽功能的恢复及手术并发症等方面均取得较好的治疗效果，是值得提倡的重建方法。     

保留喉功能下咽癌手术的临床应用

对同期５１例保留喉功能和２９例不保留喉功能的下咽癌手术患者进行了回顾性对比分析。５１例保留喉功能者严重并发症发生率为２３．５％，３６例恢复了喉全功能（７０．６％），喉部分功能恢复者１５例（２９．４％）。出院时５０例能经口进食，吞咽成功率９８．０％。术后平均经口进食时间为２９天（１０～１５０天），术后平均住院４０天（１６～１６０天），３年和５年生存率分别为５８．８％（３０／５１）和４９．０％（２５／５１）。与不保留喉功能的下咽癌手术组相比较，在严重并发症发生率、吞咽成功率、术后经口进食时间、住院时间和５年生存率等方面差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

下咽癌和喉癌的多重癌

目的对下咽、喉鳞癌患者的多重癌实况进行回顾性调查。方法对１９８０年～１９９５年１６年间头颈部外科受诊者下咽癌１２５例、喉癌１８４例进行了分析，其中男２７６例，女３３例。结果３０９例患者中，７９例（２５．６％）发生多重癌。多重癌发生部位共１０１处，其中１７例三重癌，１例四重癌，１例五重癌。６４例发生于上消化道，１２例发生于呼吸道，分别占多重癌的６３．４％和１１．９％。下咽癌的多重癌以食管癌（４１．８％，２３／５５）和胃癌（２１．９％，１２／５５）居多；喉癌，尤以声门型喉癌的多重癌以肺癌为主（１７．４％，８／４６），声门上型喉癌的口咽、食管和胃多重癌的发生率较声门型喉癌为高。同时发生食管癌占下咽癌多重食管癌的７３．９％（１７／２３），而同时发生胃癌占５０％（６／１２）。肺癌多发生于喉癌之后。结论下咽癌、喉癌多重癌的高危群体应同时行食管内窥镜检查并用Ｌｕｇｏｌ染色，可显著提高早期食管癌的检出率。胃内窥镜及胸部Ｘ线摄片，以及术后随访时定期进行相应的检查，可以早期发现多重癌，并及时予以治疗。     

64例下咽癌病人临床疗效的回顾分析

目的 :探讨下咽癌外科切除与修复手术的治疗效果。方法 :分析 1989年 1月～ 1995年 9月 6 4例下咽癌切除患者的手术方法、并发症、生存率等 ,其中保留喉功能的下咽癌切除患者 2 6例 ,未保留喉功能的下咽癌切除患者 38例。结果 :6 4例下咽癌患者手术后全部恢复了吞咽功能 ,并发症发生率 40 .6 % (2 6 / 6 4) ,以咽瘘最常见。2 6例保留喉功能的下咽癌切除术后拔管率 5 3.8% (14/ 2 6 ) ,3年和 5年生存率分别为 6 5 .4% (17/ 2 6 )和 5 0 % (13/ 2 6 )。38例喉全切除下咽癌患者 3年和 5年生存率分别为 5 2 .6 % (2 0 / 38)和 44 .7% (17/ 38)。保留喉功能和未保留喉功能两者 3、5年生存率比较没有显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :保留喉功能下咽癌手术适用于 T1 、T2 期的肿瘤及经过仔细选择部分 T3期肿瘤患者 ,不影响患者的长期生存率 ,同时可有效的提高患者的生存质量     

结肠上徙代食管在下咽、食管疾病中的治疗体会

目的 :探讨在保留喉功能的基础上结肠上徙代食管治疗晚期下咽癌、颈段食管癌及严重食管狭窄的可行性及疗效。方法 :1989～ 1996年共进行结肠上徙代食管手术 2 5例 ,晚期下咽癌 9例 ,其中 T3期 7例 ( N0 1例 ,N1 4例 ,N2 2例 ) ,T4 N1 M0 2例 ( U ICC1997) ;颈段食管癌 13例 ,其中 T1 N0 M0 2例 ,T2 期 11例 ( N0 4例 ,N1 7例 ) ;严重食管狭窄 3例 (狭窄长度 3～ 5 cm)。术后肿瘤患者给予放疗。结果 :2 5例患者 3、5年生存率分别为5 4 .5 % ( 12 / 2 2 )和 4 2 .9% ( 6/ 14 ) ,其中晚期下咽癌、颈段食管癌 3年生存率分别为 4 4 .4 % ( 4 / 9)和 61.5 % ( 8/ 13 )。结论 :结肠上徙代食管符合生理功能 ,只要手术适应证选择合适 ,术中精细操作 ,可以减少并发症 ,提高患者的生存质量。     

Treatment of hypopharyngeal carcinoma: analysis of nationwide study in the Netherlands over a 10‐year period

Objective: To analyse different treatment strategies and treatment results of hypopharyngeal carcinoma in the Netherlands. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Eight head and neck centres in the Netherlands. Participants: A total of 893 patients were treated between 1985 and 1994. Patients were mostly treated with radiotherapy alone, combined surgery and radiotherapy and surgery alone. Results: The 5‐year survival for the whole group was 26%. The 5‐year survival for patients treated with curative intention was 32% and treated with palliative intention was 5%. The 5‐year disease‐free survival after radiotherapy alone was 37%, after surgery alone 41% and after combined therapy 47%. The role of chemotherapy could not be investigated because of a small number of patients treated with chemotherapy in this period. Conclusion: Combined therapy with surgery and radiotherapy has a better survival for patients with a hypopharyngeal carcinoma in comparison with radiotherapy alone. The N‐stage is more important for the prognosis than the T‐stage.     

Final Results of a Randomized Trial Comparing Chemotherapy Plus Radiotherapy With Chemotherapy Plus Surgery Plus Radiotherapy in Locally Advanced Resectable Hypopharyngeal Carcinomas

After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, a routine conservative approach followed by salvage surgery was evaluated in terms of local control and survival in cases of advanced potentially resectable hypopharyngeal carcinoma. Between 1985 and 1989, 92 patients with T3 or T4-N0,N3 operable squamous cell hypopharyngeal carcinomas received three courses of neoadjuvant chemotherapy every 2 weeks involving a combination of cisplatin, 100 mg/m², on day 1 and fluoruracil, 1 g/m², on days 2 to 5, followed by total laryngopharyngectomy plus postoperative radiotherapy in 47 patients (arm A) or radiotherapy alone in 45 patients (arm B). Randomization was always performed prior to chemotherapy. The response rates of tumor and node to chemotherapy were, respectively, 67% in arm A versus 79% in arm B (P > 0.05) and 54% in arm A versus 73% in arm B (P > 0.05). Grade III or IV toxicity was similar, affecting 15% of patients and 7% of cycles in arm A versus 16% of patients and 6% of cycles in arm B. After a mean follow-up of 92 months, survival was statistically better (P = 0.04) in arm A (5-year overall survival, 37%; median survival, 40 months) than in arm B (19% and 20 months) because of a better local control rate (63% versus 39%; P < 0.01). Better results were obtained for mutilant surgery in terms of local control and overall survival, regardless of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.     

梨状窝癌手术前后放疗与喉功能保全

目的探讨梨状窝鳞状细胞癌(简称梨状窝癌)手术前或手术后放疗与喉功能保全治疗的效果。方法回顾性分析1985年9月—2001年7月收治的梨状窝鳞状细胞癌134例。术前放射治疗+手术治疗(简称R+S)100例,手术+术后放疗(简称S+R)34例。随访中位时间38.1个月。结果根据KaplanMeier方法统计R+S组与S+R组3年生存率分别为54.8%、50.1%,5年生存率分别为51.1%、45.9%,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。T1、T2、T3和T4期患者在R+S组与S+R组喉功能保留情况分别为4/5、3/3,66.7%(32/48)、6/6,32.4%(12/37)、0(0/16)和0(0/10)、0/9,其中T3期喉功能保留率R+S组较高,与S+R组的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其喉功能保留与丧失在局部复发、生存率等相关因素差异无统计学意义。R+S组和S+R组术后大体标本切缘阳性率为7.0%(7/100)和20.6%(7/34),两者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Cox多因素变量分析切缘阳性、临床N分期对预后呈明显相关(P值均<0.05)。结论计划性术前放疗与术后放疗在下咽梨状窝癌的治疗上具有相同疗效。声门旁间隙受侵的T3病例选择R+S治疗可以提高喉功能的保留率,不增加预后的风险。R+S治疗方式切缘阳性率低,对喉功能的保留提供可靠客观依据。临床N分期对预后影响很大,是综合治疗的难点。     

Hypopharyngeal cancer: results of treatment based on radiation therapy and salvage surgery

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to present the treatment results and to identify possible prognostic indicators in patients with hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPC). STUDY DESIGN: A consecutively admitted series of 110 patients was analyzed retrospectively. The female male ratio was 29: 81. The sites of the tumors were: pyriform fossa (72%), postcricoid area (18%), and posterior pharyngeal wall (10%). T-status was T1: 15%, T2: 26%, T3: 28%, and T4: 37%. N-status was N0: 27%, N1: 33%, N2: 26%, and N3: 14%. METHODS: One hundred three patients (94%) were treated with curative intent. Two of these received primary surgery; the remaining 101 patients had primary radiotherapy. Seven patients (6%) received no or only palliative treatment. RESULTS: The 5- and 10-year estimates for crude survival (CS) were 16% and 7% and disease-specific survival (DSS) 28% and 23%, respectively. In the group of patients treated with curatively intended radiotherapy, 71 recurrences were observed at the time of analysis. The 5- and 10-year RFS estimates were both 17%. The values for CS were 18% and 8% and the values for DSS were 31% and 26%, respectively. Univariate survival analyses of age, sex, T-status, N-status, and TNM staging did not show any significant influence on survival. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the survival of patients with HPC treated with primary radiotherapy and salvage surgery is poor and that other treatment modalities have to be considered.     

Conservation surgery for laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer

The charts of 173 patients treated by conservation laryngectomy and pharyngolaryngectomy were retrospectively reviewed. The patients treated by endoscopic laser resection were excluded of this study. Glottic carcinoma was diagnosed in 101 patients, supraglottic carcinoma in 44 patients, hypopharyngeal carcinoma in 24 patients and oropharyngeal carcinoma in 4 patients. The median follow-up period was 44 months, 84/101 glottic cancer, 34/44 supraglottic cancer, 23/24 hypopharyngeal cancer and 2/4 oropharyngeal cancer were staged as T1 and T2. A voice-sparing external approach was carried on in 20 patients with locally advanced tumor (T3-T4). At time of the last follow-up, 132 patients (77%) were alive when 41 patients (23%) died. Overall survival rates for patients treated for T1-T2 glottic cancer at 3, 5 and 10 years were 90, 90 and 78% respectively. Overall survival rates for patients treated for T1-T2 supralottic cancer at 3, 5 and 10 years were 73, 68 and 48% respectively. Overall survival rates for patients treated for T1-T2 hypopharyngeal cancer at 3 and 5 years were 74 and 37% respectively. The site of the primary tumor (glottic versus supraglottic or hypopharynx) showed significant impact on survival (P = 0.0025)). Regarding survival, T stage and N stage were not found statistically significant.     

环后癌的手术治疗

目的 探讨环后癌手术治疗的相关技术方法。方法对21例环后癌患者进行手术治疗，其中T3NOM0 5例，T3N1M0 1例，13N2M0 2例，T4NOM0 7例，T4N1M0 4例，T4N2M0 1例。T4N3M0 1例。在彻底切除肿瘤的前提下，保留可利用的正常组织进行咽喉功能重建。共行保留喉功能手术10例，不保留喉功能手术11例，同时行单侧颈清扫术8例，双侧颈清扫术3例，术后行辅助放疗。结果随访时间60～276个月，平均96个月。全组患者3年生存率61．9％(13／21)，5年生存率52．4％(11／21)。随访期间死于颈淋巴结转移4例，肿瘤局部复发3例，心肺功能衰竭1例，原因不明2例。喉功能保留病例仅恢复了发音和吞咽保护功能。术后出现咽瘘5例，下咽狭窄3例，严重误吸1例。结论在彻底切除肿瘤的前提下谨慎选择环后癌手术方法，利用保留下来的正常喉组织进行喉功能重建，从而恢复喉的部分功能是可行的。患者可获得较好的生存率和生存质量。     

Retromolar trigone carcinoma treated by primary radiation therapy: an alternative to the primary surgical approach

OBJECTIVES: To review our experience in the treatment of retromolar trigone carcinoma with radiotherapy as the primary modality and to evaluate the different factors affecting locoregional control and survival. DESIGN: We retrospectively examined 46 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the retromolar trigone treated primarily with radiotherapy from January 1, 1973, to June 31, 2002. Four had T1, 21 had T2, 17 had T3, and 4 had T4 lesions; 25 had N0, 15 had N1, 5 had N2, and 1 had N3 disease. The overall stage was I in 3, II in 18, III in 18, and IV in 7 patients. All patients received conventional once-daily fraction radiotherapy as the primary modality of treatment. Three patients received chemotherapy. Overall survival, cause-specific survival, and locoregional control were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Log-rank statistics were used to identify significant prognostic factors for overall survival and locoregional control. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 43 (range, 5-217) months overall and 78 (range, 26-188) months for living patients. The 5-year overall survival and cause-specific survival rates were 47% and 78%, respectively. Favorable prognostic factors for cause-specific survival were a lower tumor stage (univariate and multivariate analysis) and a lower nodal stage (multivariate analysis). The 5-year local control rate was 49% after radiotherapy and 67% after salvage surgery. The 5-year regional control rate was 88%. Favorable prognostic factors were a lower nodal stage and a lower overall stage (univariate analysis). The 5-year locoregional control rate for all patients was 42% after radiotherapy and 70% after salvage surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Given the surgical salvage rate in our series and previous published experience, radiation therapy can be used with curative intent for small retromolar trigone carcinomas (T1-T2 lesions). For advanced stages without bone invasion, consideration for concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy might increase previous historical locoregional and survival rates.     

Transoral carbon-dioxide laser resection of hypopharyngeal carcinoma

In hypopharyngeal carcinoma, open partial resection is rarely feasible because of the high rate of chronic aspiration. Transoral laser surgery, however, is not associated with major swallowing problems. Between 1991 and 1995, a total of 29 patients with cancer of the hypopharynx were treated using laser surgical resection. In 25 patients, a neck dissection was performed, and 26 patients were radiated postoperatively. The 5-year overall survival was 48% and tumor-related survival 58%. The outcome was significantly ( P<0.048) dependent on the preoperative lymph node status (N(0)=74%, N(+)=34% overall survival). Accordingly, the 5-year survival in stage I and stage II tumors was 71% and in stage III and IV tumors 47%. The highest local control rate was achieved in patients with carcinoma of the hypopharyngeal walls. A major advantage of laser surgery is that resurfacing of the wounds takes place per secundam. No reconstructions with free vascularized grafts have to be performed.There were no functional deficits regarding speech and swallowing in 94%, 100% and 100% of the surviving patients without local recurrence after 3, 4 and 5 years, respectively. No patient had to have a tracheostomy intraoperatively. Laser surgical treatment in combination with neck dissection and postoperative radiotherapy of selected patients with early cancer of the hypopharynx shows comparable results with open surgical procedures and is superior to radiotherapy alone. Given the low postoperative morbidity, transoral laser surgery with the goal of preserving the larynx should gain more importance in the future.