Congenital nephrotic syndrome with a novel NPHS1 mutation

Congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (CNF) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. The incidence of CNF is relatively high in Finland but considerably lower in other countries. We encountered a male newborn with CNF, associated with compound heterozygous mutations in nephrosis 1, congenital, Finnish type (NPHS1). The patient was admitted to hospital as a preterm infant. Physical and laboratory findings fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of nephrotic syndrome, and were compatible with a diagnosis of CNF, but there was no family history of the disease. On genetic analysis of NPHS1 a paternally derived heterozygous frame‐shift mutation caused by an 8 bp deletion, resulting in a stop codon in exon 16 (c.2156‐2163 delTGCACTGC causing p.L719DfsX4), and a novel, maternally derived nonsense mutation in exon 15 (c.1978G>T causing p.E660X) were identified. Early genetic diagnosis of CNF is important for proper clinical management and appropriate genetic counseling.     

中国南方汉族散发性先天性肾病综合征NPHS1基因突变1例

目的 分析中国南方汉族1例散发性先天性肾病综合征(CNS)患儿NPHS1基因突变及其特点.方法 研究对象为1例中国南方汉族CNS患儿及其父母,对照人群为50例尿液检查正常的南方汉族成年人.取所有研究对象外周静脉血3 mL,提取基因组DNA,PCR扩增NPHS1全部29个外显子及其周围的部分内含子和启动子全长序列,对PCR产物直接进行DNA序列测定.结果 在CNS患儿检测出NPHS1基因3250insG(V1084fsX1095)纯合突变,其父母分别携带3250insG杂合突变.在CNS患儿及其父母还检测出3种已报道的NPHS1基因多态性--349G＞A、3315G＞A和IVS27+45C＞T.在50例对照人群中未发现NPHS1基因3250insG变异;但检测出349G＞A、3315G＞A和IVS27+45C＞T基因多态性.结论 首次在1例中国南方汉族CNS患儿发现了NPHS1基因纯合突变--3250insG(V1084fsX1095),表明中国南方汉族散发性CNS患儿存在NPHS1基因突变,提示对中国南方汉族散发性CNS患儿需进行NPHS1基因突变分析.     

NPHS1基因Fin-minor突变致中国先天性肾病综合征2例报道并文献复习

目的总结2例先天性肾病综合征芬兰型NPHS1基因Fin-minor突变患儿临床资料,提高对该病的认识。方法报道2例先天性肾病综合征患儿的临床特点。对可能致病基因NPHS1、NPHS2、PLCε1、LAMB2、COQ2和LMX1B外显子和WT1基因第8、9外显子,以及外显子相邻附近区域进行直接测序。对该家系相关成员进行NPHS1基因外显子及附近调控区域直接测序,分析突变位点,并文献综述。 结果2例患儿均于出生后1个月内起病,临床表现为肾病综合征。血清病原学检查均为阴性。家系调查未发现家族中有类似疾病的成员。NPHS1、NPHS2、PLCε1、LAMB2、COQ2、LMX1B和WT1基因分析发现,2例患儿存在双NPHS1基因杂合突变,未发现其他基因有致病性突变。1例患儿为NPHS1基因的p.R1109X（c. 3325C>T ,Fin-minor）和IVS26DS-2A>T杂合突变,IVS26DS-2A>T剪切突变为首次报道,其父亲携带IVS26DS-2A>T,其母亲携带p.R1109X。1例患儿为NPHS1基因的p.R1109X （c. 3325C>T ）和p.A1160X （c.3478C>T）杂合突变,其母亲携带p.R1109X突变,未发现p.A1160X突变,其父亲拒绝行NPHS1基因分析。以上发现的突变在100例正常人群中未发现。 结论中国先天性肾病综合征儿童不仅有NPHS1基因突变,而且有经典的Fin-minor突变,为国内首报。本研究新发现的IVS26DS-2A>T剪切突变丰富了NPHS1基因突变谱。     

先天性肾病综合征芬兰型1例基因突变报告并文献复习

目的探讨先天性肾病综合征芬兰型(CNF)的临床表现及NPHS1基因突变类型。方法回顾分析1例CNF患儿的临床特点、患儿和父母NPHS1基因检测结果,并复习相关文献。结果患儿男性,34周早产,出生后即发病,临床表现为肾病综合征,血清病原学检查均为阴性,无家族史。患儿存在NPHS1基因突变c. 741GA,p.(Trp247*), c.928GA,p.(Asp310Asn),确诊为CNF。其中c. 741GA,p.(Trp247*),国内外均未见报道。结论新发现c. 741GA无义突变,丰富了NPHS1基因的突变谱。     

Clinical course of congenital nephrotic syndrome and Denys-Drash syndrome in Japan

BACKGROUND: The prognosis of Japanese patients with congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) and Denys-Drash syndrome (DDS) is not clear. METHODS: Five patients with CNS and four patients with DDS, which causes secondary CNS, were studied retrospectively. RESULTS: Seven patients were sporadic and two DDS patients were identical twins. Five CNS patients presented with edema within 3 months of birth. In four DDS patients, edema was not noted and end-stage renal disease developed between 7 months and 6 years of age. Of these five CNS patients, one patient had cerebral thrombosis and cytomegalovirus pneumonia at the onset and another patient died during dialysis. Frequent intravenous albumin administration required, growth and development during infancy were varied. Of the nine patients with CNS and DDS, seven received renal transplantation and were alive with functioning grafts at the last follow up. Catch-up growth was observed in five patients after transplantation. Five school-aged patients attended school and received adequate grades and two adults worked full-time. Of the DDS patients, dysuria due to hypospadias persisted in one patient and treatment for hypogonadism was needed in one patient. CONCLUSIONS: CNS and DDS were diagnosed early after onset and adequate treatment was started. Growth and development after renal transplantation were relatively good. Thrombotic episodes or severe infection in CNS patients was difficult to manage and complications resulting from DDS affected the quality of life.     

广东地区原发性激素耐药型肾病综合征患儿NPHS2、CD2AP基因突变筛查

目的 研究广东地区原发性激素耐药型肾病综合征(SRNS)患儿NPHS2和CD2AP基因变异情况,探讨NPHS2和CD2AP基因变异与SRNS发病的关系,为儿童SRNS的临床诊治提供理论依据.方法 随机选取26例广东地区原发性SRNS患儿和20例健康儿童,对其NPHS2基因8个外显子和CD2AP基因18个外显子的PCR产物进行直接测序,所得结果与美国国立生物技术信息中心(NCBI)的基因数据库进行比对,检测基因变异情况.结果 26例患儿中14例SRNS患儿和4例健康对照组儿童存在NPHS2单核苷酸多态性(288C ＞T,954T＞C,1038A＞ G),均为已报道的单核苷酸多态性,但2组之间的基因型和等位基因频率比较差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05);所测SRNS患儿中仅有2例检测出CD2AP基因1个内含子区突变(1917 +20C＞G).结论 NPHS2基因变异可能并非中国广东地区SRNS患儿发病的主要机制;CD2AP基因内含子突变可能增加患儿对早发性SRNS和局灶节段性肾小球硬化的易感性,提示内含子可能参与SRNS的发病.     

Congenital erythropoietic porphyria associated with nephrotic syndrome and renal siderosis

A 9-year-old boy with typical features of congenital erythropoietic porphyria who had received more than 50 blood transfusions developed the steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in the presence of normal glomerular function and glucosuria. Renal biopsy showed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and widespread iron deposits. Magnetic resonance scanning revealed advanced siderosis of liver and kidneys. During a 4 year treatment by desferrioxamine the serum ferritin level was reduced, proteinuria dropped and serum proteins increased whilst glomerular filtration decreased slowly. It is suggested that the nephrotic syndrome may be a consequence of renal siderosis amenable to iron-chelating therapy.     

NPHS2 基因突变致遗传性肾病综合征患儿临床特点

目的探讨NPHS2基因突变所致激素耐药型肾病综合征的临床特点。方法回顾分析2例NPHS2基因突变所致激素耐药型肾病综合征患儿的临床资料,并结合文献进行复习。结果 2例患儿均为男性,发病年龄2岁、3岁。临床表现为大量蛋白尿、低白蛋白血症、高胆固醇血症。肾脏病理1例为局灶节段性肾小球硬化,另1例为微小病变。均伴有反复发作性腹股沟斜疝,1例伴左侧睾丸发育不全。相关基因检测均证实存在NPHS2突变。病初即激素耐药,其后激素联合多种免疫抑制剂治疗仍无效。发病3年内均进入终末期肾病阶段。结论对于激素耐药性肾病综合征男性患儿,伴多发疝或睾丸发育异常等肾外表现时,应注意除外NPHS2基因突变所致遗传性肾病综合征可能。     

Congenital nephrotic syndrome with clinical hypothyroidism

A 15 month old boy with typical features of congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) is reported, who in addition to the renal pathology had an associated clinical hypothyroidism with low levels of total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine and an elevated serum TSH. Improvement in the physical parameters and mental status from thyroid hormone replacement therapy is documented.     

Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome with adrenal calcification and cardiac malformation

Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome (CNS) with adrenal calcification and CNS with congenital heart disease (CHD) have rarely been reported. However, CNS with both these rare associations has never been previously reported. Here we report a case of CNS with both rare associations, perhaps the first report from India to the best of our knowledge.     

First Japanese case of Pierson syndrome with mutations in LAMB2

Pierson syndrome (OMIM 609049) is typically characterized by congenital nephritic syndrome and peculiar ocular anomalies with microcoria. It is caused by mutations in LAMB2, which encodes laminin β2. Approximately 50 mutations of LAMB2 from approximately 40 unrelated families have been identified; however, most of them were from Western countries. Although three patients in Asia with mutations of LAMB2 have been reported, they were not typical cases. We report the first Japanese case of Pierson syndrome with proven causative LAMB2 mutations. She presented with congenital nephrotic syndrome and bilateral microcoria at birth, and developed end‐stage renal disease at 2 months of age. This is the first report of a typical case from Asia. LAMB2 analysis by direct sequencing revealed the compound heterozygous mutations c.3974_3975insA (p.N1325KfsX1331, maternal, novel) in exon 25 and c.4519C>T (p.Q1507X, paternal) in exon 27. The phenotype due to LAMB2 mutations appears to be similar between different ethnic groups.     

新生儿芬兰型先天性肾病综合征1例基因突变类型

目的探讨芬兰型先天性肾病综合征(CNF)患儿的NPHS1基因突变类型。方法回顾分析1例CNF患儿的临床资料,以及患儿及其父母的NPHS1基因检测结果。结果男性新生儿,34周早产,出生后呼吸困难,出生第3天出现尿糖、尿蛋白、血尿,临床确诊为先天性肾病综合征。患儿NPHS1基因出现2个杂合突变:c.1699??C,p.(Cys567Arg);c.3523_3524de1TT,p.(Leu1175Valfs)。其父亲携带c.1699??C,p.(Cys567Arg)杂合突变,母亲携带c.3523_3524de1TT,p.(Leu1175Valfs)杂合突变。结论 NPHS1基因的c.1699??C,p.(Cys567Arg);c.3523_3524de1TT,p.(Leu1175Valfs)突变可能引起CNF,其中c.1 699??C,p.(Cys567Arg)国内外未见报道。     

Multiple drug-resistant gene 1 in children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome

Background: A full dose of corticosteroid is required to induce complete remission (CR) in steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS), unless it is possible to taper and discontinue along with the course after CR. But the mechanism of this change in steroid sensitivity remains unknown. P‐glycoprotein (PGP) can eliminate given corticosteroids from cytoplasm, which results in corticosteroid resistance. Therefore, drug delivery was analyzed using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of multiple drug‐resistant gene 1 (MDR1; encoding PGP) mRNA expression. Methods: Fourteen patients with SSNS (male/female: 14/0; age: 1–23 years; mean 10.4 years) were enrolled in the study. MDR1 mRNA gene expression of peripheral blood nucleated cells (PBNC), before and after CR (19 sets of blood samples), was quantified using real‐time PCR. Results: The MDR1 mRNA levels before CR were variable in each patient, but there was an apparent decrease in the MDR1 gene expression of PBNC after CR (P < 0.003). Conclusion: PGP may play a role in the tapering of corticosteroids after CR in SSNS.     

表现为肾病综合征的IgA肾病临床、病理及治疗

目的 观察IgA肾病(IgAN)中表现为肾病综合征的患儿发病情况，分析临床与病理的特征关系及其对治疗的反应，以期提高临床诊治水平。方法 分析1999～2000年我科83例免疫病理诊断为原发IgAN中表现为肾病综合征（NS)的临床、组织病理特点及其治疗的结果。结果 83例中表现为NSll例，占IgAN的13．3％；表现为单纯性2例，肾炎性9例，属于少见临床表现类型。按WHO病理组织分类，2例单纯性肾病病理改变为Ⅱ级；9例肾炎性肾病病理改变为Ⅱ级l例，Ⅲ级5例，Ⅳ级3例。免疫荧光则以IgA IgG C3型多见，且多伴毛细血管壁沉积。对激素治疗反应为激素耐药。积极予甲基波尼松龙或(和)环磷酰胺(CTX)联合冲击治疗，联合使用卡托普利(ACEJ)、抗凝等综合治疗，可使尿蛋白尽快轮阴或降低尿蛋白。结论 小儿原发IgAN中表现为NS者属IgAN临床少见类型，对单纯激素治疗反应不佳。冲击及综合治疗可尽快改善其，临床表现，保护肾功能，延缓病情进展，改善预后。肾活检可提高18AN在NS的检出率，提高临床诊疗水平。     

激素耐药型肾病综合征与MYO1 E基因突变

MYO1E基因位于染色体15q21-22,编码非肌源性肌球蛋白I,即myosin 1e。 myosin 1e与基于肌动蛋白纤维的细胞骨架关系密切,对于维持肾小球足细胞的形态和运动功能以及肾小球滤过屏障的完整性具有重要作用。 MYO1E基因突变所致激素耐药型肾病综合征呈常染色体隐性遗传,儿童期发病,对激素耐药。但是,部分携带MYO1E基因突变的SRNS患儿对环孢霉素A有部分效应。 MYO1E基因突变分析有助于指导SRNS的治疗和判断预后。     

Autoimmune hepatitis in a child presenting with hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS)

HPS has been described in 9–20% of children with end‐stage liver disease. We present a case of a previously, asymptomatic nine‐yr‐old incidentally found to have low oxygen saturation. Physical exam was remarkable for digital clubbing, splenomegaly and orthodeoxia. Laboratory evaluation revealed a low platelet count, hyperammonemia, and prolonged coagulation studies. Sonography showed evidence of splenomegaly and portal venous hypertension. High resolution CT thorax and CTA were normal. HPS was confirmed by agitated saline contrast enhanced echocardiography and Tc‐99m MAA scan with evidence of intrapulmonary vascular dilatations. Liver biopsy was performed and consistent with autoimmune hepatitis. A high clinical index of suspicion should be maintained for HPS in pediatric patients who have unexplained hypoxemia as typical signs and symptoms of severe liver disease are often absent. In this report, we discuss a case of HPS complicated AIH in a pediatric patient and review the relevant literature.