Extravasation on three-dimensional CT angiography in patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage and ruptured aneurysm

Three-dimensional computed tomographic angiography (CTA) is a noninvasive technique for detecting lesions after acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. We encountered extravasation on CTA, a finding that has not been reported previously. Three patients with saccular aneurysms showed extravasation on CTA performed within 3 h of the onset of hemorrhage, and all three patients died within 2 weeks. At autopsy, the site of rupture of the aneurysm was confirmed in all three cases. There were two patterns of extravasation shown by CTA, which seemed to depend on the direction of rupture. Extravasation on CTA might represent the natural progression of ruptured aneurysm and may indicate a poor prognosis.     

脑血管CTA预测高血压脑出血患者血肿扩大的临床分析

 目的 分析脑血管CTA检查中造影剂外渗与急性期高血压脑出血血肿扩大的关系。 方法 63例急性期高血压脑出血患者入院后行头颅CT及脑血管CTA检查,24 h后复查头颅CT,观察造影剂外渗情况,分析脑 血管CTA检查过程中造影剂外渗与血肿扩大的关系。 结果 血肿扩大组11例(17.46%),血肿无扩大组52例 (82.54%)。血肿扩大11例患者中造影剂外渗者9例,CTA阳性预测血肿扩大准确率81.82%,造影剂外渗患者血肿量增加（27.63 ±11.52）ml,造影剂无外渗患者血肿量增加（3.12±1.48）ml（ P =0.006）,血肿扩大组血肿量增加（20.18±12.27） ml,血肿无扩大组出血量增加（1.59±1.05） ml（ P =0.027）。 结论 在脑血管CTA检查中,造影剂外 渗与急性期高血压脑出血血肿扩大有明显相关性,可预测高血压脑出血血肿扩大情况。     

Active hemorrhage into a postresection cavity detected by neuro-CT angiography

We describe a case demonstrating active extravasation of contrast material into a hematoma resection cavity during CT angiography (CTA) that necessitated emergent reexploration, decompression, and hemostatic control. Our case highlights the value of neuro-CTA in the immediate postoperative setting and describes another scenario where CTA has added value. Prompt recognition of contrast extravasation is critical to the diagnosis and ultimately affects the quality of patient care.     

Perangiographic rupture of intracranial aneurysms

Summary The reports of perangiographic rupture of intracranial aneurysm are very few, but the actual incidence is doubtless higher than reported. We could find only 49 cases in the literature, all of which were recognized by extravasation of contrast media. Three of our own cases are documented; in all of them cerebral angiography was carried out soon after subarachnoid hemorrhages. The danger of cerebral angiography in patients with a recently hemorrhaged intracranial aneurysm is stressed.     

Massive extra-enteric gastrointestinal bleeding: angiographic diagnosis.

Two patients with massive gastrointestinal bleeding are reported. One bled from an aneurysm of a branch of the left hepatic artery, the blood reaching the bowel through communication with the biliary tree. The second had an aneurysm of a branch of the splenic artery which communicated with the pancreatic duct. This type of bleeding is intermittent and, consequently, actual extravasation of contrast media is not always seen. Therefore, if one sees an aneurysm of a visceral artery, even if it does not directly supply the enteric tract, one should consider the possibility that it is the origin of the hemorrhage. Pathogenesis, diagnostic modalities, and therapeutic implications are discussed.     

Improved diagnosis of actively bleeding aneurysm on CT angiography using delayed CT images

Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) is being increasingly utilized in the non-invasive diagnosis of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). There are emerging reports of diagnosis of active aneurysmal bleeding on CTA, furthering our understanding of imaging features of active extravasation on cross-sectional studies. We demonstrate imaging characteristics of two such cases of active contrast extravasation from intracranial aneurysms. Additionally, we demonstrate that delayed CT images greatly improve the confidence of this diagnosis by demonstrating pooling of contrast in the subarachnoid space. Prompt recognition and management can improve prognosis of this potentially lethal condition.     

Value of CT angiography in the evaluation of a peripheral anterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm: case report.

We report a case of a peripheral anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) aneurysm in a 66-year-old woman. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) demonstrated a saccular aneurysm in the left AICA. A subsequent vertebral digital subtraction angiography using our standard injection technique failed to demonstrate the aneurysm. However, the aneurysm was visualized on a follow-up injection performed with an increased contrast dose and injection rate. CTA proved to be critical in the detection of this aneurysm which could have been easily overlooked on a conventional angiogram.     

Demonstration of an actively bleeding aneurysm by CT angiography

We describe a case of an actively bleeding aneurysm demonstrated by CT angiography (CTA). The active hemorrhage was characterized by a nebulous attenuation in the subarachnoid space adjacent to the aneurysm. The measurements (HU) of the hemorrhage were equal to or slightly less than those of the contrast material in the arteries and diminished as one moved further from the aneurysm. As CTA is used more frequently in the diagnosis of cerebral aneurysms, it is important to understand imaging features of this potentially lethal condition.     

64层CT低剂量对比剂血管成像在骨盆骨折动脉损伤中的应用

目的：探讨64层螺旋C T低剂量对比剂血管成像在骨盆骨折动脉损伤诊断中的可行性。方法对15例经X线确诊不稳定性骨盆骨折患者行盆腔CTA检查,增强扫描采用 Triger技术,对比剂60ml追加生理盐水40ml ,注射速率4ml/s。由2名有经验的放射科医师独立评价髂内动脉及其分支的显示程度,测量髂内动脉内对比剂浓度,并分析骨盆骨折周围血管走行及损伤情况。结果①所有病例均清晰显示双侧髂内动脉及其分支,髂内动脉内的对比剂浓度维持在较高水平;②21处骨折周围血肿内见对比剂外渗,3例患者显示髂外动脉受压移位。结论64层C T低剂量对比剂血管成像可以满足骨盆骨折动脉损伤的诊断需要。     

64层螺旋CTA在颅内动脉瘤术前及术后的应用价值

目的：探讨64层螺旋CT血管造影（CTA）对颅内动脉瘤术前诊断及术后评价的应用价值。方法：回顾性分析临床怀疑为颅内动脉瘤患者25例,行64层螺旋CTA检查,其中21例诊断为动脉瘤,并经手术证实,术后亦行CTA复查,通过比较两次CTA结果评价动脉瘤夹闭情况。结果：在25例患者中共发现21例25个动脉瘤,CTA可清楚显示的动脉瘤位置、大小形态及与周围结构的关系,与手术所见一致（符合率100％）;术后CTA能够清楚显示动脉瘤体消失,载瘤动脉与动脉瘤夹之间关系及动脉瘤夹的数量和位置。结论：64层CTA在诊断颅内动脉瘤及动脉瘤术后随访中具有重要临床价值。     

脑出血患者早期造影剂外渗率的临床意义简

目的：脑出血患者CT造影外渗率可提示血肿扩大,本研究评价脑灌注CT（PCT）推导表面渗透性（PS）是否可检测早期CT造影剂外渗率差异及其意义。方法20例脑出血患者入院时及入院24 h后进行CT检查,入院时进行PCT-PS扫描。采用Wilcoxon秩和检验比较下列兴趣区的PS值：①斑点征病灶;②造影剂渗漏（PCCT-L）病灶;③排除外渗的血肿;④外渗至对侧区域;⑤无外渗患者的血肿;⑥无外渗患者血肿的对侧面积。此外,比较24 h后的血肿扩展情况。结果上述6项参数的PS分别为（6．5±1．6）、（1．0±0．4）、（0．12±0．39）、（0．26±0．09）、（0．4±0．3）、（0．09±0．32）ml×min-1×（100 g）-1。斑点征病灶的PS值和PCCT-L病灶的PS与其他几项参数比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。外渗阳性患者的血肿体积由（34±41）ml增加至（40±46）ml,外渗阴性患者则由（20±32）ml降至（17±27）ml。结论与PCCT-L病灶和血肿比较,PCT-PS参数检测显示CTA斑点征病灶造影剂较高外渗率,早期外渗与血肿扩展相关。     

Contrast extravasation on CT predicts mortality in primary intracerebral hemorrhage

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Recent studies of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) treatments have highlighted the need to identify reliable predictors of hematoma expansion. The goal of this study was to determine whether contrast extravasation on multisection CT angiography (CTA) and/or contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) of the brain is associated with hematoma expansion and increased mortality in patients with primary ICH.MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients with primary ICH who underwent CTA and CECT, as well as follow-up noncontrast CT (NCCT) before discharge/death from January 1, 2003, to September 30, 2005, were retrospectively identified. One neuroradiologist reviewed admission and follow-up NCCT for hematoma size and growth. A second neuroradiologist independently reviewed CTA and CECT for active contrast extravasation. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the significance of clinical and radiologic variables in predicting 30-day mortality, designated as the primary outcome. Hematoma growth was considered as a secondary outcome.RESULTS: Of 56 patients, contrast extravasation was seen in 17.9% of patients on initial CTA and in 23.2% of patients on initial CECT following CTA. Univariate analysis showed that the presence of extravasation on CT, large initial hematoma size (>30 mL), the presence of “swirl sign” on NCCT, the Glasgow Coma Scale and ICH scores, and international normalized ratio were associated with increased mortality. On multivariate analysis, only contrast extravasation on CT (P = .017) independently predicted mortality. Contrast extravasation on CT (P < .001) was also an independent predictor of hematoma growth on multivariate analysis.CONCLUSION: Active contrast extravasation on CT in patients with primary ICH independently predicts mortality and hematoma growth.

Primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is one of the most devastating forms of stroke, with 30-day mortality rates ranging from 35% to 44%.^1–3 Recent studies of hemostatic treatments such as recombinant activated factor VII as a means to reduce hematoma growth and impact clinical outcome in patients with primary ICH have highlighted the need to identify reliable predictors of hematoma expansion.^4–6 A number of clinical and radiologic variables have been associated with poor outcome following ICH, including age; blood glucose level; Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score; and hemorrhage location, size, and intraventricular extension.^7–12 Several prognostic models for ICH have been developed incorporating both clinical and radiologic variables, among them the ICH score, which includes the GCS score, advanced age, hematoma location, ICH volume, and the presence of intraventricular hemorrhage, to predict 30-day mortality.¹³Nearly all studies of prognostic variables with respect to imaging have focused exclusively on noncontrast CT (NCCT). One study by Becker et al from 1999¹⁴ examined the role of iodinated contrast administration in primary ICH, concluding that contrast extravasation was independently associated with increased mortality. However, CT technology has evolved considerably since 1999, primarily due to the introduction of multisection CT scanners. High-quality CT angiography (CTA) and contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) studies of the brain are now routinely performed following contrast administration. The respective roles of CTA and CECT were not separately defined in Becker''s study, in which single-section CT scanner technology was used.¹⁴ A recent study by Goldstein et al¹⁵ demonstrated an independent association between contrast extravasation and hematoma expansion but did not explore the relationship with mortality.The goal of this study was to determine whether contrast extravasation as visualized on multisection CTA and/or CECT is associated with hematoma expansion and increased mortality in patients with primary ICH.     

CTA与MRA诊断动脉瘤及评估动脉瘤破裂风险的比较

 目的 比较CT血管造影术(CT angiography,CTA)与磁共振血管造影(magnetic resonance angiography,MRA)诊断动脉瘤与动脉瘤破裂的风险评估价值。方法 48例高度怀疑为颅内动脉瘤患者随机分为两组,每组24例,记为Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组,其中Ⅰ组行CTA+DSA检查,Ⅱ组行MRA+DSA检查。比较CTA及MRA对颅内动脉瘤的诊断灵敏度、诊断特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及准确率。比较CTA及MRA对5 mm以上动脉瘤的诊断价值。结果 MRA诊断颅内动脉瘤的诊断灵敏度、诊断特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确率较CTA稍低,但二者差异无统计学意义。CTA与三维增强MR血管成像(3D CE-MRA)对5 mm以上动脉瘤的诊断能力相当,但与三维时间飞跃法MR血管成像(3D TOF MRA)相比,CTA与CE-MRA的诊断灵敏度、诊断特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确率明显较高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);CTA能更清楚地显示瘤颈。结论 CTA和MRA可作为诊断动脉瘤与动脉瘤破裂的风险评估的首要手段,CTA诊断的准确率及三维形态高于MRA。     

Recognition and management of contrast media extravasation

Intravenous contrast agents are frequent adjuncts used in diagnostic imaging. Despite the well-recognized complications of contrast media extravasation, its treatment remains an enigma to many. This article reviews the recognition, prevention and treatment options, with a summary of the contrast media extravasation policy implemented in our department.     

Role of multidetector CT angiography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound in redefining follow-up protocols after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

PURPOSE: Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) is an appealing alternative to computed tomography angiography (CTA) for the follow-up of patients who underwent endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR). We sought to evaluate the accuracy of CEUS compared with a particularly tailored protocol of CTA performed with a 64-row multidetector CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study prospectively enrolled 88 consecutive patients for CEUS and CTA imaging during follow-up after EVAR, yielding 142 paired examinations. The outcome is represented by three main goals: identification and characterisation of endoleaks, evaluation of graft patency and measurement of aneurysm diameter. Triple-phase CTA was the gold standard. RESULTS: Sensitivity and specificity of CEUS compared with CTA in endoleak and graft patency evaluation were 91.89% and 100% and 72% and 100%, respectively. A very high correlation between CTA and CEUS diameter measurements was established. CEUS did not appear superior to CTA in endoleak detection, probably because a tailored CTA protocol with a delayed phase (180 s) allows detection of low-flow endoleaks. CONCLUSIONS: Patient management was not different stafollowing CEUS and CTA results. CTA cannot yet be completely replaced, but several limitations (radiation exposure, contrast agent) encourage redefining the routine follow-up imaging modality. We suggest an algorithm of surveillance alternating CTA and CEUS.     

CT血管造影在颅内动脉瘤及动静脉畸形诊断的价值

目的探讨CT血管造影(CTA)在颅内动脉瘤及动静脉畸形(AVM)的诊断价值。方法对100例行CTA检查发现有颅内动脉瘤及动静脉畸形的患者的临床资料回顾性分析。CTA采用容积再现(VR)、最大密度投影(MIP)和曲面重建(CPR)等方法进行图像重建。100例中有11例与数字减影血管造影对照,89例与介入治疗、手术对比。结果100例中CTA发现116个动脉瘤,包括前交通动脉瘤29个、后交通动脉瘤16个、大脑前动脉9个、大脑中动脉35个、大脑后动脉3个、颈内动脉瘤16个、椎动脉4个、小脑后下动脉2个,小脑前下动脉1个,基底动脉1个。2例AVM,4例动脉瘤合并AVM,2例AVM合并静脉瘤,诊断准确率达94.91%。结论 CTA诊断颅内动脉瘤及AVM是一种安全可靠的方法,具有很好的临床应用价值。     

Simultaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage and carotid cavernous fistula after rupture of a paraclinoid aneurysm during balloon-assisted coil embolization.

We describe an iatrogenic perforation of a paraclinoid aneurysm during balloon-assisted coil embolization that resulted in simultaneous subarachnoid contrast extravasation and a carotid cavernous fistula. The causative factors specifically related to the balloon-assisted method that led to aneurysm rupture are discussed as well as strategies for dealing with this complication.     

Primary aortoenteric fistula: A case report and brief review of the literature

Aortoenteric fistula is a life-threatening emergency and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Prompt surgical intervention before the aneurysm ruptures lowers the mortality rate to about 50%. Potential imaging mimics for aortoenteric fistula include retroperitoneal fibrosis, mycotic aortic aneurysm, and infectious aortitis. Secondary aortoenteric fistula has relative higher incidence compared to primary and is more common with open aortic repair versus endovascular stent graft repair. Ectopic gas in the aneurysm sac and extravasation of enteric contrast into the aneurysm sac is diagnostic for aortoenteric fistula. However, enteric contrast is not recommended for routine evaluation of aortoenteric because the aforementioned finding is extremely rare. More common imaging findings include bowel loop appearing adherent to aneurysm sac with associated inflammatory stranding and foci or ectopic gas within the aneurysm sac or interposed between the bowel and aneurysm sac. Here we present a case of 52-year-old male who presents with incidental primary aortoenteric fistula.     

Gadolinium-enhanced CT angiography of the circle of Willis and neck

CT angiography (CTA) of the cervical and intracranial vessels is a rapid, noninvasive, and relatively inexpensive technique for the evaluation of vascular abnormalities. Contraindications to the use of contrast media, however, can preclude use of iodinated agents for CTA. We report the use of gadolinium as contrast agent for CTA of the head and neck in three patients with contraindications to iodinated contrast agents.     

An investigation into current protocols and radiographer opinions on contrast extravasation in Irish CT departments

BackgroundIodinated contrast extravasation is a serious complication associated with intravenous administration in radiology. Departmental protocols and the radiographer's approach on both prevention techniques and treatment will affect the prevalence of extravasation, and the eventual outcome for the patient when it does occur.AimsTo examine contrast extravasation protocols in place in Irish CT departments for alignment with European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) Guidelines (2014); to establish radiographer's opinions on contrast extravasation; and to examine radiographer adherence to protocols.MethodsContrast extravasation protocols from a purposively selected sample of CT departments across Ireland (n = 6) were compared to ESUR guidelines, followed by an online survey of CT radiographers practicing in the participating centres.ResultsAll participating CT departments (n = 5) had written protocols in place. High risk patients, such as elderly or unconscious, were identified in most protocols, however, children were mentioned in just one protocol and obese patients were not specified in any. The response rate of CT radiographers was 23% (n = 24). 58% (n = 14) of respondents indicated that contrast extravasation was more likely during CTA examinations. While high levels of confidence in managing extravasation were reported, suggested treatment approaches, and confidence in same, was more variable. Clinical workload in CT departments was also identified as a factor impacting on patient care and management.ConclusionWhile contrast extravasation protocols were generally in line with ESUR Guidelines, high risk patients may not be getting sufficient attention. More radiographer awareness of patient monitoring needs, particularly in busy departments with a heavy workload may also reduce extravasation risk, and improve management of same.