新生大鼠缺氧缺血性脑病脑组织内脂质过氧化改变及丹参保护作用探讨

为探讨ＨＩＥ脑组织脂质过氧化的改变及丹参的保护作用,用生后七日ＳＤ大鼠制成ＨＩＥ模型,在模型后不同时刻检验脑组织内丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－ＰＸ）的动态变化,利用丹参进行实验性治疗。结果显示（１）ＨＩＥ后 ２小时ＭＤＡ显著升高（１．７１±０．１９,Ｐ＜０．０１）,１２小时达高峰（１．９７±０．２９,Ｐ＜０．０１）７２小时后恢复正常（１．３２±０．０９,Ｐ＞０．０５）;ＧＳＨ－ＰＸ２小时显著降低（１．２９±０．４３,Ｐ＜０．０１）,以后渐升高,但 ４８小时（２．２２±０．８１）与对照组（３．３４±０．３４）相比仍有统计学差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）,７２小时恢复正常（２．４５±０．９０,Ｐ＞０．０５）;丹参治疗组ＭＤＡ显著降低（１．３９±０．３７,Ｐ＜０．０１）,ＧＳＨ－ＰＸ显著升高（２．４２±０．６２,Ｐ＜０．０５）。表明脑组织内脂质过氧化增强、抗氧化减弱参与ＨＩＥ的发病机制,丹参具有抗氧化作用,能减轻脑组织水肿、出血及坏死,有临床应用价值。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病血NSE与ET变化及其与高压氧治疗相关性的研究

目的探讨新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病血清神经元特异性烯醇酶（ＮＳＥ）与血浆内皮素（ＥＴ）变化及高压氧治疗的作用。方法高压氧治疗以纯氧加压,压力０．０５～０．０７ ＭＰ加压 ２０ ｍｉｎ．稳压 ２０ ｍｉｎ,减压 ２０ ｍｉｎ,共历时 １ｈ,每天一次,疗程５～１０ ｄ。ＮＳＥ活性测定采用酶联免疫分析法;ＥＴ活性测定采用放射免疫分析法。结果中度ＨＩＥ患儿血清ＮＳＥ与血浆ＥＴ浓度分别为（１４．７２±４ ２６）μｇ／Ｌ（７６．１±１９．２）ｎｇ／Ｌ;重度ＨＩＥ患儿血清ＮＳＥ与血浆ＥＴ浓度分别为（１５．６４±５．８２）μｇ／Ｌ,（８２．５±２１．６）ｎｇ／Ｌ;中、重度ＨＩＥ患儿血清ＮＳＥ与血浆ＥＴ浓度显著高于对照组（分别为１２．４７± ３．４９ μｇ／Ｌ, ５６．３２± １６．７ｎｇ／Ｌ）。轻度 ＨＩＥ患儿血清 ＮＳＥ（ １３．５８± ４．５７） μｇ／Ｌ,血浆ＥＴ（６２．４± １８．５） ｎｇ／Ｌ与对照组比较无显著差异。中、重度 ＨＩＥ患儿高压氧治疗后,血清 ＮＳＥ,血浆 ＥＴ降低幅度分别为（ １．９２± ０．４６）μｇ／Ｌ,（ １２．７２± ４． ３７）ｎｇ／Ｌ,明显大于常规治疗组（ Ｐ＜ ０．０５）。结论血清 ＮＳＥ和血浆 ＥＴ是ＨＩＥ早期诊断与疗效判     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病血浆肿瘤坏死因子-α与降钙素基因相关肽水平变化的研究

目的探讨肿瘤坏死因子－α（ＴＮＦ－α）和降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病（ＨＩＥ）中的变化及临床意义。方法采用放射免疫分析法对３８例ＨＩＥ患儿和１８例健康足月新生儿血浆ＴＮＦ－α与ＣＧＲＰ水平进行了同期动态观察。结果ＨＩＥ患儿急性期ＴＮＦ—α,ＣＧＲＰ水平分别为（１．１２±０．４２）ｎｇ／ｍｌ,（８８．９２±２３．１６）ｎｇ／ｍｌ;恢复期分别为（０．６１±０ ．１８）ｎｇ／ｍｌ,（６８．３９±１９．３２）ｎｇ／ｍｌ;对照组分别为（０．５４±０．１５）ｎｇ／ｍｌ,（６６． ２± １４．５４） ｎｇ／ｍｌ。急性期血浆 ＴＮＦ－ α和 ＣＧＲＰ水平较恢复期显著增高（ Ｐ＜ ０． ０１）,并明显高于同期对照组水平（ Ｐ ＜０．０１）,恢复期与正常对照组无显著差异,急性期不同程度 ＨＩＥ与对照组 ＴＮＦ— α,ＣＧＲＰ水平比较,重度ＨＩＥ组ＴＮＦ—α,ＣＧＲＰ分别为（１．２８±０． ４１）ｎｇ／ｍｌ,（１１８．１２ ± ３０．２５）ｎｇ／ｍｌ;中度ＨＩＥ组分别为（０．９５±０．３）ｎｇ／ｍｌ,（８６．４９±２４．３６）ｎｇ／ｍｌ,轻度ＨＩＥ组分别为（０．６３±０．１９）ｎｇ／ｍｌ,（６８．３±１８．３８）ｎｇ／ｍｌ,?     

儿童胰岛素依赖型糖尿病几项凝血指标的研究

用放射免疫法测定２４例ＩＤＤＭ患者血浆６－酮－前列腺素Ｆ１α及血栓素Ｂ２含量，用ＢｅｃｋｍａｎＩＣＳⅡ型手动速率散射比浊法检测血浆纤维结合蛋白含量，并于正常对照组进行比较，其结果为正常对照组６－酮－前列腺素Ｆ１α、血栓素Ｂ２、纤维结合蛋白值分别为２４．９６±４．０９ｐｇ／ｍｌ、８８．４７±９．０５ｐｇ／ｍｌ、０．３０５±０．０４２ｇ／Ｌ；ＬＤＤＭ组上述各项指标分别为２６．８４±１．５８ｐｇ／ｍｌ、１９１±２．８５ｐｇ／ｍｌ、０．２６±０．１１ｇ／Ｌ。本文结果表明ＩＤＤＭ组血浆血栓素Ｂ２（ＴＸＢ２）值明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）、Ｆｎ值低于对照组，但无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），ＴＸＢ２升高与血糖、血脂有正相关倾向，提示儿童ＩＤＤＭ存在发生慢性血管并发症的危险因素。     

小儿急性白血病骨髓细胞糖皮质激素受体表达及其临床意义

本文应用放射配体结合法测定了３０例ＡＬＬ骨髓细胞ＧＣＲ为７８７３±３００２位点／细胞；１７例ＡＮＬＬ为６１１３±１６２２位点／细胞（Ｐ＜０．０５）。形态学分型Ｌ１型１７例，ＧＣＲ为７２６７±３１７８位点／细胞；Ｌ２型１３例，ＧＣＲ为７６５０±３３６２位点／细胞（Ｐ＞０．０５）。临床分型标危型ＡＬＬ１４例，ＧＣＲ为８９９８±１９６３位点／细胞；高危型９例为５８４７±３８８５位点／细胞（Ｐ＜０．０５）。对１８例ＡＬＬ经联合化疗完全缓解前后比较发现，ＧＣＲ分别为８１１５±３２５８位／细胞和４６６９±２１０６位点／细胞（Ｐ＜０．０１）。本实验同时测定了ＡＬＬ和ＡＮＬＬ患儿血浆皮质醇浓度，平均分别为１１２．２０±４１．１４ｎｇ／ｍｉ和１０４．６５±４３．４９ｎｇ／ｍｌ，相关系数分别为ｒ＝０．１５和０．１１，说明ＧＣＲ表达水平不受皮质醇含量的影响。     

病毒性脑炎患儿脑脊液中一氧化氮和丙二醛变化及其临床意义

目的　探讨病毒性脑炎（ 病脑）患儿脑脊液中一氧化氮（ＮＯ）、一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）、丙二醛（ＭＤＡ） 和超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）的变化特点。方法　应用比色法对病脑患儿急性期、恢复期脑脊液中ＮＯ,ＮＯＳ,ＭＤＡ 及ＳＯＤ 进行对比分析。结果　病脑患儿脑脊液中ＮＯ（５９ ．８±１５ ．０ μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）,ＮＯＳ（２．７３±０ ．５９ Ｕ／ｍｌ）,ＭＤＡ（１３．２ ±２ ．２０ ｎｍｏｌ／ｍｌ） 及ＳＯＤ（２８ ．９ ±１２．９ ＮＵ／ｍｌ） 水平明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）;１４ 例病儿急性期ＮＯ,ＮＯＳ,ＳＯＤ含量明显高于恢复期（Ｐ＜ ０．０１） ,ＭＲＩ检查阳性组ＮＯ 水平高于阴性组（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） 。结论　ＮＯ可能参与脑水肿的形成和髓鞘的破坏过程;合理应用甘露醇及抗氧化治疗应予重视。     

小儿急性白血病骨髓细胞糖皮质激素受体表达及其临床意义

本文应用放射配体结合法测定了３０例ＡＬＬ骨髓细胞ＧＣＲ为７８７３±３００２位点／细胞；１７例ＡＮＬＬ为６１１３±１６２２位点／细胞（Ｐ〈０．０５）。形态学分型Ｌ１型１７例，ＧＣＲ为７２６７±３１７８位点／细胞；Ｌ２型１３例，ＧＣＲ为７６５０±３３６２位点／细胞（Ｐ〉０．０５）。临床分型标危型ＡＬＬ１４例，ＧＣＲ为８９９８±１９６３位点／细胞；高危型９例为５８４７±３８８５位点／细胞（Ｐ〈０．０５）     

反复呼吸道感染患儿血清β－胡萝卜素、维生素A、E含量测定及分析

用高效液相色谱测定３４例反复呼吸道感染患儿血清β－胡萝卜素、维生素Ａ（ＶｉｔＡ）与维生素Ｅ（ＶｉｔＥ）的含量。同时测定了血清免疫球蛋白水平。结果显示：①患儿组β－胡萝卜素及ＶｉｔＡ含量明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５及Ｐ＜０．０１），两组ＶｉｔＥ则无显著性差异。②亚临床型ＶｉｔＡ缺乏在患儿组为２４例（２４／３４例，７０．５％），对照组中为１３例（１３／４０例，３２．５％），有显著性差异（Ｘ２＝１０．６６，Ｐ＜０．００５）。临床型ＶｉｔＡ缺乏则在两组均未见到。③患儿组ＩｇＡ水平与β－胡萝卜素、ＶｉｔＡ的相关系数ｒ分别为０．３５４（ｔ＝２．２５，Ｐ＜０．０５）及０．３２２（ｔ＝１．９２４，Ｐ＜０．０５），均显著相关。ＩｇＧ及ＩｇＭ则与两种维生素之间均无显著相关。提示，β－胡萝卜素和ＶｉｔＡ缺乏时ＩｇＡ水平降低，与呼吸道易受感染可能有关。防治反复呼吸道感染时宜服用β－胡萝卜素及／或ＶｉｔＡ，以前者防治效果为优。     

苯巴比妥预防新生儿重度窒息后颅内病变

应用头颅ＣＴ，对６０例重度窒息儿静注苯巴比妥预防颅内病变及惊厥进行对照研究。用药妆受负荷量的平均年龄为生后５．２±１．６小时，生后第４天的血清药物浓度为２２．５±４．７ｍｇ／Ｌ。ＣＴ显示，用药组脑损伤的发平凡经为６６．７％，对照组为９０％，两组之间划有显性意义（Ｘ＾２＝４．８１，Ｐ〈０．１）。用药组静脉苯巴比妥后，仅１例发生惊厥，对照组的惊厥持续显效长（ｔ＝６．３４，Ｐ〈０．０５）。研究证实苯     

小儿单纯性肥胖脂蛋白脂酶基因的多态性研究

检测分析肥胖儿童脂蛋白脂酶（ＬＰＩ）基因多态及其与脂代谢的关系。结果表明：肥胖组较对照组ＬＰＬ ＰｖｕⅡ酶切点＋／＋基因型频率显著升高（Ｐ〈０．０５）；肥胖组ＰｖｕⅡ＋／＋基因型者较－／－基因型者高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬ－ｃ）水平显著降低（Ｐ〈０．０５）；ＨｉｎｄⅡ＋／＋基因型者较－／－和＋／－基因型者血ＴＧ、ＴＣ水平显著升高（Ｐ〈０．０５）；有Ｓｅｒ＾４４７－Ｓｔｏｐ突变产无此突变者血低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＬＤＬ－ｃ）水平显著降低（Ｐ〈０．０５）、ＨＤＬ－ｃ水平显著升高（Ｐ〈０．０５）。提示肥胖儿童脂代谢异常有遗传倾向，ＬＰＬ基因ＰｖｕⅡ＋／＋、ＨｉｎｄⅡ＋／＋、无Ｓｅｒ＾４４７－Ｓｔｏｐ突变基因型肥胖儿童较其它基因型者成人后患冠心病的危险性更大。     

Pubertal growth and development and prenatal and lactational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene

OBJECTIVES: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene (DDE) are ubiquitous toxic environmental contaminants. Prenatal and early life exposures affect pubertal events in experimental animals. We studied whether prenatal or lactational exposures to background levels of PCBs or DDE were associated with altered pubertal growth and development in humans.Study design: Follow-up of 594 children from an existing North Carolina cohort whose prenatal and lactational exposures had previously been measured. Height, weight, and stage of pubertal development were assessed through annual mail questionnaires. RESULTS: Height of boys at puberty increased with transplacental exposure to DDE, as did weight adjusted for height; adjusted means for those with the highest exposures (maternal concentration 4+ ppm fat) were 6.3 cm taller and 6.9 kg larger than those with the lowest (0 to 1 ppm). There was no effect on the ages at which pubertal stages were attained. Lactational exposures to DDE had no apparent effects; neither did transplacental or lactational exposure to PCBs. Girls with the highest transplacental PCB exposures were heavier for their heights than other girls by 5.4 kg, but differences were significant only if the analysis was restricted to white girls. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal exposures at background levels may affect body size at puberty.     

Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia in Infants and Children: Pathophysiology and Treatment

Potassium is the second most abundant cation in the body. About 98% of potassium is intracellular and that is particularly in the skeletal muscle. Electrical disturbances associated with disorders of potassium homeostasis are a function of both the extracellular and intracellular potassium concentrations. Clinical disorders of potassium homeostasis occur with some regularity, especially in hospitalized patients receiving many medications. This article will review the pathophysiology of potassium homeostasis, symptoms, causes, and treatment of hypo- and hyperkalemia.     

Prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents

Increasing numbers of obese children and adolescents all over the world demand an investment in the primary and secondary prevention of obesity and overweight in this age group. The goal of preventive measures in children is to avoid the negative short- and long-term health problems associated with obesity. Primary prevention aims at establishing a healthy, active lifestyle and keeping children and adolescents within a range of body weight which is considered to be healthy. Constant availability and affordability of palatable and energy-dense food in the affluent society of the western world demands preventive strategies. Universal or public health prevention seems to be the most suitable form because several other cofactors of morbidity and mortality of affluent societies can also be prevented. However, in most European countries there is a lack of awareness of the necessity of prevention programmes, not only among the general population but also among the medical society. More awareness and consciousness to the problem of obesity must be generated in order to lead to effective therapeutic programmes. For those children and adolescents who are already obese, secondary prevention is mandatory. Therapeutic intervention programmes for the obese aim at long-term weight maintenance and normalisation of body weight and body fat. They have to modify eating and exercise behaviour of the obese child and establish new, healthier behaviour and lifestyle. Treatments programmes must include behavioural components in order to permanently change nutrition and physical exercise of the obese children and adolescents. However, long-term results of treatment programmes in European countries are scarce and the reported results, even of multidisciplinary regimens, are not impressive. Conclusion In most European countries there is an urgent need not only for a growing awareness of the problem of obesity in children and adolescents but also for development of new comprehensive approaches in treating this group.