二味康中多糖的含量测定

目的 :建立二味康中多糖的含量测定方法。方法 :用苯酚 硫酸比色法测定多糖的含量 ,测定波长 488nm。结果 :本法线性范围为 6～ 6 0 μg·ml- 1,平均回收率 =97.94%,RSD =2 .33%(n =6 )。测得 5批样品中多糖含量分别为 56 .7,6 8.4,73.1 ,73.4,90 .4mg·ml- 1。结论 :该法可用于二味康中多糖的含量测定。     

益气散聚颗粒质量标准研究

目的：建立益气散聚颗粒质量标准.方法：采用TLC法对益气散聚颗粒中黄芪、茵陈进行定性鉴别;用3,5-二硝基水杨酸（DNS）法对制剂中多糖进行含量测定;用HPLC法对制剂中盐酸小檗碱进行含量测定.结果：定性鉴别分离度较好,专属性强;样品经DNS试剂显色后于480 nm处测定吸光度,多糖含量测定线性范围为4.168～29.176 mg·L-1,r=0.999 8,平均加样回收率为97.13%,RSD为1.77%（n=6）;盐酸小檗碱的含量测定线性范围为0.09～1.74 μg（r=1.000 0）,平均回收率为97.06%（RSD=1.05%,n=6）.结论：所建立方法准确可靠,灵敏度高,专属性强,能有效控制益气散聚颗粒的质量.     

HPLC法测定氯霉素滴眼液及其相关物质二醇物的含量

目的 　测定氯霉素滴眼液及其相关物质二醇物的含量。 方法 　采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱 :Hypersil ODS( 15 0 mm× 4.6mm,5μm)( 0 .0 4mol· L- 1、p H7.0 )醋酸盐缓冲液 ;流速 :1.0 m L· min- 1 ;检测波长 :2 75 nm;进样量 10μL;柱温 40℃。 结果 　氯霉素在 2 0 .0～ 3 2 0 .0μg·m L- 1范围内线性关系良好 ( r=0 .9998) ,平均回收率为 10 0 .3 %;二醇物在 2 .0～ 3 2 .0 μg·m L- 1范围内线性关系良好 ( r=0 .9995 ) ,平均回收率为 99.7%;氯霉素 RSD( n=6)为 0 .9～ 1.6%,二醇物 RSD( n=6)为 1.1～ 1.7%。结论 　该法操作简便快速 ,结果准确性高 ,为药物生产、贮存过程中产品质量分析提供更简便快速的检测手段     

氯霉素滴眼液及其相关物质二醇物的毛细管电泳分析法

目的　建立适合氯霉素滴眼液含量测定及其杂质二醇物检测的高效毛细管电泳定量检测方法。 方法 　采用毛细电泳法 ,以水杨酸为内标 ,运行电压 2 5 KV,运行缓冲液为 2 5 mmol· L- 1 磷酸盐缓冲液 (p H=6.0 ) ,检测波长 2 14 nm。结果 　氯霉素滴眼液及二醇物线性范围分别为 5 0～ 2 5 0 μg·ml- 1 (r=0 .9992 )和 4.0～ 2 0 .0 μg· ml- 1 (r=0 .9988)。平均回收率分别为 99.8%和 10 1.5 % ,RSD分别为 0 .8%和 2 .0 % (n=5 )。结论 　本方法能同时进行含量测定和杂质检测 ,对控制氯霉素滴眼液的质量有一定的价值     

单扫描极谱法测定天然麝香中的麝香酮

目的　建立天然麝香中麝香酮的含量测定方法。方法　样品用乙醇浸提 ,在 0 2 5g·L-1盐酸苯肼 - 1 0g·L-1氯化钠底液中 ,于峰电位 - 80 0mV(vs.SCE)处测定麝香酮。结果　麝香酮含量在 2 5～ 2 0 μg范围内线性关系良好 ,r =0 9995 ,方法检出限为 1 5 μg ,日内精密度 RSD =6 4 % (n =5 ) ,日间精密度RSD =7 0 % (n =5 ) ,平均回收率为 89 7%。结论　该方法快捷、简便易行。可用于麝香酮的含量测定     

欧可欣乳剂中氧氟沙星和盐酸达克罗宁的含量测定

目的　采用双波长分光光度法测定欧可欣乳剂中氧氟沙星及盐酸达克罗宁的含量。方法　以 0 .1mol·L- 1 盐酸溶液为溶媒 ,分别在 2 94、2 68、2 83、30 2 5nm处测定。结果　氧氟沙星在 5～ 2 5μg·ml- 1 ,盐酸达克罗宁在2 5～ 1 2 5μg·ml- 1 范围内浓度与吸光度差呈良好线性关系 ,其相关系数分别为 0 .9998、0 9999。氧氟沙星平均回收率为 99 32 % ,RSD =1 30 % (n =3) ;盐酸达克罗宁平均回收率为 1 0 0 61 % ,RSD =0 69% (n =3)。结论　该方法简便、快速、准确可靠。     

高效液相色谱法测定氯麻滴鼻液中氯霉素和盐酸麻黄碱的含量

目的 :建立测定氯麻滴鼻液中氯霉素和盐酸麻黄碱含量的高效液相色谱法。方法 :采用反相 μ Bondpak色谱柱 ,甲醇- 0 .0 2mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾 (5 5∶45 ,磷酸调 pH值3.5 )为流动相 ,检测波长 2 5 4nm。结果 :氯霉素和盐酸麻黄碱的线性范围分别为 2 0～ 12 0 μg·ml-1(r =0 .9998) ,80～ 480 μg·ml-1(r =0 .9998) ;加样回收率分别为 10 1.4% ,RSD =0 .5 %及 10 0 .8% ,RSD =0 .9% (n =5 ) ,日内RSD分别为 0 .9%和 0 .4% (n =5 ) ,日间RSD分别为 1.0 %和 0 .8% (n =4)。结论 :HPLC法可用于本制剂的含量测定和质量控制 ,方法简便、灵敏、结果准确     

应用吖啶橙染料法测定重组人白介素—2制品中十二烷基硫酸钠含量

目的 :建立一种简便、快速、准确的测定重组人白介素 - 2制品中十二烷基硫酸钠 (SDS)含量的方法。方法 :用过量的吖啶橙溶液与一系列倍比稀释的不同浓度的SDS结合 ,产生有色的SDS -吖啶橙复合物 ,应用SpectraMax 2 5 0多功能酶标仪进行比色测定 ,并用Softmax分析软件分析结果。结果 :优化后的吖啶橙染料法测定重组人白介素 - 2制品中的SDS含量 ,最小检测限达到 0 0 2 μg·μL-1。经过 10次测定 ,均值为 (0 5 3± 0 0 0 6 3) μg·μL-1(n =10 ) ,RSD值为 11 9% ;当SDS的含量在 0 0 2～ 0 6 4μg·μL-1以内时 ,二次方程 (y =- 3 96× 10 -5x2 0 0 2 7x 0 0 18)线性良好 (r >0 99) ;精密度试验的RSD值均小于 8% ;当SDS浓度在 0 0 2～ 0 32 μg·μL-1测定范围内时 ,SDS在样品中的平均回收率为10 4 4% (n =10 )。结论 :该法重复性好 ,灵敏度高 ,省时简便 ,可作为重组人白介素 - 2制品中SDS含量测定的一种常规方法     

氢氧化钠溶液呈色的分光光度法测定红霉素片含量

目的 :测定红霉素片的含量。方法 :以 0 .5mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液为显色剂 ,在 2 36nm波长处测定红霉素片的含量。结果 :红霉素浓度在 2 0 .6 8～ 10 3.4 μg·ml-1范围内呈良好线性关系 (r =0 .9999,n =5 ) ,平均回收率为 10 0 .0 1% ,RSD =0 .91% (n =5 )。结论 :本法简便、准确 ,可用于快速测定红霉素片的含量。     

差示分光光度法测定替硝唑葡萄糖注射液中替硝唑的含量

目的 :建立替硝唑葡萄糖注射液中替硝唑的含量测定方法。方法 :差示分光光度法。结果 :以替硝唑在水和 0 .1mol·L-1盐酸溶液中于波长 2 72nm处测得的差示吸收值 (△A) ,作为定量依据 ,其浓度在 10～ 4 0 μg·ml-1之间线性关系良好 ,r =0 .9999(n =7) ,平均回收率为 99.5 % ,RSD为 0 .5 % (n =5 )。结论 :本法操作简便准确 ,可作为该制剂的质量控制方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.