环孢素固体分散体大鼠体内药动学及相对生物利用度的初步研究

目的:研究环孢素的全血浓度测定方法;以市售新山地明(NeoralR)为参比制剂,研究自制环孢素固体分散体(CsASD)在大鼠体内的药动学和相对生物利用度.方法:两组SD雄性大鼠分别单剂量给予CsA-SD和NeoralR,按设计采集48 h内动态血标本,采用HPLC法测定血药浓度.应用3P87药动学程序对数据进行拟合计算药动学参数.结果:单次给药后Ne-oralR和CsA-SD的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(4 029.7±405.8)ng·ml-1和(3 958±1 455)ng·ml-1,tmax分别为(1.54±0.57)h和(1.90±0.51)h,AUC0→48分别为(75 072±25 453)ng·h·ml-1和(84 861±26 392)ng·h·ml-1.统计分析结果显示,各主要药动学参数均无显著性差异.以NeoralR为参比制剂,单剂量给药时CsA-SD的相对生物利用度为113.04%.结论:环孢素固体分散体在大鼠体内显示与市售新山地明相近的生物利用度.     

硝呋太尔人体药代动力学研究

目的:进行硝呋太尔试验制剂(T)与参比制剂(R)健康志愿者体内药代动力学和相对生物利用度研究.方法:20名健康男性受试者随机交叉单剂量口服试验制剂和参比制剂各400mg,用液相色谱法测定给药后不同时间的血浆浓度,计算主要的药代动力学参数.结果:硝呋太尔试验制剂(T)与参比制剂(R)单剂量口服的主要药动学参数T1/2分别为(3.62±0.79)h和(3.58±1.05)h,Tmax分别为(2.33±0.29)h和(2.30±0.34)h,Cmax分别为(46.36±20.18)ng/mL和(44.89±19.89)ng/mL,AUC0-12分别为(143.37±36.30)ng·h·mL-1和(139.81±38.43)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞分别为(159.22±44.39)ng·h·mL-1和(155.02±43.23)ng·h·mL-1.试验制剂硝呋太尔片相对生物利用度F为(103.13±8.73)%.结论:对AUC0～12,AUC0-∞、Cmax和Tmax分别进行方差分析后,进行双单侧检验及90%置信限判断,两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

硝苯地平控释胶囊在Beagle犬体内的药动学研究

目的评价自制硝苯地平(NF)控释胶囊在Beagle犬体内的药动学,并对其体内外相关性进行研究。方法 6只健康Beagle犬随机分成2组,分别单剂量服用实验制剂(硝苯地平控释胶囊)和参比制剂(拜新同渗透泵片)各30 mg,一周后交叉给药。采用HPLC法,以尼群地平(NT)为内标测定犬给药后不同时间的血药浓度,用以估算药动学参数和相对生物利用度。结果实验制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数分别为:Cmax(21.79±8.11)、(21.99±3.97)ng·mL-1;tmax(8.32±1.51)、(9.31±1.02)h;AUC0^t(337.42±84.44)、(348.65±56.25)ng·h·mL-1;t1/2(9.27±1.75)、(8.96±1.73)h;相对生物利用度为(96.8±7.34)%;体内外相关性r=0.944。结论自制硝苯地平控释胶囊具有明显的控释特性,体内外相关性良好。     

非诺贝特-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物在大鼠体内的药动学及生物利用度研究

目的研究非诺贝特(FNB)-羟丙基-β-环糊精(HP-β-CD)包合物在大鼠体内的药动学及生物利用度。方法大鼠分别灌胃给予FNB原药及其HP-β-CD包合物,采用HPLC法测定给药后不同时间的血药浓度,并采用3P97药动学程序计算药动学参数。结果 FNB及其HP-β-CD包合物在大鼠体内的药动学过程符合开放一室房室模型。主要药动学参数tmax分别为(6.67±3.50)h和(3.17±2.62)h,Cmax分别为(6.31±3.04)μg·mL-1和(39.82±16.25)μg·mL-1,AUC0^t分别为(81.36±51.00)μg·h·mL-1和(462.74±196.68)μg·h·mL-1,AUC0t分别为(81.36±51.00)μg·h·mL-1和(462.74±196.68)μg·h·mL-1,AUC0^∞分别为(90.34±51.72)μg·h·mL-1和(483.90±260.92)μg·h·mL-1,2组间差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01);FNB包合物的相对原药生物利用度为535.6%。结论 FNB与HP-β-CD形成包合物后,其在大鼠体内的吸收速度明显加快,生物利用度显著提高。     

氯沙坦及其代谢物在朝鲜族和汉族健康人体内的药代动力学

目的:研究朝鲜族和汉族健康受试者口服单剂量氯沙坦钾片的药代动力学.方法:健康受试者20名(朝鲜族10名,汉族10名,男女各半),口服单剂量氯沙坦钾片剂50mg;用HPLC-荧光法测定氯沙坦及其代谢物E-3174血药浓度,采用DAS软件和SPSS软件进行数据处理和统计学分析.结果:单剂量口服50 mg氯沙坦钾片后,朝鲜族受试者的氯沙坦和E-3174的主要药动学参数如下:Cmax分别为(524±349),(493±188)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(0.9±0.4),(2.4±0.8)h;t1/2(1.5±0.4),(3.1±0.7)h;AUC0-24分别为(682±319),(2563±752) ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(752±331),(2608±766)ng·h·mL-1.汉族受试者的氯沙坦和E-3174的主要药动学参数如下:Gmax分别为(351±168),(242±60)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(1.4±1.1),(3.6±1.7)h;t1/2分别为(0.8±0.4),(4.7±1.1)h;AUC0-24分别为(498±172),(1853±194) ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为( 523±184),(1960±182) ng-h·mL-1.结论:氯沙坦钾片在朝鲜族和汉族健康受试者体内药动学参数差异存在统计学意义,在不同性别间药动学参数差异无统计学意义,个体间药动学参数存在较大差异,临床治疗中应实行个体化给药方案.     

贝敏伪麻胶囊在健康人体中的药动学及相对生物利用度

目的研究贝敏伪麻胶囊(试验制剂)和贝敏伪麻片(参比制剂)的人体药动学和相对生物利用度。方法20名健康男性受试者随机双交叉试验,分别单剂量口服试验制剂2粒或参比制剂1片。采用HPLC法测定水杨酸的血药浓度,采用LC-MS/MS法测定对乙酰氨基酚、伪麻黄碱和氯苯那敏的血药浓度,用DAS Ver 2.0软件计算药动学参数,并评价其生物利用度。结果试验制剂和参比制剂水杨酸的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(7.31±5.21)、(7.55±4.11)μg·mL-1,tmax分别为(2.65±0.96)、(2.44±0.80)h,AUC0³6 h分别为(41.58±26.49)、(43.35±26.11)μg·h·mL-1。对乙酰氨基酚的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(927.60±581.63)、(934.29±547.57)ng·mL-1,tmax分别为(3.2±1.8)、(2.3±0.8)h,AUC036 h分别为(41.58±26.49)、(43.35±26.11)μg·h·mL-1。对乙酰氨基酚的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(927.60±581.63)、(934.29±547.57)ng·mL-1,tmax分别为(3.2±1.8)、(2.3±0.8)h,AUC0⁴8 h分别为(6 515.39±2 762.32)、(6 657.62±3133.67)ng·h·mL-1。伪麻黄碱的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(134.16±45.88)、(140.86±55.92)ng·mL-1,tmax分别为(1.9±0.8)、(1.6±0.7)h,AUC048 h分别为(6 515.39±2 762.32)、(6 657.62±3133.67)ng·h·mL-1。伪麻黄碱的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(134.16±45.88)、(140.86±55.92)ng·mL-1,tmax分别为(1.9±0.8)、(1.6±0.7)h,AUC0⁴8 h分别为(1 018.09±367.80)、(1 020.17±388.85)ng·h·mL-1。氯苯那敏的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(3.64±1.52)、(3.90±1.64)ng·mL-1,tmax分别为(3.0±1.8)、(3.2±2.0)h,AUC048 h分别为(1 018.09±367.80)、(1 020.17±388.85)ng·h·mL-1。氯苯那敏的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(3.64±1.52)、(3.90±1.64)ng·mL-1,tmax分别为(3.0±1.8)、(3.2±2.0)h,AUC0⁸ h分别为(74.29±33.13)、(74.95±34.96)ng·h·mL-1。以AUC08 h分别为(74.29±33.13)、(74.95±34.96)ng·h·mL-1。以AUC0^t计算试验制剂中水杨酸、对乙酰氨基酚、伪麻黄碱和氯苯那敏对参比制剂的相对生物利用度F分别为(94.18±18.60)%、(101.62±22.89)%、(102.63±17.55)%和(101.33±16.50)%。结论建立的HPLC以及LC-MS/MS测定法准确、灵敏,结果可靠;统计分析表明贝敏伪麻试验制剂和参比制剂中水杨酸、对乙酰氨基酚、伪麻黄碱和氯苯那敏的吸收、分布、消除速率与程度均无明显差异。     

两种米非司酮片人体生物等效性研究

目的:比较2种米非司酮制剂的人体生物等效性。方法:将24名健康女性志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服米非司酮片(受试制剂)与米非司酮片(参比制剂)50mg,采用LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中米非司酮浓度,用BAPP2.2版软件和DAS2.1.1版软件计算药动学参数和生物利用度。结果:口服受试制剂与参比制剂后的人体药动学参数分别为Cmax(1405.70±380.50)和(1263.80±258.80)ng·h·mL-1,tmax(0.70±0.30)和(0.60±0.30)h,t1/2β(31.70±7.80)和(28.70±9.40)h,AUC0~120(17821.50±4316.90)和(17612.90±6667.40)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0~∞(19286.40±5024.80)和(19053.40±7742.30)ng·h·mL-1。受试制剂的相对生物利用度为114.60%,AUC0~96的90%置信区间在参比制剂的等效范围内。结论:2种米非司酮制剂生物利用度等效。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人血浆氯吡格雷浓度及其生物等效性评价

目的:建立液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)测定人血浆中氯吡格雷的浓度,研究2种硫酸氢氯吡格雷片的人体药动学及相对生物利用度。方法:血浆样品中加入内标美利曲辛,经乙腈沉淀蛋白提取,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法。用建立的方法测定20例健康男性受试者单剂量口服硫酸氢氯吡格雷受试制剂或参比制剂后的血药浓度,求得药动学参数,并对2种制剂的生物等效性进行评价。结果:在0.02～20 ng·mL-1内呈良好的线性关系,方法回收率98.4%～103.2%,日内、日间RSD均小于15%。单次口服75 mg硫酸氢氯吡格雷受试制剂或参比制剂后的Cmax分别为(1.9±1.5)ng·mL-1和(1.8±1.1)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(0.8±0.5)h和(1.0±0.8)h;t1/2分别为(3.4±1.6)h和(3.5±1.5)h;AUC(0-48)分别为(4.4±4.3)h·ng·mL-1和(4.4±4.6)h·ng·mL-1;AUC(0-∞)分别为(4.7±4.4)h·ng·mL-1和(4.7±4.7)h·ng·mL-1。受试制剂对参比制剂的相对生物利用度为(98.2±32.8)%。结论:该方法灵敏,无杂质干扰。测得的受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数之间无明显差异,表明2种制剂在人体内生物等效。     

多潘立酮口腔崩解片在健康人体的药动学和生物等效性

目的:建立液-质联用测定人血浆中多潘立酮的浓度,研究多潘立酮口腔崩解片与多潘立酮片的人体药动学及相对生物利用度。方法:血浆样品中加入内标盐酸苯海拉明,经甲醇沉淀蛋白,采用液-质联用测定。用建立的方法测定18例男性健康志愿者单剂量口服受试制剂(多潘立酮口腔崩解片)或参比制剂(多潘立酮片)后的血药浓度,求得药动学参数,并对2种制剂的生物等效性进行评价。结果:在0.100～50 ng·mL-1内呈良好的线性关系,方法回收率79.2%～87.8%,日内、日间RSD均小于15%。单次口服10 mg受试制剂或参比制剂后的Cmax分别为(20.5±7.6)和(15.8±6.1)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(0.79±0.21)和(0.68±0.31)h;t1/2分别为(9.92±2.02)和(9.50±1.61)h;AUC(0-36)分别为(84.3±26.2)和(71.0±15.0)h·ng·mL-1;AUC(0-∞)分别为(89.8±28.2)和(74.6±16.4)h·ng·mL-1。受试制剂对参比制剂的相对生物利用度为(113.5±10.3)%。结论:该方法灵敏,无杂质干扰。测得的受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数之间无明显差异,表明2种制剂在人体内生物等效。     

复方盐酸二甲双胍胶囊人体生物等效性研究

目的评价国产的复方盐酸二甲双胍胶囊(试验制剂)与市售的盐酸二甲双胍片联合格列本脲片(参比制剂)的人体相对生物利用度。方法18名健康男性志愿者随机交叉口服试验制剂2粒(每粒含二甲双胍250mg,格列本脲1.25mg)或参比制剂盐酸二甲双胍片(250mg)2片、格列本脲片(2.5mg)1片。二甲双胍的血药浓度采用离子对高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定,格列本脲的血药浓度采用高效液相色谱-质谱法(HPLC-MS)测定,计算两者的药动学参数并评价试验制剂的相对生物利用度。结果受试者单次服用试验制剂或参比制剂后,二甲双胍的主要药动学参数如下:AUC0-24分别为(5.90±1.36)和(5.95±1.35)μg·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞分别为(6.17±1.36)和(6.28±1.36)μg·h·mL-1,Cmax分别为(0.82±0.21)和(0.82±0.14)μg·mL-1,tmax分别为(1.43±0.88)和(1.54±0.98)h,相对生物利用度为(100.21±14.10)%;格列本脲的主要药动学参数如下:AUC0-16分别为(270.28±61.82)和(268.70±61.99)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞分别为(287.13±61.97)和(284.17±67.85)ng·h·mL-1,Cmax分别为(62.83±10.89)和(61.44±12.11)ng·mL-1,tmax分别为(2.53±0.79)和(2.81±0.75)h,相对生物利用度为(101.67±14.54)%。结论经统计学分析,试验制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数之间差异无统计学意义,试验制剂与参比制剂生物等效。     

Preparation and evaluation of flurbiprofen-loaded microemulsion for parenteral delivery.

The purpose of this study was to improve the solubility of flurbiprofen, a poorly water-soluble drug, in an oil-in-water (o/w) microemulsion that is suitable for parenteral administration. Microemulsions with varying ratios of oil to surfactant were prepared with ethyl oleate, Tween 20 and isotonic solution. The effect of formulation variables on the particle size of microemulsion and solubility of flurbiprofen in microemulsion system was investigated. The pharmacokinetic parameters of flurbiprofen after intravenous administration of flurbiprofen-loaded microemulsion were compared with those of a solution of the drug. The mean droplet diameter of microemulsion containing less than 1% (w/w) of flurbiprofen was below 100 nm. The maximum solubility of flurbiprofen in the microemulsion system was found to be 10 mg/ml. However, the mean droplet diameters of flurbiprofen-loaded o/w microemulsions tend to be increased at room temperature. The pharmacokinetic parameters of flurbiprofen after intravenous administration of flurbiprofen-loaded microemulsion to rats were not significantly different from those of flurbiprofen in phosphate-buffered saline solution. It can be concluded that microemulsions of flurbiprofen prepared with ethyl oleate and Tween 20 can be used as a parenteral drug carrier for this and other poorly water-soluble drugs, provided that physical stability can be properly addressed. Copyright     

Formulation and evaluation of flurbiprofen microemulsion

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the microemulsion formulations for topical delivery of Flurbiprofen (FP) in order to by pass its gastrointestinal adverse effects. The pseudoternary phase diagrams were developed and various microemulsion formulations were prepared using Isopropyl Myristate (IPM), Ethyl Oleate (EO) as oils, Aerosol OT as surfactant and Sorbitan Monooleate as cosurfactant. The transdermal permeability of flurbiprofen from microemulsions containing IPM and EO as two different oil phases was analyzed using Keshary-Chien diffusion cell through excised rat skin. Flurbiprofen showed higher in vitro permeation from IPM as compared to that of from EO microemulsion. Thus microemulsion containing IPM as oil phase were selected for optimization. The optimization was carried out using 2(3) factorial design. The optimized formula was then subjected to in vivo anti-inflammatory study and the performance of flurbiprofen from optimized formulation was compared with that of gel cream. Flurbiprofen from optimized microemulsion formulation was found to be more effective as compared to gel cream in inhibiting the carrageenan induced rat paw edema at all time intervals. Histopathological investigation of rat skin revealed the safety of microemulsion formulation for topical use. Thus the present study indicates that, microemulsion can be a promising vehicle for the topical delivery of flurbiprofen.     

The effects of flurbiprofen on the passive transfer of adjuvant-induced arthritis.

The effect of flurbiprofen on the passive transfer of adjuvant-induced arthritis was studied to determine if flurbiprofen acted in the donor and/or recipient arms of this model. Groups of donor and recipient rats were treated with either placebo or flurbiprofen 4 mg/kg. Joint scores were markedly decreased in recipient rats treated with flurbiprofen irrespective of the whether donor animals were treated with placebo or flurbiprofen (p less than 0.01). There was also a moderate decrease in the ability of donor cells from rats treated with flurbiprofen to suppress the severity of arthritis (p less than 0.01); however, this effect was less marked than that seen in recipient animals. These data imply that flurbiprofen may act at multiple sites in adjuvant-induced arthritis, but the major site of action of flurbiprofen in this model is in the recipient animals.     

Enhance transdermal delivery of flurbiprofen via microemulsions: Effects of different types of surfactants and cosurfactants

Background and the purpose of the study

Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, clear dispersions of water, oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant. This study was aimed to develop flurbiprofen microemulsion for enhanced transdermal delivery and investigate the effects of different surfactants and cosurfactants on its delivery and phase behavior.

Method

Various surfactant-cosurfactant mixtures in ratio of 2:1 (Smix) along with oleic acid (oil) were selected and phase diagrams were constructed. Six microemulsions each containing 5% drug, 5% oil, 56% Smix and 34% water, were prepared and compared for their permeation and phase behaviors to determine the effects of the type of Smix.

Results

In vitro transdermal permeation through rabbit skin of all microemulsions was high than saturated aqueous drug solution. Tween 20 and ethanol as Smix produced the highest flux amongst all the Smix, and were used to prepare formulations with different values of oil and Smix. While the type of surfactant did not affect the droplet size, propylene glycol as cosurfactant produced the largest droplets and highest viscosity. Decrease in oil or Smix concentration resulted in decrease of the droplet size and increase in permeation flux while decrease in viscosity also increased the permeation flux of microemulsions. Finally the selected microemulsion formulation comprising 5% flurbiprofen, 5% oleic acid, 46% Tween 20:ethanol (2:1) and 44% water, showed the highest transdermal flux and caused no skin irritation.

Conclusion

Type of surfactant and cosurfactant affect both the phase behavior and transdermal drug delivery of microemulsion; and results of this study showed that they are promising vehicles for improved transdermal delivery and sustained action of flurbiprofen.     

Enhanced solubility and bioavailability of flurbiprofen by cycloamylose

The effect of cycloamylose on the aqueous solubility of flurbiprofen was investigated. To improve the solubility and bioavailability of flurbiprofen (poor water solubility), a solid dispersion was spray dried with a solution of flurbiprofen and cycloamylose at a weight ratio of 1:1. The physicochemical properties of solid dispersions were investigated using SEM, DSC, and X-ray diffraction. The dissolution and bioavailability in rats were evaluated compared with a commercial product. Cycloamylose increased solubility of flurbiprofen approximately 12-fold and dissolution of it by 2-fold. Flurbiprofen was present in an unchanged crystalline state, and cycloamylose was a solubilizing agent for flurbiprofen in this solid dispersion. Furthermore, the dispersion gave higher AUC and C_max values compared with the commercial product, indicating that it improved the oral bioavailability of flurbiprofen in rats. Thus, the solid dispersion may be useful to deliver flurbiprofen with enhanced bioavailability without changes in crystalline structure.     

Solid lipid nanoparticles bearing flurbiprofen for transdermal delivery

Topical application of the drugs at the pathological sites offer potential advantages of delivering the drug directly to the site of action and thus producing high tissue concentrations of the drug. The solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) bearing flurbiprofen were prepared by microemulsion method by dispersing o/w microemulsion in a cold aqueous surfactant medium under mechanical stirring. The SLN gel was prepared by adding SLN dispersion to polyacrylamide gel prepared by using polyacrylamide (0.5%), glycerol (10%), and water (69.5%). Shape and surface morphology was determined by scanning electron microscopy that revealed fairly spherical shape of the formulation. Percent drug entrapment was higher in SLN dispersion in comparison to SLN gel formulations. In vitro drug release, determined using cellophane membrane, showed that SLN dispersion exhibited higher drug release compared with SLN gel formulations. Both the SLN dispersion and SLN-gel formulation possessed a sustained drug release over a 24-hr period, but this sustained effect was more pronounced with SLN-gel formulations. The percent inhibition of edema after 8 hr was 55.51 ± 0.26% in case of SLN-T4-gel, whereas flurbiprofen and SLN-T4 dispersion exhibited 28.81 ± 0.46 and 31.89 ± 0.82 inhibition of edema. The SLN-T4-gel not only decreased the inflammation to larger magnitude, but also sustained its effect.     

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Bearing Flurbiprofen for Transdermal Delivery

Topical application of the drugs at the pathological sites offer potential advantages of delivering the drug directly to the site of action and thus producing high tissue concentrations of the drug. The solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) bearing flurbiprofen were prepared by microemulsion method by dispersing o/w microemulsion in a cold aqueous surfactant medium under mechanical stirring. The SLN gel was prepared by adding SLN dispersion to polyacrylamide gel prepared by using polyacrylamide (0.5%), glycerol (10%), and water (69.5%). Shape and surface morphology was determined by scanning electron microscopy that revealed fairly spherical shape of the formulation. Percent drug entrapment was higher in SLN dispersion in comparison to SLN gel formulations. In vitro drug release, determined using cellophane membrane, showed that SLN dispersion exhibited higher drug release compared with SLN gel formulations. Both the SLN dispersion and SLN-gel formulation possessed a sustained drug release over a 24-hr period, but this sustained effect was more pronounced with SLN-gel formulations. The percent inhibition of edema after 8 hr was 55.51 ± 0.26% in case of SLN-T4-gel, whereas flurbiprofen and SLN-T4 dispersion exhibited 28.81 ± 0.46 and 31.89 ± 0.82 inhibition of edema. The SLN-T4-gel not only decreased the inflammation to larger magnitude, but also sustained its effect.     

Comparison of solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (solid SMEDDS) prepared with hydrophilic and hydrophobic solid carrier

In order to compare the effects of hydrophilic and hydrophobic solid carrier on the formation of solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS), two solid SMEDDS formulations were prepared by spray-drying the solutions containing liquid SMEDDS and solid carriers. Colloidal silica and dextran were used as a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic carrier, respectively. The liquid SMEDDS, composed of Labrafil M 1944 CS/Labrasol/Trasncutol HP (12.5/80/7.5%) with 2% w/v flurbiprofen, gave a z-average diameter of about 100 nm. Colloidal silica produced an excellent conventional solid SMEDDS in which the liquid SMEDDS was absorbed onto its surfaces. It gave a microemulsion droplet size similar to that of the liquid SMEDDS (about 100 nm) which was smaller than the other solid SMEDDS formulation. In the solid SMEDDS prepared with dextran, liquid SMEDDS was not absorbed onto the surfaces of carrier but formed a kind of nano-sized microcapsule with carrier. However, the drug was in an amorphous state in two solid SMEDDS formulations. Similarly, they greatly improved the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of flurbiprofen in rats due to the fast spontaneous emulsion formation and the decreased droplet size. Thus, except appearance, hydrophilic carrier (dextran) and hydrophobic carrier (colloidal silica) hardly affected the formation of solid SMEDDS such as crystalline properties, dissolution and oral bioavailability.     

氟比洛芬酯对切口痛大鼠痛行为及脊髓c-fos蛋白表达的影响

目的通过术前和术后尾静脉注射不同剂量的氟比洛芬酯对切口痛大鼠镇痛效果的比较,探讨氟比洛芬酯的预防性镇痛效果。方法雄性SD大鼠64只,随机分为8组,每组8只。本实验分为F部分和C部分;F部分于术前20min给予生理盐水或不同剂量的氟比洛芬酯,C部分于术后20min给予生理盐水或不同剂量的氟比洛芬酯。F部分和C部分各分为4组,即生理盐水组(F1,C1组),氟比洛芬酯1,5,9mg/kg组(F2,F3,F4组,C2,C3,C4组)。采用累积疼痛评分方法对其进行行为学评价,并于术后2h将大鼠处死取其脊髓膨大处,用免疫组织化学方法研究脊髓背角c-fos蛋白的表达情况。结果①F部分:与F1组比较,F2、F3和F4组累积疼痛评分均降低(P<0.05),c-fos阳性表达细胞数量均减少(P<0.05);②C部分:与C1组比较,C2、C3和C4组累积疼痛评分均降低(P<0.05),c-fos阳性表达细胞数量减少(P<0.05);③F和C部分比较:免疫组织化学结果显示F3组与C4组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),即术前中剂量组就产生了术后大剂量组的镇痛效果。结论术前使用氟比洛芬酯能产生预防性的镇痛效果,且镇痛效果较好。     

紫杉醇自乳化微乳的制备及其在大鼠体内的药动学

目的:制备紫杉醇微乳,并对其急性过敏反应和大鼠体内的药动学进行考察。方法:三角相图法探讨了紫杉醇自乳化微乳(以下简称自微乳)的形成条件,采用均匀设计优化组成制备自微乳。以紫杉醇注射液对照,比较自微乳豚鼠的急性过敏反应和大鼠体内的药动学。结果: 以三辛酸甘油酯三丁酸甘油酯(1 ∶1)为油相,无水乙醇作助乳化剂制备的紫杉醇自微乳经生理盐水稀释后形成稳定的微乳,平均粒径为(16±s3)nm。以紫杉醇注射液作对照,自微乳豚鼠的急性过敏反应明显降低。统计矩分析,紫杉醇自微乳与紫杉醇注射液大鼠体内平均滞留时间分别为3. 89h和2. 52h,自微乳延长药物在大鼠体内的滞留时间。结论:通过优化处方制备的紫杉醇自微乳具有较好的稳定性,并可显著降低急性过敏反应。