三维增强磁共振肺动脉血管造影诊断急性肺栓塞的实验研究

目的 探讨钆喷替酸葡甲胺（Ｇｄ－ＤＴＰＡ）三维增强共振肺动脉血管造影成像（３ＤＣＥＭＲＰＡ）在急性肺栓塞（ｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙ ｅｍｂｏｌｉｓｍ,ＰＥ）中的诊断价值。方法 对１７只自体血栓引发的犬急性肺栓塞模型,利用３Ｄ快速扰相梯度回波序列（ＦＳＰＧＲ）行３Ｄ ＣＥＭＲＰＡ检查和Ｘ线肺动脉血管造影（Ｘ－ｒａｙ ｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙ ａｎｇｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＸＰＡ）检查,并与病理解剖对照。     

门静脉3D DCE MRA成像的价值与常规门静脉造影对照研究

与常规门静脉造影对照,评价门静脉三维动态态增磁共振血管成像（３－ｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌｄｙｎａｍｉｃｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔｅｎｈａｎｅｄＭＲＡ,３ＤＤＣＥＭＲＡ）显示门静脉开放性及侧支循环的能力。材料与方法：共有２０例患者做了门静脉ＤＤＣＥＭＲＡ成像,分析门静脉３ＤＤＣＥＭＲＡ上门脉主干,肝内门脉     

腔静脉三维动态增强磁共振血管成像

目的 评价三维动态增强磁共振血管成像（３Ｄ ＤＣＥ ＭＲＡ）用于诊断腔静脉病变的价值。方法 ５２例疑有腔静脉畸形、血栓形成、狭窄、闭塞或受压的患者接受了３Ｄ ＤＣＥ ＭＲＡ成像检查。分析３Ｄ ＤＣＥ ＭＲＡ的图像质量及其对各种腔静脉病变和侧支循环的显示情况,并把３３例３Ｄ ＤＣＥ ＭＲＡ同常规腔静脉造影术（１５例）和手术（１８例）进行比较。结果 ５２例３Ｄ ＤＣＥ ＭＲＡ图像均无伪影,血管显示清楚     

肝内门静脉和肝静脉的解剖与变异

目的 用三维动态增强磁共振血管成像（３－ｄｉｍｅｎｔｉｏｎａｌ ｄｙｎａｍｉｃ ｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔ ｅｎｈａｎｃｅｄ ＭＲＡ,３Ｄ ＤＣＥ ＭＲＡ）前瞻性地观测肝内门静脉（简称门脉）和肝静脉的解剖和变异。方法 共进行１４２例门脉和肝静脉３ＤＤＣＥ ＭＲＡ检查。对肝内门脉和肝静脉的解剖和变异做分型,计算每一型所占总调查人数的比例,并计算右后下肝静脉的显示率。结果 １４２次成像中,８例（５．６％）显示     

增强MRA在急性肺栓塞诊断中的应用

目的 评价增强磁共振血管造影（ＣＥ ＭＲＡ）诊断急性肺栓塞的价值。材料与方法 对１１例疑有急性肺栓塞的患者进行肺部ＤＳＡ和ＣＥ ＭＲＡ检查。ＣＥ ＭＲＡ检查时,嘱患者屏气,于静脉内团注钆－喷替酸葡甲胺（Ｇｄ－ＤＴＰＡ）对比剂后行肺动脉期扫描,用３Ｄ自由感应衰减的射频扰相稳态梯度召唤回波序列采集图像。所有ＣＥ ＭＲＡ图像由２位ＭＲ诊断医师独立评估,并与ＤＳＡ诊断结果对比。结果 １１例患者中,ＤＳＡ发     

DCE-MRA在腹部大血管中的应用初探

目的 探讨动态增强磁共振血管造影（ｄｙｎａｍｉｃ ｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔ－ｅｎｈａｎｃｅｄ ＭＲ ａｎｇｉｏｇｒａｐｌｈｙ,ＤＣＥ－ＭＲＡ）在腹部大血管疾病中的应用价值。槽糕与方法 肾性高血压或大动脉炎患者７例,均行ＭＲＩ平行及ＤＣＥ－ＭＲＡ检查中,其中４例行血管造影（ｄｉｇｉｔａｌ ｓｕｂｔｒａｃｔｉｏｎ ａｎ－ｇｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＤＳＡ）检查。结果 ＤＣＥ－ＲＭＡ可显示肾动脉变细６处,肾动脉受压１处     

HISTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HEALING OF INJURED AVASCULAR PORTION OF MENISCUS UNDER DIRECT MICROCUR-RENT STIMULATION

ＨＩＳＴＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＣＨＡＲＡＣＴＥＲＩＳＴＩＣＳＯＦＨＥＡＬＩＮＧＯＦＩＮＪＵＲＥＤＡＶＡＳＣＵＬＡＲＰＯＲＴＩＯＮＯＦＭＥＮＩＳＣＵＳＵＮＤＥＲＤＩＲＥＣＴＭＩＣＲＯＣＵＲ┐ＲＥＮＴＳＴＩＭＵＬＡＴＩＯＮＬＩＵＪｉｎ－ｃａｉ（刘晋才），ＨＵＡ...     

闭气下造影剂注入法三维肺血管MRA的初步临床应用

目的：介绍了闭气下造影剂注入法三维肺血管ＭＲＰＡ（３Ｄ－ＭＲＰＡ）技术,认识此项技术的临床应用价值。材料与方法：临床诊断的肺癌、肺动脉血栓形成和肺动脉瘘共１１例。Ｇｄ－ＤＴＰＡ０．２ｍｍｏｌ／ｋｇ静注后,应用高性能ＭＲ扫描系统,闭气下摄取２４层肺知管ＳＰＧＲＹ邓列连续冠状断面像,用时２７秒,再重复同样扫描,分别获得早期相与后期相。最后,以最大强度投影法（ＭＩＰ）制成３ＤＭＲＰＡ。结果：３Ｄ－ＭＲＰ     

肺动脉的MR检查

ＭＲ作为一种安全无创性检查肺动脉的方法,作用日益受到重视。常规的自旋回波技术(ＳＥ)、梯度回波技术(ＧＲＥ)、相位对比技术(ＰＣ)已经普遍应用[1,2],而增强ＭＲ肺动脉造影,尤其是三维对比增强ＭＲ肺动脉造影,以及ＭＲ肺灌注成像等新型技术也越来越引起人们的重视。一、增强ＭＲ肺动脉造影(ＣＥＭＲＰＡ)传统ＭＲ血管造影主要是基于时间飞跃(ｔｉｍｅｏｆｆｌｉｇｈｔ,ＴＯＦ)效应,但它在肺部的应用却受限,主要因为受心脏和呼吸的运动、肺部血管复杂的解剖结构、肺部复杂的血流模式以及空气/组织界面间巨大磁化率伪影等多因素的影响[3]。…     

动态增强MRA的临床研究

目的与常规ＭＲＡ比较，并以手术或ＤＳＡ作为金标准，评估动态增强磁共振血管成像（ＤＣＥＭＲＡ）的图像质量和应用价值。方法４０例共１３２条体部血管同时作了常规ＭＲＡ和ＤＣＥＭＲＡ检查，前者以二维时间飞跃法（２ＤＴＯＦ）ＭＲＡ为主，后者以三维（３Ｄ）ＤＣＥＭＲＡ为主，部分病例屏气扫描（２０～３０秒），快速注射ＧｄＤＴＰＡ２０ｍｌ（０．１５～０．２ｍｍｏｌ／ｋｇ），造影剂注射速度和扫描时间依据靶血管的性质、部位、范围而定。结果４０例中３５例发现有血管病变，与手术或其他影像学方法检查结果一致。３０例主动脉弓及弓上分支、腹主动脉、腔静脉及门静脉的显示满意率，２ＤＴＯＦＭＲＡ为４０％，ＤＣＥＭＲＡ为９６％，颈动脉及下肢血管则分别为９０％、７０％。利用配对计数资料χ２检验，前者两种方法有显著性差异（χ２＝１６．６５，Ｐ＜０．００１），后者无显著性差异（精确卡方检验：χ２＝０．５８，Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论ＤＣＥＭＲＡ为新的磁共振血管成像技术，克服了常规ＭＲＡ的许多缺点，尤其对胸腹部血管，两种方法血管显示满意率有极显著性差异。屏气薄层３ＤＤＣＥＭＲＡ技术，几乎达到与ＤＳＡ相仿的结果，其临床应用潜能极大。     

容积重建法CT脑血管造影的临床应用

目的：探讨CT三维容积重建（volume rendering,VR)脑血管造影的成像方法，评价其临床价值。方法：分析62例CT三维容积重建法脑血管造影的图像，三维观察正常血管及血管病变显示情况，同时与表面遮盖法（surface shade display,SSD)，最大强度投影法（maximum intensity project,MIP)图像比较，并对照DSA和（或）手术结果。结果：VR法脑血管造影显示及脑血管分支清楚，走行自然，能透过骨结构显示血管管腔，血管之间，血管与周围器官的相互关系，显示脑血管病变50例，显示率80．6％，与DSA或手术结果对照，48例诊断正确，2例假阳性，诊断正确率为96．0％，VR图像脑血管的显示与SSD，MIP比较差异无显著性意义（P＞0．25）。结论：VR法脑血管造影是最新的快速而有效的无创伤性三维血管成像术，能部分替代并弥补DSA，VR 旬具有显示血管管腔，重叠血管及避免去骨处理等优点。     

多层螺旋CT肝动脉成像的临床应用

目的:评价多层螺旋CT肝动脉血管成像(MSCTA)和三维重建(3D)的临床应用价值。方法:对95例患者的肝动脉进行了MSCTA成像,其中肝细胞癌22例,肝血管瘤12例,肝转移瘤12例,肝脏AVM1例,局灶结节样增生1例,肝内胆管腺瘤1例,同期15例肝癌患者行常规肝脏血管造影(DSA)与其对照。结果:MSCTA三维重建能清晰显示肝动脉的正常解剖及其变异,与常规血管造影无明显差别,同时还能很好地显示肝脏病变的供血动脉及肿瘤血管。结论:MSCTA可以较好地显示腹主动脉和肝动脉较大分支处的复杂的解剖关系及变异,与常规血管造影相吻合,同时由于其操作方法简单,安全,故具有较高的临床价值。     

3D angiography in the evaluation of intracranial aneurysms before and after treatment. Initial experience

PURPOSE: The aim of the study is to evaluate the advantages of 3D angiography as compared to 2D angiography in assessing intracranial aneurysms before and after treatment and, in particular, in selecting and planning the correct treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty intracranial aneurysms were retrospectively reviewed before and after treatment. The study population consisted of 12 men and 18 women (age range: 35-77 years; mean age: 58 years). Eighteen aneurysms were treated surgically, 10 endovascularly and 2 with combined treatment. The 2D and 3D findings before and after treatment were compared, and the pre-treatment angiographic images were compared with surgical findings. The following parameters were assessed and compared: aneurysmal sac and neck size, vascular involvement and evaluation of post-treatment residual mass. RESULTS: On the 2D DSA images, visualisation of the sac and neck was optimal in 45% and 15% of cases, adequate in 10% and 35% of cases and inadequate in 5% and 50% of cases, respectively. On the 3D DSA images, visualisation of the sac and neck was optimal in 100% of cases. Three-dimensional DSA was able to detect 8 aneurysms with vessel involvement in all cases (100%). Of these, four (50%) went undetected on 2D DSA; in two cases, two-dimensional DSA erroneously detected the presence of vascular involvement (false positive). Three-dimensional angiography proved superior to 2D angiography in the evaluation of the residual aneurysms treated with clipping. Finally, 3D DSA was able to reduce the number of radiographic projections, the quantity of contrast medium, the time and associated risks necessary for a precise evaluation of the aneurysm. CONCLUSIONS: In our first experience, 3D DSA proved useful in reducing the risks and diagnostic time as well as in selecting and planning the treatment. Moreover, it improved the operating conditions of both surgical and endovascular treatment. Technological advances in this field will enable the optimisation of the technique in terms of anatomical detail and reconstruction time.     

3.0T高分辨率CE-MRA对颈部血管狭窄的诊断价值

目的探讨三维对比增强磁共振血管成像(3D CE-MRA)在颈部动脉血管狭窄诊断中的临床应用价值。方法对23例临床拟诊颈部动脉血管狭窄行数字减影血管造影(DSA)的患者行颈部3D CE-MRA。将两种方法检查结果进行相关性比较。结果 23例患者共230个节段血管,3D CE-MRA显示了227个节段,共诊断出74处(32.6%)狭窄,其中28处轻度狭窄,22处中度狭窄,20处重度狭窄,4处闭塞;DSA共显示了230个节段的血管,共诊断出69处(30.4%)血管狭窄,其中24处轻度狭窄,23处中度狭窄,19处重度狭窄,3处闭塞。与DSA相比,3DCE-MRA对颈部动脉轻度、中度、重度狭窄及动脉闭塞的显示敏感性均为100%,特异性分别为85.71%、90.91%、90%和75%,两种检查方法对颈部动脉狭窄程度的判断有良好的一致性(κ=0.921,P=0.000)。结论 3.0T 3DCE-MRA能够可靠的评价颈部动脉狭窄性病变,基本可以替代DSA检查。     

Utility of minimum intensity projection images based on three-dimensional CUBE T1 weighted imaging for evaluating middle cerebral artery stenosis

Objective:This study investigated the diagnostic performance of MinIP images based on three-dimensional variable-flip-angle turbo spin echo T₁ weighted imaging (3D CUBE T₁WI) from high-resolution vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging for detecting middle cerebral artery (MCA) stenosis.Methods:A total of 63 consecutive patients were included in this study. MinIP images were reconstructed using 3D CUBE T₁WI as the source images. The degree and length of MCA stenosis were measured on MinIP images and were compared with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) as the reference standard.Results:The intra- and interobserver agreement for both the rate and length of MCA stenosis were excellent for the MinIP images. There was also excellent agreement in the degree of MCA stenosis calculated using MinIP images and DSA. MinIP images had a high sensitivity, specificity for diagnosing MCA stenosis. There was a good correlation between the two methods for measuring the rate and length of MCA stenosis.Conclusion:MinIP images based on 3D CUBE T₁WI are highly consistent with DSA for evaluating the degree and length of MCA stenosis.Advances in knowledge:MinIP images can be produced as a derivative from vessel wall imaging and implemented as an adjunct to vessel wall imaging without extra acquisition time.     

Comparison of three-dimensional rotational angiography with digital subtraction angiography in the assessment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Rotational angiography (RA) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) together may depict more intracranial aneurysms than DSA alone. We compared the diagnostic value of 3D RA and biplanar DSA in detecting, classifying, and planning treatment for ruptured intracranial aneurysms. METHODS: A total of 53 patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (Hunt and Hess grades I-V) underwent angiography with both methods. DSA was performed in two to six standard projections in every vascular territory. Three-dimensional RA datasets were evaluated by using surface-shaded display and maximum intensity projection. The usefulness of DSA images and 3D datasets in detecting aneurysms (number, configuration) and treatment planning were retrospectively analyzed in a blinded manner. RESULTS: In 42 patients, 56 aneurysms were detected, (one to five per patient; size, 0.6-20.4 mm); no aneurysm was found in 11 patients. RA revealed seven aneurysms not seen at conventional DSA. RA failed to depict one aneurysm visible only in a compression series. Delineation of the aneurysmal neck improved with RA in 71% of cases; the parent vessel and its relationship to adjacent vessels was demonstrated better with RA than with DSA in 45% and 50%, respectively. Endovascular treatment was proposed in nine patients; microsurgical therapy, in 26. In seven patients, both options were rated as being equal. Actual treatment consisted of eight endovascular procedures and 30 neurosurgical operations. Four patients died before therapy. CONCLUSION: Compared with DSA, 3D RA allows more exact depiction of anatomic details that are important in planning surgery and interventional therapy for intracranial aneurysms. RA depicted more aneurysms.     

Assessment of pulmonary perfusion with ultrafast projection magnetic resonance angiography in comparison with lung perfusion scintigraphy in patients with malignant stenosis

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to demonstrate and measure perfusion deficits caused by central bronchogenic carcinoma and to compare magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) perfusion data with data of perfusion scintigraphy. The diagnostic value of 2D MRA in detection of malignant pulmonary artery stenosis in comparison with conventional DSA was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen patients were included in the study. MRA, conventional pulmonary angiograms, and pulmonary perfusion scintigrams were performed. MRA and DSA were compared and MR pulmonary perfusion data were assessed and compared with scintigraphical data. RESULTS: Perfusion defect could be demonstrated and localized in all patients. A quantitative perfusion deficit and a side dependent perfusion ratio could be evaluated. There was statistically significant correlation between MR perfusion and scintigraphically acquired data. 2D MRA showed a high correlation for detection and grading of stenosis compared with angiograms. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary perfusion could be demonstrated by using an ultrafast 2D projection MR DSA sequence. This technique allows measurement and quantification of pulmonary perfusion abnormalities in patients with malignant stenosis with statistically significant correlation to perfusion scintigraphy. The diagnostic potency in the evaluation of malignant pulmonary artery stenosis compared with conventional DSA could be shown.     

Three-dimensional angiography using rotational digital subtraction angiography: usefulness in transarterial embolization of hepatic tumors

Purpose: To assess the usefulness of three-dimensional (3D) angiography using rotational digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in transarterial embolization of hepatic tumors.

Material and Methods: Thirty-one 3D angiographies were conducted using rotational DSA during abdominal angiography for transarterial embolization of hepatic tumors. The quality of visualization of the tumor and feeder arteries as imaged by 3D angiography versus DSA anterioposterior (AP) images was compared.

Results: 3D rotational angiography provided excellent 3D visualization of the vascular structures of the hepatic artery, and was especially useful in patients with overlapping tumors on DSA AP images and in patients with complex vascular anatomies. Compared to DSA AP images, however, tumor stains could not be detected on 3D-A, but could be detected on DSA in four patients (13%). In 9 patients, feeding arteries could not be detected on 3D-A, but could be detected on DSA (29%).

Conclusion: 3D rotational angiography alone may not be suitable for pre-procedural mapping in transarterial embolization of hepatic tumors, but may be of value when information supplementary to DSA AP images is needed.     

Virtual angioscopy by means of three-dimensional rotational angiography of the aortoiliac arteries

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to report the different findings that can be visualised with virtual angioscopy starting from rotational angiography (RA) and three-dimensional (3D) image processing (3DRA) in the evaluation of the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-seven patients showing an occlusive or aneurysmal disease of the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries underwent intraarterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) equipped with the RA function and a 3D workstation. We found that 3DRA is able to generate images of the examined vessels with a very effective 3D appearance; furthermore, it is able to create images of the lumen and wall of the vessel through two different modalities: endoviews and cross sections. The possibility of matching high-density structures (i.e. calcified plaques and stents) to standard 3D reconstructions of the examined arteries was applied. RESULTS: Different aspects of the arteries can be demonstrated in the angioscopic elaborations: the normal and stenotic lumen, artery bifurcations, the collateral vessel origins and the severity and extensions of atheromatous calcifications and their relationships to the vessel wall. Virtual angioscopy is able to visualise some devices (catheters, stents) introduced during diagnostic and interventional procedures. CONCLUSIONS: The constant technological evolution of diagnostic imaging is offering new image-processing techniques, providing new types of previously unexplored information. We present a summary of the different radiological findings that can be demonstrated with this new imaging technique.