中药龙胆原植物的调查与鉴定

全国范围的商品调查和产地的标本采集与原植物鉴定研究表明,目前使用的中药龙胆来源于龙胆科龙胆属的九种植物,即东北龙胆Gentiana manshurica Kitag.建德龙胆G.manshurica Kitag.ssp.jiandeensis J.P.Luo et Z.C.Lou(ssp.nov.),龙胆G.scabra Bunge,三花龙胆G.triflora Pall.,坚龙胆G.rigescens Franch.,头花龙胆G.cephalantha Franch.,亚木龙胆G.suffrutescens J.P.Luo et Z.C.Lou(sp.nov.),德钦龙胆G.atuntsiensis W.W.Sm.和红花龙胆G.rhodantha Franch.。研究和比较了上述九种植物叶的组织构造特征,编写了原植物形状分种检索表和叶的显微特征分种检索表。     

中药败酱草的形态组织学研究——Ⅲ.菊科苦苣菜属、莴苣属和苦荬菜属植物

本文报道我国北方使用的来源于菊科植物的中药败酱草的生药形态组织学的研究结果,它们是:苣荬菜Sonchus arvensis L.S.、苦苣菜oleraceus L.圆耳苦苣菜S.asper (L.)Hill.紫花山莴苣Lactuca tatarica(L.)C.A.Mey.、中华苦荬菜Ixeris ccinensis(Thunb.)Nakai、抱茎苦荬菜I.sonchifolia Hance和苦荬菜I.denticulata(Houtt.)Stebb..文中附有生药组织图7幅以及上述生药的性状检索表和显微特征检索表.     

商品黄芪的地区用药及其易混品的形态与显微鉴别

黄芪的地区用药及易混品共5种,即:梭果黄芪Astragalus ernesti Comb.,淡紫花膜荚黄芪A.membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge f.purpurinus (Y.C.Ho)Y.C.Ho,乌拉特黄芪A.hoantchy Franch.,甘青黄芪A.tanguticus Batalin和马衔山黄芪A.mahoschanicus Hand.-Mazz.等,对其生药形态和组织特征进行了比较研究,并编写了生药性状和组织特征检索表。     

花椒及其同类品的形态组织学研究

据文献记载和作者实际调查,我国各地花椒属(Zanthoxylum L.)植物果实作药用者计约18种。本文先报道其中8种果皮的形态组织学研究结果:花椒Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.青椒Z.schinifolium Sieb.et Zucc.,竹叶椒Z.armatum DC.,野花椒Z.simulans Hance,勒(木党)Z.avicennae(Lam.)DC.,椿叶花椒Z.ailanthoides Sieb.et Zucc.,朵椒Z.molle Rehd.及两面针Z.nitidum(Roxb.)DC.。本文附形态组织图并分别列有生药性状及显微特征检索表。     

国产麻黄的形态组织学研究——Ⅰ.北方主产的七种麻黄

据文献记载和作者的调查,我国产麻黄属(Ephedra)植物共有13种3变种1变型。本文报道我国北方生产的7种麻黄生药形态组织学比较研究结果。7种麻黄是:草麻黄Ephedra sinica Stapf、木贼麻黄E.equisetina Bunge、中麻黄E.intermedia Schrenk ex Mey.、膜果麻黄E.przewalskii Stapf,单子麻黄E.monosperma Gmel.ex Mey.、雌雄麻黄E.fedtschenkoae Pauls和细子麻黄E.reaeliana Florin。文中附有生药性状与组织构造特征比较表及生药组织图。     

中药贝母类的研究——ⅩⅦ.贝母鳞叶上表皮显微观察

本文对浙贝母Fritillaria thunbergii Miq.等20种贝母的鳞叶上(内)表皮进行了显微观察,发现种间在表皮细胞形状、大小和垂周壁部位角质栓(cuticular peg)的形状,大小和排列等方面有一定区别,可作为新的鉴别依据。全文除描述外,列出检索表,并附主要特征图。     

绿原酸致RBL-2H3细胞脱颗粒反应及机制研究

目的 研究绿原酸对大鼠嗜碱性白血病细胞 RBL-2H3 脱颗粒作用及可能机制。方法 将不同质量浓度(3.125、6.250、12.500、25.000、50.000、100.000、200.000 μg·mL-1)的绿原酸作用于 RBL-2H3 细胞,通过实时细胞分析(RTCA)系统检测绿原酸干预后引起的细胞指数(CI)值变化,以评价 RBL-2H3 细胞脱颗粒情况;利用甲苯胺蓝染色观察细胞形态变化;化学荧光法测定组胺释放率;底物显色法测定β-氨基己糖苷酶释放率、类胰蛋白酶释放量;网络药理学预测绿原酸诱导RBL-2H3 细胞脱颗粒的潜在机制,并应用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)对预测通路的主要靶点细胞外调节蛋白激酶(ERK1)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)、p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)mRNA水平进行检测。结果 绿原酸质量浓度 ≥ 6.25 μg·mL^-1时,可使RBL-2H3细胞的CI值在给药20min后呈现先快速上升后下降的趋势;绿原酸质量浓度 ≥ 12.5 μg·mL^-1时,RBL-2H3 细胞逐渐变圆甚至呈现多边形;与对照组比较,β-氨基己糖苷酶、组胺和类胰蛋白酶的释放量显著增加(P<0.05、0.01、0.001)。网络药理学预测发现,绿原酸致细胞脱颗粒作用可能与MAPK、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(Akt)等信号通路相关;qRT-PCR 结果证实,与对照组比较,绿原酸可显著增加 ERK1、p38MAPK mRNA表达(P<0.05、0.01),但对JNK mRNA表达影响不显著。结论 绿原酸可通过激活ERK1、p38 MAPK通路诱导 RBL-2H3 细胞发生脱颗粒,具有潜在的诱发类过敏反应作用。     

中药老鹳草的形态组织学研究

报告了三种供药用的老鹳草—牛儿苗Erodiumstephanianum Willd.、尼泊尔老鹳草GeraniumnepalenseSweet和鼠掌老鹳草G。sibiricumL.的形态组织学研究结果,并列表比较鉴别特征和写出生药检索表。     

主要商品黄芪的形态与显微鉴别

国产黄芪属(Astragalus)植物作中药黄芪用的约10种,对其中5种主要商品黄芪原植物干燥根部进行了形态组织学的比较研究。首次对黄芪根部进行了扫描电镜观察,发现了前人未曾报道的鉴别特征,如导管的合生纹孔口、附物纹孔等,除描述特征外,文中分别列出生药性状和显微特征比较表与分种检索表,并附组织特征图和扫描电镜照片。     

中药透骨草的形态组织学研究

目前中药应用的透骨草主要有五种——大戟科植物地构叶Speranskia tuberculata(Bunge)Baill.的地上部分、凤仙花科植物凤仙花Impatiens balsamlna L.的地上茎、紫葳科植物角蒿Incarvillea sinensis Lam.的地上部分、毛茛科植物黄花铁线莲Clematis intricata Bunge的地上部分(黄花铁线透骨草)和细叶铁线莲C.aethusaefolia Turcz.的地上部分(细叶铁线透骨草)的生药形态、组织构造及粉末特征。     

犀角类药材的宏观与微观鉴别研究

本文对犀角类药材——暹罗角、广角与小犀角——的形态,组织构造及粉末特征进行了详细的研究。实验表明这三种犀角都是由有细胞构造的许多毛发状的束被间质组织粘结而成的一种器官。束的中心有一个管状的髓部,其中有类球形的髓细胞统松排列,常有气隙存在。髓的周围有多数同心性排列的扁平鳞片状皮层细胞,束间是由数层扁平鳞片状的间质细胞组成。染色试验表明,细胞膜含有角质透明蛋白,而细胞内的原生质则含有角母蛋白。这几种犀角可根据其束的横切面特征如颜色、皮层细胞的形状、色素颗粒的多少、皮层裂隙的有无及多少等进行区别。     

Reaktionen der Weinsäure und ihrer Abbauprodukte mit Resorcin

Reactions of Tartaric Acid with Resorcinol Tartaric acid and resorcinol in sulfuric acid give a red colour which is due to the intermediately formed glycol aldehyde (Mohler-Reaction). Following Ph. Eur. this reaction is carried out in presence of potassium bromide leading to a blue colour identified as oxonium salt of the tetrabromolactone 8 . Since this lactone can be formed from glyoxylic acid only, the reaction of glyoxylic acid with resorcinol in sulfuric acid was examined in detail. In nitrogen the colourless lactone 3 was formed which was oxidized to 1 by sulfuric acid. In nitrogen the lactone 3 could be converted to the acid 5 and vice versa. In presence of oxygen the same reaction led to the xanthene derivative 6 , which gives a brown colour with sulfuric acid.     

维生素对黑色素代谢的影响

黑色素是人及动物皮肤或者毛发中存在的一种黑褐色的生物色素,是皮肤为避免受紫外线等的伤害而自行产生的一种保护性色素。遗传易感性、过度暴露在阳光下以及其他来源的紫外线均会破坏皮肤的抗氧化能力,影响黑素细胞合成黑素颗粒,引起皮肤色素相关疾病。现有研究表明皮肤中的抗氧化因子能有效保护机体免受紫外线的危害,维生素作为抗氧化物质已广泛应用于临床,本文概述了维生素B、维生素E、维生素C和维生素D等抗氧化维生素通过不同的抗氧化机制影响着黑色素代谢而应用于皮肤色素相关疾病的治疗,以期为维生素治疗色素疾病提供理论依据。     

中藥紅花的生藥学研究

红花是菊科植物Carthamus tinctorius L.的干燥花,是中医常用的妇科要药。本文简单地总结了前人对红花的研究工作,然后详细地描述了红花的原植物形态,以及药用部分的外形、组织构造和粉末特征。     

Extraction of brown pigment from Rosa laevigata and its antioxidant activities

Context: Rosa laevigata Michx. (Rosaceae), widespread in China, contains many valuable nutrients and has long been used as food and medicine in Chinese folklore. Nowadays, due to its favorable property of coloring, the brown pigment of R. laevigata has an attractive potential as an available additive in food.

Objective: The aims of this study were to optimize the extraction process of brown pigment from R. laevigata and investigate its antioxidant activities on the basis of its abilities to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical.

Materials and methods: Extraction conditions of brown pigment from R. laevigata were investigated through an orthogonal design of L₉ (3)⁴ assay. Ethanol concentration, extraction temperature, time, and ratio of material to solvent were the main factors affecting the extraction rate. Subsequently, the antioxidant activity of brown pigment was assessed using DPPH method, while hydroxyl radicals and superoxide free radicals were respectively determined by the Fenton-RhB (Rhodamine B) system and using the pyrogallol-luminol system.

Results: The optimum extraction conditions were determined: temperature 70°C, ethanol concentration was 60%, extraction time 2?h and ratio of material to solvent was 1:6. Brown pigment showed a good radical scavenging activity, and exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition of hydroxyl radical and superoxide free radical at low concentrations. When the concentration of brown pigment was 1?mg/mL, the scavenging percentage of hydroxyl radical reached 67.33%.

Discussion and conclusion: The brown pigment of R. laevigata could potentially be used as a promising natural antioxidant in the food and pharmaceutical industries.     

Characterization of dark liver pigment observed in rats after subchronic dosing of the beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist LY368842

Dark liver pigmentation was observed in F344 rats in a subchronic toxicology study after daily dosing of LY368842 glycolate. In addition, green-colored urine was observed in some animals. To identify the source of the pigment and its potential for toxic consequences, the liver pigment was isolated from the liver tissue of rats. The resulting material was a dark brown to black powder that was insoluble in water, organic solvents, or a tissue-solubilizing agent. Several techniques, such as chemical degradation, HPLC, tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), (1)H NMR, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), were employed to characterize the dark liver pigment. Following oxidative degradation of the isolated pigment, degradation products related to LY368842 were identified or tentatively identified using LC/MS/MS. Two degradation products had the same protonated molecular ion at m/z 505, which is 30 amu higher than that of LY368842. The major m/z 505 product has been identified as the indole-2,3-dione oxidative product based on (1)H NMR data and confirmed by an authentic standard. In addition, monohydroxylated product was also identified in the degradation mixture. These degradation products were consistent with the metabolites found in vivo in rats. MALDI-MS analyses of liver and urine pigment both identified a product with a protonated molecular ion at m/z 977, suggesting formation of indirubin-like and indigo-like pigments. The results obtained suggest that the oxidative metabolites of LY368842 played a key role in the formation of the liver and urine pigments.     

峨三七的原植物

1.人参属植物在峨眉山种类較多,当地通称峨三七,为一种名貴药材。作者于1956年間在四川峨眉山調查药用植物时采得各种峨三七,进行了整理研究,确定其属于两个种及两个变种:(1)竹节参P.japonicum Mey.及二变种:狹叶竹节参P.japonicum var.angustifolium(Burk.)Cheng et Chu,comb.nov.及竹叶竹节参P.japonicum var.parvifolium Cheng et Chu,var.nov.;(2)羽叶参P.bipinnatifidum Seem. 2. P.repens Maxim.与P.japonicum Mey.实指一物,Meyer的种发表在前,故本文采用P.japonicum Mey.作为竹节参之正名.并将var.angustifolium轉为本种的变种.将P.wangianum Sun与P.joponicum Mey.合并。     

Melanocortin MC1 receptor in human genetics and model systems

The melanocortin MC₁ receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor expressed in the melanocytes of the skin and hair and is known for its key role in the regulation of human pigmentation. Melanocortin MC₁ receptor activation after ultraviolet radiation exposure results in a switch from the red/yellow pheomelanin to the brown/black eumelanin pigment synthesis within cutaneous melanocytes; this pigment is then transferred to the surrounding keratinocytes of the skin. The increase in melanin maturation and uptake results in tanning of the skin, providing a physical protection of skin cells from ultraviolet radiation induced DNA damage. Melanocortin MC₁ receptor polymorphism is widespread within the Caucasian population and some variant alleles are associated with red hair colour, fair skin, poor tanning and increased risk of skin cancer. Here we will discuss the use of mouse coat colour models, human genetic association studies, and in vitro cell culture studies to determine the complex functions of the melanocortin MC₁ receptor and the molecular mechanisms underlying the association between melanocortin MC₁ receptor variant alleles and the red hair colour phenotype. Recent research indicates that melanocortin MC₁ receptor has many non-pigmentary functions, and that the increased risk of skin cancer conferred by melanocortin MC₁ receptor variant alleles is to some extent independent of pigmentation phenotypes. The use of new transgenic mouse models, the study of novel melanocortin MC₁ receptor response genes and the use of more advanced human skin models such as 3D skin reconstruction may provide key elements in understanding the pharmacogenetics of human melanocortin MC₁ receptor polymorphism.     

应用组织芯片技术研究胃癌组织中Mcl-1蛋白的表达及其意义

目的探讨胃癌组织髓样细胞白血病蛋白-1(Mcl-1)蛋白的表达与临床病理特征的相关性及其与胃癌发生、发展的关系。方法用组织芯片和免疫组化的方法检测148例胃癌组织、20例胃正常组织(含正常胃黏膜组织及癌旁正常胃组织)中Mcl-1蛋白的表达。结果胃癌组织、胃正常组织中均有Mcl-1蛋白的表达,定位于细胞浆中,着色呈淡黄色至深棕色;胃癌组织、胃正常组织Mcl-1蛋白阳性表达率分别为83.78%(124/148)、60.00%(12/20),差异具有统计学意义(χ2=6.464,P=0.011)。胃癌组织中Mcl-1蛋白的表达随肿瘤分化程度的降低而增强,与是否伴有淋巴结转移相关;但与患者的年龄、性别、肿瘤大小、浸润深度等无关。结论胃癌组织中Mcl-1蛋白的表达增高,与胃癌的发生、分化程度、淋巴结转移密切相关。     

Effect of putative melatonin receptor antagonists on melatonin-induced pigment aggregation in isolated Xenopus laevis melanophores.

The ability of putative melatonin receptor antagonists to antagonise melatonin-induced aggregation of pigment granules in cultured neural crest Xenopus laevis melanophores was examined. Neither ML 23 (N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-5-methoxytryptamine) nor 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone showed agonist or antagonist activity. N-Acetyltryptamine and N-butanoyltryptamine were partial agonists; both compounds aggregated pigment granules in some cells, but also reversed melatonin-induced pigment agreggation in a fraction of the cells tested. In contrast, 2-benzyl N-acetyltryptamine (luzindole) did not show agonist activity (upto 10 microM) but did reverse the aggregating action of melatonin at 1 and 10 microM. Pretreatment of melanophores with luzindole shifted the melatonin concentration-response curve to the right.