美洛宁对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后海马区神经细胞凋亡及学习记忆功能的影响

①目的 研究美洛宁对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后海马区神经细胞凋亡及学习记忆功能的影响。②方法 选用成年Wistar大鼠制成大脑中动脉缺血模型,将大鼠随机分为脑缺血组、美洛宁治疗组、假手术组。每组又分别划分成缺血再灌注后1、3、6、12、24、48、72及168h等8个时相组,另取12只作为正常对照组。美洛宁治疗组经致伤后,给予腹腔注射美洛宁30mg/(kg·d),直至各时相点处死;脑缺血组、假手术组及正常对照组在相同时间给予等量的生理盐水腹腔注射作为对照。各组均在相应的时间点处死取材进行原位细胞凋亡检测;另取48只大鼠随机分为脑缺血组、美洛宁治疗组、假手术组及正常对照组,进行水迷宫测试。③结果 美洛宁能够使海马区神经细胞凋亡的高峰明显下调,使水迷宫测试的潜伏期明显缩短。④结论 美洛宁能够有效抑制大鼠脑缺血再灌注后海马区神经细胞凋亡,明显改善学习记忆功能障碍。     

促红细胞生成素对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注后海马蛋白激酶B表达的影响

目的观察促红细胞生成素(EPO)对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注后海马CA1区蛋白激酶B表达的影响,进一步探讨EPO脑保护作用的机制.方法采用改良的Pulsinelli四血管阻断方法制作大鼠全脑缺血再灌注模型.将SD大鼠随机分为4组:正常组、假手术组、缺血再灌注组和EPO治疗组.各组动物分别于缺血15min再灌注6h、24h、48h、72h、7d断头取脑.鼠脑灌注及固定后制作石蜡切片,HE染色观察海马的病理变化,用TUNEL方法检测海马CA1区神经细胞凋亡,免疫组织化学SP法观察磷酸化蛋白激酶B(p-PKB)表达.另外再取24只大鼠分为4组:正常组、假手术组、缺血再灌注组和EPO治疗组,应用Y型迷宫法对缺血再灌注7 d的大鼠进行缺血后学习和记忆功能的测定.结果 (1)TUNEL染色:假手术组48 h、72h可见个别阳性细胞.缺血再灌注组于再灌注24h可见少量阳性细胞;再灌注48h可见较多TUNEL阳性细胞,72h出现大量TUNEL阳性细胞,7d明显减少.EPO治疗组TUNEL阳性细胞在各时间点明显少于缺血再灌注组[(948.6±91.0)个vs(502.7±97.3)个,P＜0.01].(2)认知功能变化:全脑缺血再灌注后7 d大鼠学习能力降低,尝试次数明显增多(P＜0.01).EPO治疗组尝试次数减少,有显著性差异(P＜0.01).学习能力测试后24h记忆功能测定,结果发现缺血再灌注组成绩明显低下,EPO处理组可改善缺血造成的大鼠记忆功能障碍[(20.06±3.85)s vs(12.93±3.04)s,P＜0.01].(3)p-PKB免疫组化染色:缺血再灌注组于再灌注6h即出现p-PKB明显表达增高,72h达高峰,7 d明显下降.EPO治疗组于再灌注6h、48h、72h、7 d,p-PKB蛋白表达较缺血再灌注组增高[(25.42±3.86)vs(11.64±2.13),P＜0.01].(4)相关分析:TUNEL阳性细胞与p-PKB蛋白表达则呈负相关,而大鼠学习能力与海马CA1区存活神经细胞数呈正相关趋势.结论 EPO能减少大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后海马CA1区神经细胞的坏死和凋亡,减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤后大鼠学习、记忆功能障碍.EPO可能通过增强海马神经细胞p-PKB的表达,发挥神经细胞保护作用.     

促红细胞生成素对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注后海马蛋白激酶B表达的影响

目的观察促红细胞生成素(EPO)对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注后海马CA1区蛋白激酶B表达的影响,进一步探讨EPO脑保护作用的机制。方法采用改良的Pulsinelli四血管阻断方法制作大鼠全脑缺血再灌注模型。将SD大鼠随机分为4组:正常组、假手术组、缺血再灌注组和EPO治疗组。各组动物分别于缺血15min再灌注6h、24h、48h、72h、7d断头取脑。鼠脑灌注及固定后制作石蜡切片,HE染色观察海马的病理变化,用TUNEL方法检测海马CA1区神经细胞凋亡,免疫组织化学SP法观察磷酸化蛋白激酶B(p-PKB)表达。另外再取24只大鼠分为4组:正常组、假手术组、缺血再灌注组和EPO治疗组,应用Y型迷宫法对缺血再灌注7d的大鼠进行缺血后学习和记忆功能的测定。结果(1)TUNEL染色:假手术组48h、72h可见个别阳性细胞。缺血再灌注组于再灌注24h可见少量阳性细胞;再灌注48h可见较多TUNEL阳性细胞,72h出现大量TUNEL阳性细胞,7d明显减少。EPO治疗组TUNEL阳性细胞在各时间点明显少于缺血再灌注组[(948.6±91.0)个vs(502.7±97.3)个,P<0.01]。(2)认知功能变化:全脑缺血再灌注后7d大鼠学习能力降低,尝试次数明显增多(P<0.01)。EPO治疗组尝试次数减少,有显著性差异(P<0.01)。学习能力测试后24h记忆功能测定,结果发现缺血再灌注组成绩明显低下,EPO处理组可改善缺血造成的大鼠记忆功能障碍[(20.06±3.85)svs(12.93±3.04)s,P<0.01]。(3)p-PKB免疫组化染色:缺血再灌注组于再灌注6h即出现p-PKB明显表达增高,72h达高峰,7d明显下降。EPO治疗组于再灌注6h、48h、72h、7d,p-PKB蛋白表达较缺血再灌注组增高[(25.42±3.86)vs(11.64±2.13),P<0.01]。(4)相关分析:TUNEL阳性细胞与p-PKB蛋白表达则呈负相关,而大鼠学习能力与海马CA1区存活神经细胞数呈正相关趋势。结论EPO能减少大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后海马CA1区神经细胞的坏死和凋亡,减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤后大鼠学习、记忆功能障碍。EPO可能通过增强海马神经细胞p-PKB的表达,发挥神经细胞保护作用。     

大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤后神经元凋亡及认知功能的研究

目的探讨大鼠脑缺血再灌注海马神经元凋亡及认知功能变化。方法雄性SD大鼠60只,随机分成假手术组（SH组）、模型组（IR组）。模型组采用4-VO法建立SD大鼠全脑缺血模型,不同时间点进行水迷宫测试。TUNEL法检测海马CA1区凋亡细胞。结果尼氏染色显示,与假手术组间比较,缺血组海马CA1区神经元数量显著下降（P〈0.01）;TUNEL法检测显示：与假手术组相比,凋亡指数显著增加（P〈0.01）。Morris水迷宫检测,与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠学习阶段寻台时间明显延长,而其记忆测试潜伏期也明显长于假手术组。结论大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤后神经元凋亡显著增加,认知功能明显下降。     

电针对脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的观察电针对脑缺血再灌注后大鼠海马神经元损伤的保护作用。方法将SD大鼠随机分为正常组、假手术组、模型24 h组、模型48 h组、模型72 h组、电针治疗24 h组、电针治疗48 h组、电针治疗72 h组。采用改良线栓法制备局灶型脑缺血(MCAO)再灌模型,电针大椎、双侧内关穴。观察各组大鼠缺血侧海马神经元TUNEL阳性细胞数的变化、神经体征的改变。结果模型组缺血侧海马CA1区神经细胞凋亡数随再灌注时间延长而增加,48 h达高峰并持续至72 h,电针治疗可明显减少神经细胞凋亡数,与同时相模型组比较一有显著性差异(P<0.01,P<0.05),并以72 h电针治疗组尤为明显。同时,电针可明显改善脑缺血再灌注大鼠的神经功能缺损,与模型组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05、P<0.01)。结论电针对脑缺血再灌注损伤后的神经细胞凋亡有一定的拮抗作用,对脑缺血再灌注后大鼠海马神经元有保护作用。     

促红细胞生成素对慢性脑缺血大鼠空间学习记忆能力的影响

目的:观察大鼠慢性脑缺血所致的空间学习记忆功能损害及促红细胞生成素(EPO)对其认知功能的影响。方法:结扎大鼠双侧颈总动脉建立慢性脑缺血模型,治疗组术后给予EPO1000U/kg,持续5d。术后第8周时3组大鼠Morris水迷宫测试后断头取脑做组织学和流式细胞术检测。结果:缺血组水迷宫表现同假手术组和EPO治疗组相比有显著差异(P<0.05)。EPO能改善慢性脑缺血大鼠的空间学习记忆能力(P<0.05)。EPO组神经细胞病理改变较轻,海马细胞凋亡率较低(P<0.01)。结论:EPO可能通过减少海马CA1区神经元的损害以及抗凋亡作用改善慢性脑缺血大鼠空间学习记忆障碍。     

孕酮对大鼠脑损伤后海马CA_1区神经细胞凋亡及学习记忆功能的影响

目的:探讨孕酮对大鼠创伤性脑损伤后海马CA1区细胞凋亡及学习记忆功能的影响。方法:将雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组,损伤组,孕酮治疗组。按照改进的Feeney自由落体损伤装置制作大鼠脑损伤模型。利用TUNEL法观察大鼠海马CA1区细胞凋亡,Morris水迷宫测试大鼠学习记忆功能。结果:孕酮治疗组各时间点凋亡细胞数较损伤组减少,脑损伤后24h、48h和72h凋亡细胞数治疗组和损伤组之间存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。孕酮治疗组大鼠学习记忆能力潜伏期较损伤组缩短。结论:孕酮可以减轻脑损伤后海马神经细胞凋亡,促进大鼠学习记忆功能的恢复。     

神经生长因子预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤保护作用机制的研究

目的:探讨神经生长因子(NGF)预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的机制.方法:采用四动脉阻断(4VO)法制作大鼠全脑缺血模型.18只大鼠随机分为3组,每组6只.对照组:只分离翼小孔和颈总动脉,未予脑缺血处理;缺血组:未行NGF预处理,只行脑缺血再灌注处理;NGF预处理组:全脑缺血前12 h脑室内注射NGF 20 U,所有大鼠缺血20 min再灌注24 h后取脑组织.采用TUNEL法原位标记DNA片段,观察海马CA1区神经细胞凋亡的变化.结果:NGF预处理组海马CA1区TUNEL阳性神经细胞为(10.83±2.84)细胞/视野,与缺血组(17.69±3.79)细胞/视野比较显著减少(P＜0.05).结论:NGF预处理通过抑制神经细胞凋亡对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用.     

七氟醚预处理对局灶性脑缺血再灌注后大鼠空间学习与记忆能力的影响

目的:目前,对七氟醚的脑保护功能研究较多,其对认知功能方面的研究相对较少,文中观察七氟醚预处理对局灶性脑缺血再灌注后大鼠空间学习与记忆的影响. 方法:雄性SD大鼠24只,随机分成假手术(C)组,缺血再灌注组(I/R)和七氟醚预处理组(S),每组8只.采用线栓法大脑中动脉阻断前脑血供1h,拔出栓线给予再灌注,七氟醚预处理组术前吸入七氟醚1h,呼气末七氟醚浓度维持在1.0(2.4%)肺泡最低有效浓度(MAC).再灌注72h后利用Morris水迷宫测量术后大鼠空间学习与记忆的能力,用免疫组织化学法测定大鼠海马CA1区胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)的变化. 结果:七氟醚预处理组大鼠逃避潜伏期明显短于缺血再灌注组(P<0.05),在记忆保留实验中七氟醚预处理组大鼠穿越平台次数和平台所在象限探索时间明显多于缺血再灌注组(P<0.05),海马CA1区ChAT阳性细胞的数目七氟醚预处理组也明显多于缺血再灌注组(P<0.05). 结论:1.0 MAC七氟醚预处理1h可能通过保护CA1区胆碱能神经元,对局灶性缺血再灌注大鼠的空间学习与记忆有明显的改善作用.     

血管性痴呆动物模型中应用补肾健脑汤对大鼠海马神经元谷氨酸转运体的影响研究

目的 观察补肾健脑汤对血管性痴呆大鼠海马细胞神经元谷氨酸转运体(excitator aminoacid transporters,EAATs)的影响.方法 将30只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组及药物组,采用双侧颈总动脉反复3次缺血-再灌注方法,制备小鼠血管性痴呆模型,各组大鼠按照分组原则进行处理,8周后通过Morris水迷宫试验、跳台试验进行学习和记忆成绩测试评估大鼠认知功能,同时采用苏木精-伊红染色法观察海马组织病理改变,采用免疫组织化学的方法观察海马CA1区神经细胞膜上 EAAT1和EAAT2的表达量.结果 通过跳台实验可见,与假手术组比较,模型组学习和记忆测试明显下降.与模型组比较,药物组学习和记忆测试明显改善,Morris水迷宫实验同样得出相同趋势的结果.形态学观察显示,模型组大鼠海马CA1区神经细胞排列紊乱、数量较少,甚至坏死、凋亡.而药物组大鼠海马CA1区神经元数目、形态较模型组有明显改善.免疫组化结果显示,与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠海马CA1区神经细胞膜上EAAT1和EAAT2表达明显下降,而药物组大鼠海马CA1区神经细胞膜上EAAT1和EAAT2表达则明显改善.结论 补肾健脑汤能明显改善血管性痴呆大鼠学习和记忆障碍,机制可能与其有效调节海马CA1区内EAATs的的表达有关.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.