上海地区中小学生营养与肥胖状况调查

目的：本文通过对3所中学和3所小学学生的营养与肥胖状况调查，以了解目前上海地区部分学生的营养状况和肥胖的发生率。方法：采用膳食调查和体格检查，并对数据进行统计分析。结果：平均每人每天热能、蛋白质和铁的摄入量超过RDA标准，但钙和维生素B1的摄入量不足。按体质指数评价标准，小学男生肥胖发生率为21．8％，女生为14．5％；中学男生为18．3％，女生为16．9％。结论：相关性检验发现，肥胖与总热能的摄入量有关，尤其是与晚餐的热能摄入量呈高度相关。另外与膳食中碳水化合物的摄入量及偏食习惯也有关。     

某中等卫校学生膳食营养状况

目的 了解中等卫校学生的膳食营养状况。方法 采用记帐法进行膳食调查，并进行现时营养状况调查。结果 膳食供给的谷类、蔬菜、肉、蛋、鱼虾等达不同中国居民平衡膳食宝塔的建议量，其中谷类只占建议量的79．6％，蔬菜为57．1％，肉禽为75．2％，蛋类为57．2％，鱼虾类为21％，缺少奶类。营养素中蛋白质、碳水化合物、热能、维生素B1、维生素B2和无机盐等摄入量均在RDA的80％以下，特别是核黄素和钙摄入量仅达RDA的1／3，优质蛋白及动物铁的来源也不符合青少年应有的要求，其中动物铁仅占11．02％。有25．6％的学生体重达不到应有的标准，有3％的男生及12．9％的女生有口腔、皮肤疾病。血红蛋白（Rb）测定提示有16．5％的女生及2．8％的男生出现缺铁性贫血。结论 中等卫校学生营养不合理，应在学生及膳食中加强中国居民膳食指南的宣传教育及其他营养知识的教育。     

中山医科大学入学新生营养状况

目的 了解中山医科大学入学新生的营养状况，以便针对存在的问题及时采取干预措施。方法 随机抽取265名大学新生进行膳食调查和体格检查。结果 与“推荐的每日膳食中营养素供给量（RDA）”比较，男生的蛋白质、铁、维生素B1用维生素PP，女生的铁和维生素PP摄入量达到并超过的80％；男女生其余营养素摄入量均低于RDA的80％，其中，钙和维生素C摄入量低于RDA的50％。蛋白质和热能来源,早餐热能偏低。女生营养不良率和贫血率均显著高于男性。结论 应增加热能食品、奶类及奶制品以及新鲜蔬菜水果的摄入量。     

北京山区3所小学学龄儿童膳食营养素摄入量与生长发育状况研究

目的：了解北京近郊山区学龄儿童膳食营养素摄入量与体格发育状况，方法：采用膳食调查等方法调查学龄儿童膳食营养素摄入量状况；测量其同期身高，体重，计算身体质量指数（BMI）并与正常参考值比较。结果：（1）受检儿童膳食能量、蛋白质、铁、硫胺素与维生素C平均每日摄入量均达RDA的85％以上，膳食钙、锌、视黄醇与核黄素分别低于RDA的70％，膳食钙摄入量仅占RDA的36．9％。（2）食物频率调查显示，食物构成比较单调，经常摄入的是米，面和蔬菜，而鱼类，肉类、猪肝、豆制品等很少摄入，经常不吃早餐的儿童占27．1％，早餐食物质量不高，主要为方便面，米饭，缺乏牛肉，豆浆，鸡蛋等。（3）平均身高，体重与全国调研标准基本符合。男生超重检出率为9．77％，肥胖检出率为4．78％；女生超重检出率为10．93％，肥胖检出率为2．50％，结论：该人群膳食主体是以植物性食物为主，缺少动脉性食物，豆类及其制品，属温饱型膳食结构，应采取合理的综合干预措施，有效地改善其膳食营养状况。     

重庆市城乡居民膳食结构分析

[目的]了解重庆市城乡居民膳食结构和营养状况,为今后开展营养教育和营养改善工作提供科学依据。[方法]依据2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查重庆地区的资料,分析重庆市城乡居民的膳食结构。[结果]重庆市城乡居民平均每人日摄入能量分别为2 413.6 kcal和2 538.2 kcal,达RDA（Recommended Dietary Allwance,RDA）的101.0%和106.1%。蛋白质和脂肪分别为65.8 g和94.6 g,提供能量分别为10.9%和36.9%。钙476.6 mg,达RDA的59.6%。膳食能量的53.2%来自谷类,蛋白质的43.5%来自谷类。动物脂肪占膳食脂肪的37.7%。[结论]重庆市居民的膳食特点为水果、奶及奶制品摄入不足,改善居民的膳食模式应以调整不平衡膳食结构为主要目的。     

453名大学生膳食调查

目的　了解温州市高校学生现时营养状况 ,并针对出现的问题提出改进措施。　方法　采用 2 4h膳食记录及称重法连续 4d调查温州市某高校 4 5 3名大学生的膳食消费结构。　结果　男生热能的摄入占参考摄入量 (DRIs)的 95 .7% ,达到DRIs的要求 ;女生热能的摄入量为DRIs的 84 .1% ,基本满足需要。蛋白质摄入量男生平均为 71.2g ,达DRIs的 94 .9% ;女生平均 6 3.8g达DRIs的 98.2 %。男女生铁的摄入量占DRIs10 8.7%和 92 .5 %。钙、锌及多种维生素摄入量均不足。　结论　必须加强膳食指导 ,调整膳食结构 ,以提高矿物质、维生素等摄入量     

成都市城乡居民膳食组成及营养素的总膳食研究

应用总膳食研究方法对成都市城乡代表人群的膳食组成和16种营养素（碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪、视黄醇、硫胺素、核黄素、抗坏血酸、钙、铁、锌、镁、钾、钠、铜、锰、钻）进行了研究。结果表明：城市居民动物性食物消费普遍高于农村，其中，以猪肉为代表的肉类消费仍分别占城乡居民动物性食物消费总量的61．9％和87．6％；城乡代表性膳食组成仍以粮谷类和蔬菜等植物性为主；全市平均及城市多数食物消费水平已超过或接近推荐的2000年膳食目标，但农村与目标差距较大。全市平均及分城乡摄入的热量分别达到RDA的106．9％、102．1％和111．8％；蛋白质分别达到RDA的96．7％、104．7％和91，2％；铁、铜、锰、钴、钠的摄入量较充足，已分别达到我国RDA和WHO提出的ESADDI；但也存在全市平均及分城乡视黄醇当量、硫胺素、核黄素、抗坏血酸、钙、锌、钾均摄入不足以及城市脂肪摄入过高，农村蛋白质质量较差等值得重视的问题。与以往的研究结果比，居民的营养改善不明显。     

河南医大特困生与普通生膳食营养状况分析

对河南医科大学42名特困生和42名普通生进行了膳食营养状况调查。结果表明：膳食能量的摄入量与推荐供给量标准（RDA）比较，特困生仅达80％，显示不足，普通生达RDA的90％以上，基本满足要求。能量来源的69．6％～70．9％为碳水化合物，11．6％～12．4％为蛋白质，17．5％～18．0％为脂肪，其中来自脂肪的能量偏低，应适当提高。蛋白质的平均摄入量达RDA的80％以上，基本满足需要，但是优质蛋白不足。钙、锌元素摄入量为RDA的60％，严重不足；硫胺素、核黄素、抗坏血酸摄入量为RDA的80％，视黄醇当量低于60％，几种维生素的摄入量普遍不足。膳食结构亦不尽合理，应改进膳食给构，增加副食摄入，提高优质蛋白质、脂肪、矿物质、维生素等的摄入量。     

高原寒区某高炮部队膳食营养调查与评价

目的：了解高原寒区高炮部队在伙食费标准上调后的膳食营养状况，为部队安排膳食和改善营养提出建议。方法：采用称量法对驻藏某高炮部队进行膳食营养调查。结果：部队膳食中谷类、很茎类、叶菜类为主，占83．06％；每日人均摄入热量14．80MJ，消耗能量14．62MJ；蛋白质摄入量为115．97g，优质蛋白占19．80％；碳水化合物高于军标；脂肪稍微不足；维生素摄入量不足；Ca略低于标准，Fe满足机体代谢需要；战士营养缺乏病体征者达53．50％；体重较重及肥胖者占35％，皮褶厚度、体脂含量、肌围均正常者占90％。结论：部队膳食营养状况基本良好，但存在蛋白质的摄入量达标质量欠佳，维生素损失过多导致部分营养缺乏病等问题。     

大理医学院部分女大学生膳食营养状况分析

目的：了解医学院女大学生膳食素摄入情况。方法：采用24h膳食记录和称重法，连续3d调查医大二、三年级女生膳食，并进行实验室生化检查，结果：护理专业女生能量摄入量只达RDA的45．2％，早餐占全日热量的17．7％，动物性脂肪大于植物性脂肪，蛋白质主要来源于植物性食品，优质蛋白质摄入量适宜；钙、维生素A、维生素B2摄入量不足。结论：该医学院女大学生膳食状况离平衡膳食相差较远，能量摄入严重不足，建议调整膳食结构，提高膳食能量，植物性脂肪、维生素A、维生素B2的摄入量，减少动物性脂肪摄入量。     

Nutrient intakes in long-stay mentally handicapped persons

A study of the dietary intake of 115 male and 217 female mentally handicapped persons aged 15-64 years in five long-stay institutions was carried out using a semi-weighed technique over 4 d. Nineteen per cent of males and 5% of females were classified as being underweight and 15% of males and 27% of females were classified as being obese. The average daily intakes of nutrients were: energy 8.8 MJ, protein 92 g, carbohydrate 218 g, fat 101 g, dietary fibre 18 g, calcium 1024 mg, iron 12.5 mg, vitamin B6 1.4 mg, vitamin B12 10.8 micrograms, ascorbic acid 68 mg. The distribution of energy between protein, carbohydrate and fat was 18, 39 and 43% respectively. Energy intakes were not related to ambulatory status, degree of mental handicap, the level of drug usage or body mass index. Energy intakes varied significantly between hospitals and between the sexes.     

Validity of reported energy expenditure and energy and protein intakes in Swedish adolescent vegans and omnivores

BACKGROUND: It is difficult to obtain accurate reports of dietary intake; therefore, reported dietary intakes must be validated. Researchers need low-cost methods of estimating energy expenditure to validate reports of energy intake in groups with different lifestyles and eating habits. OBJECTIVE: We sought to validate the reported energy expenditure and energy and protein intakes of Swedish adolescent vegans and omnivores. DESIGN: We compared 16 vegans (7 females and 9 males; mean age: 17.4 +/- 0.8 y) with 16 omnivores matched for sex, age, and height. Energy expenditure as reported in a physical activity interview and energy and protein intakes as reported by diet history were validated by using the doubly labeled water method and by measuring urinary nitrogen excretion. RESULTS: The validity of reported energy expenditure and energy and protein intakes was not significantly different between vegans and omnivores. The physical activity interview had a bias toward underestimating energy expenditure by 1.4 +/- 2.6 MJ/d (95% CI: 2.4, 0.5 MJ/d). The diet-history interview had a bias toward underestimating energy intake by 1.9 +/- 2.7 MJ/d (95% CI: 2.9, 1.0 MJ/d) but showed good agreement with the validation method for nitrogen (protein) intake (underestimate of 0.40 +/- 1.90 g N/d; 95% CI: 1.10, 0.29 g N/d). CONCLUSIONS: The physical activity and diet-history interviews underestimated energy expenditure and energy intake, respectively. Energy intake and expenditure were underestimated to the same extent, and the degree of underestimation was not significantly different between vegans and omnivores. Valid protein intakes were obtained with the diet-history method for both vegans and omnivores.     

Food consumption and nutrient intake in a sample of Italian secondary school students: results from the INRAN-RM-2001 food survey

The present study was designed to estimate the average food and nutrient intake in a sample of Italian students living in the District of Rome. In the school year 1999-2000 all students belonging to the first, second or third year of nine randomly selected secondary public schools were contacted for filling in a food frequency questionnaire (3982 subjects). The next year, 233 of them (125 males and 108 females), randomly extracted, participated in a detailed food survey. Food intake was assessed on the basis of 12 (four consecutive days in three different periods) 24-h dietary records. The average daily intakes of fruit (107 +/- 100 g/day), vegetables (186 +/- 74 g/day) and legumes (16 +/- 29 g/day) were lower than recommended. The percentage of energy intake from fat (39%) and that from saturated fats (12%) were high. On the other hand, the percentage of energy intake from carbohydrates was low (45%) even if that from sugar (14%) was rather high. The students' diet was characterized by low intakes of fibre (16 +/- 6 g/day) and calcium (710 +/- 247 mg/day) in both males and females. Iron intakes were lower than 12 mg/day in a very high percentage of females (80%), suggesting that iron deficiency may be present in this population group. Results indicate that the diet of these students is both unbalanced in terms of macronutrients and deficient for some micronutrients, suggesting the need for intervention.     

Anthropometry, dietary patterns and nutrient intakes of Malaysian estate workers

Studies were carried out in two estates in Kedah and Johor to characterize the anthropometry and dietary patterns of 334 (169 females, 165 males) Malaysian estate workers. Subjects were Malay and Indian adults (aged 18 to 60 years) engaged in various work activities including rubber tappers, palm fruit harvesters, field supervisors and workers in the estate factories. Anthropometric results showed that the prevalence of overweight (26% in men, 25% in women) and obesity (5% in men, 11% in women) were higher compared to prevalence of underweight (11% in men, 9% in women) in these workers despite being engaged in moderate to heavy activities. The dietary intake pattern revealed that the main sources of calories in the diet were rice, cooking oil and sugar. Major sources of protein in the Malay diet were anchovies and fish whilst in the Indian diet protein was provided by salted fish, anchovies, eggs, fish, and pulses. The consumption of poultry, meat and dairy products were low for both ethnic groups. The dietary intakes of a subsampel of 108 normal weight subjects (56 females, 52 males) were recorded for 3 days. The results showed that the mean energy intake was 8.44 ± 2.12 MJ in males and 6.48 ± 1.29 MJ in females. The contribution of calories from protein, fat and carbohydrate were 13%, 22% and 60% in males and 12%, 23% and 65% in females, respectively. Alcohol intake was found to contribute five percent of energy in the diet of the Indian male subjects. Calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin intake were below 66% of the Malaysian RDA, particularly amongst the women. Income appeared to have a significant correlation with energy and iron intakes of the female workers as well as thiamin, niacin and riboflavin intakes of the male workers. There is a need for improving the quality of the dietary intakes of these workers as well as nutrition education on the prevention of obesity and its consequences.     

Evaluation of trace trace elements iron, zinc, copper and lead in the diet of female university students

Food consumption of 50 female students in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia was recorded for 7 days. Foods and drinks most frequently consumed were selected for analysis of iron, zinc, copper and lead content. The mean daily intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate and fat among the students are 6.5±1.4 MJ (1550±335 kcal), 59.8±18.5g, 227.1±54.6 g and 46.0±11.5 g respectively. This diet contributed 19.6-6.4 mg Fe, 7.0-2.0 mg Zn and 1.6-0.6 mg Cu per day which were lower than the Malaysian RDA for Fe and US RDA for Zn, while Cu is within the recommended range. The main sources of these minerals in the student's diet were rice, rice products, meat and animal products. Lead concentration in the diet (134±77 ug/day) is below the acceptable daily intake (ADI) value suggested by Codex Alimentarius Commission (1984). This study indicated concern regarding the low intake of the essential trace elements on long term basis among the students.     

重庆市中小学生膳食营养状况的概率分析

采用概率分析法对重庆市620名7～15岁散居中小学生的膳食调查资料进行评价。结果表明,用概率分析法评价膳食调查资料预示各种营养素摄入不足的发生率均高于用人群营养素摄入量均值与RDA作直接对照的结果。所有学生营养素摄入不足的概率均以钙及硫胺素为最高,钙、硫胺素、核黄素、抗坏血酸、锌、蛋白质和铁摄入不足的概率分别为:57.1～79.7％,34.3～60.5％,14.3～43.9％,15.9～31.9％,4.4～24.7％,5.7～14.1％和0.1～5.1％。其中11和13～15岁组多种营养素摄入不足的概率略高于其它年龄组.中小学生膳食结构单调和偏食可能是营养素摄入不足的重要原因.     

Energy,protein, calcium,vitamin D and fibre intakes from meals in residential care establishments in Australia

Residents from high level (nursing homes) and low-level care facilities (hostel) being served the three common diet texture modifications (full diet, soft-minced diet and pureed diet) were assessed. Individual plate waste was estimated at three meals on one day. Fifty-six males and 156 females, mean age 82.9+/-9.5 (SD) years, of which 139 lived in nursing homes (NH) and 76 in hostels (H) were included. Mean total energy served from meals was 5.3 MJ/day, 5.1 to 5.6 MJ/day, 95% confidence intervals (CI), in NH which was less than in H, 5.9 MJ/day (CI 5.6 to 6.2 MJ/day) (P=0.007). Protein and calcium intakes were lower in NH, 44.5g (CI 41.5 to 47.5g), 359.0mg (CI 333.2 to 384.8mg), versus 50.5g (CI 46.6 to 54.3g), 480.5mg (CI 444.3 to 516.7mg) in H (P=0.017, P<0.001 respectively). There was no difference in nutrient/energy ratios, except for protein/energy, which was higher in NH 11.7 (CI 11.3 to 12.2) than in H 9.8 (CI 9.4 to 10.3) (P<0.001). Ability to self-feed had no significant effect on nutrient intakes in NH. The self fed group (N=63) had the following nutrient intakes: energy 4.0 MJ (CI 3.6 to 4.3 MJ), protein 44.6g (CI 40.3 to 48.9g), calcium 356.9mg (CI 316.3 to 397.4mg), fibre 14.9g (CI 13.2 to 16.5g). The assisted group (N=64) had the following nutrient intakes: energy 3.9MJ (CI 3.6 to 4.2MJ), protein 46.0g (CI 40.7 to 49.6), calcium 361.9mg (CI 327.8 to 396.1mg), fibre 14.9g (CI 13.2 to 16.1g). Of NH classified as eating impaired, 36% received no assistance with feeding and had lower intakes of protein 37.8g (CI 33.0 to 42.1g) compared to those receiving some assistance 46.1g (CI 41.3 to 50.9g) (P=0.026). Reduced energy intake accounted for the differences in nutrient intakes between nursing homes and hostels, except for protein. Strategies to effectively monitor nutrient intakes and to identify those with eating impairment are required in order to ensure adequate nutrition of residents in nursing homes and hostels.     

Food and nutrient intake of the elderly in Borno,Nigeria

The food and nutrient intake of 71 elderlyNigerians aged 65–81 years have been assessed by weighed dietary inventory and compared with FAO/WHO Recommended Daily Intake (RDI). Mean energy intake was inadequate in both males (6.62MJ) and females (6.29MJ) and only rural females had intakes that reached 70% of RDI. Carbohydrates supplied 65% of the energy intake of the elderly males and 60% of that of the females. Protein intake was considered adequate for all groups, but females had significantly (P<0.05) higher protein intake than males. Animal protein constituted between 15–28% of the total protein for all subjects. Fiber intake was high but fat, salt and cholesterol were very small. Mean calcium intake for all groups exceeded RDI but iron was inadequate for all elderly females. Of the vitamins only vitamin A intake was in excess of RDI for all groups; Thiamin, Riboflavin, Ascorbic acid, Niacin and vitamin B₁₂ intakes were grossly inadequate.The results suggest that food intake of elderlyNigerians does not provide adequate levels of many nutrients but as a group, rural elderly have significantly higher intake of energy, carbohydrates, iron and calcium than urban elderly.     

Diet quality in Croatian university students: Energy,macronutrient and micronutrient intakes according to gender

The aim of the study was to evaluate diet quality and nutrient intakes in Croatian university students, which are missing for the past 15 years, and also to report the prevalence of overweight/obesity and underweight. The subjects were 663 students (average age 22 years), representing 0.6% of all Croatian university students. The Quantified Food Frequency Questionnaire, checked for reproducibility and validity, was used for dietary assessment. Students on average had an adequate number of daily meals and snacks, but consumption of breakfast was irregular, particularly for men. The average energy intake was 130.1% of the dietary reference intake and the protein intake was more than double the dietary reference intake in 64.3% students. Dietary fiber, iron (in females), calcium, zinc, folate, and vitamins C, A and E intake were below recommendations in both genders. Only 3.8% of females and 21.9% of males were overweight/obese (body mass index >25 kg/m²). Nutrient intakes significantly differed according to gender and better macronutrient but not micronutrient intakes were observed in females.     

Diet quality in Croatian university students: energy, macronutrient and micronutrient intakes according to gender

The aim of the study was to evaluate diet quality and nutrient intakes in Croatian university students, which are missing for the past 15 years, and also to report the prevalence of overweight/obesity and underweight. The subjects were 663 students (average age 22 years), representing 0.6% of all Croatian university students. The Quantified Food Frequency Questionnaire, checked for reproducibility and validity, was used for dietary assessment. Students on average had an adequate number of daily meals and snacks, but consumption of breakfast was irregular, particularly for men. The average energy intake was 130.1% of the dietary reference intake and the protein intake was more than double the dietary reference intake in 64.3% students. Dietary fiber, iron (in females), calcium, zinc, folate, and vitamins C, A and E intake were below recommendations in both genders. Only 3.8% of females and 21.9% of males were overweight/obese (body mass index >25 kg/m(2)). Nutrient intakes significantly differed according to gender and better macronutrient but not micronutrient intakes were observed in females.