25例与肿瘤转移和浸润相关的上尿路梗阻的处理

目的探讨肿瘤转移和浸润致上尿路梗阻的处理。方法选取因肿瘤转移和浸润导致输尿管梗阻的患者25例，单侧13例，双侧12例。经尿道留置单侧D-J管4例，手术探查术中切开输尿管放置单侧D-J管3例，双侧1例，B超引导下经皮肾造瘘术7例，微创经皮肾造瘘术（mPCN）3例，肾造瘘术4例，输尿管膀胱再植1例，双输尿管腹壁造瘘术2例。其中2例B超引导下经皮肾造瘘术引流不畅，1例造瘘管脱落，重新置管困难均改行肾造瘘术。结果肾功能均较治疗前明显好转，其中双侧梗阻中6例完全恢复正常。随访期间14例死于转移或多器官功能衰竭，无一例死于肾功能衰竭。结论对于肿瘤转移和浸润所致的输尿管梗阻的处理，首选D-J管内引流，失败后mPCN是最佳处理手段，肾造瘘术可作为所有手段失败后的补救办法。     

结直肠癌浸润尿路的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨结直肠癌合并泌尿系浸润或转移的诊断与手术疗效.方法 回顾性分析1997年1月至2008年12月收治的197例原发性结直肠癌合并泌尿系浸润或转移患者的诊断与治疗经过.197例结直肠癌根治术中,发现浸润尿路且有盆腔及后腹膜癌肿转移不能切除14例,双侧肾积水行输尿管皮肤造瘘术8例,行肾造瘘术10例.结果 197例患者中185例得到随访,随访时间3～72个月.术后膀胱肿瘤复发2例,行再次膀胱部分切除1例,膀胱造瘘1例.术中无死亡病例,术后31例死于广泛转移.结论 对原发性结直肠癌合并泌尿系浸润或转移的患者积极实施盆腔联合脏器切除是可行的,可以选择性应用.     

肾下极迷走血管压迫导致肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻的诊治体会

目的 回顾性分析肾下极迷走血管压迫导致肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻(UPJO)的诊断和手术治疗体会.方法 选取2007年1月至2009年1月收治的经手术证实为肾下极迷走血管压迫导致UPJO的病例12例.9例有不同程度的肾区间歇性或持续性胀痛,3例为体检或其他疾病检查时被发现.静脉尿路造影(ⅣU)提示8例患者患肾不显影,4例患者肾盂显影但有输尿管扭转征象,梗阻段以下输尿管不显影;逆行尿路造影显示肾盂输尿管连接部明显变细或不显影,有10例患者出现肾盂输尿管连接部带状压迫截断征.所有患者均采取开放手术治疗,10例行选择性保留迷走血管的肾盂输尿管成形术,2例行切断迷走血管的肾盂输尿管成形术,术后留置双J管1个月.结果 术后每半年随访1次,1例术后2个月出现结石嵌顿引起急性肾绞痛而行肾造瘘术,1例术后出现逐渐加重的肾积水并伴有患肾功能进行性恶化,其余病例肾及输尿管积水均减轻.术后随访1.8～3.0(2.2±0.4)年,除1例接受狭窄段内切开术但效果不理想,最终行肾脏切除外,其余11例患侧肾积水均明显减轻,肾功能良好.结论 肾下极迷走血管压迫可导致UPJO,IVU对诊断的意义似乎小于逆行尿路造影,选择性保留迷走血管的肾盂输尿管成形术对于解除梗阻、保护肾功能有重要意义.     

盆腔恶性肿瘤致输尿管下段梗阻51例治疗体会

目的 探讨盆腔原发性或转移性恶性肿瘤引起的输尿管下段梗阻的治疗方法 和效果.方法 回顾性分析2002年2月至2008年2月收治的盆腔恶性肿瘤致输尿管下段梗阻51例患者的临床资料,根据患者不同情况采用相应的治疗方法 .17例行开放手术,其中切除原发病灶并行输尿管端端吻合术3例,输尿管-膀胱吻合术9例,5例行输尿管皮肤造瘘术;19例经尿道膀胱镜下(11例)或输尿管镜下(8例)留置双J管(单侧11例,双侧8例);15例经皮肾穿刺造瘘放置单J管.结果 所有病例均获随访,随访时间6～72个月,平均21个月.腹部X线平片未发现J管移位.术后3个月,静脉尿路造影或超声检查提示39例(76.5%)肾积水消失,12例(23.5%)肾积水减轻、肾功能改善.输尿管端端吻合口和输尿管-膀胱吻合口无狭窄.结论 盆腔恶性肿瘤致输尿管梗阻病情复杂,选择恰当的治疗方法 引流尿液,能改善肾功能,提高患者的生活质量.     

经皮肾穿刺微造瘘与内引流分期治疗结石性脓肾的疗效分析

目的 探讨经皮肾穿刺微造瘘与内引流分期治疗结石性脓肾的疗效和临床价值.方法 对78例结石性脓肾患者行一期经皮肾穿刺微造瘘或者内引流,二期行经皮肾输尿管镜取石术或经尿道输尿管镜取石术和肾切除术.结果 64例行一期经皮肾穿刺微造瘘术,14例行一期经尿道输尿管镜置双J管内引流,术后病情均很快平稳.62例行二期经皮肾输尿管镜取石,结石全部取净56例,残留结石6例.11例输尿管中、下段结石二期行经尿道输尿管镜取石术,一次取净.二期手术后无一例出现寒战、高热、感染播散、感染性休克等并发症.73例保肾患者术后随访6个月,患肾功能好转59例,患肾无功能14例.根据术前核素肾动态显像将病例分成两组:肾功能轻、中度受损组[肾小球滤过率(GFR)＞ 20 ml/min] 48例,术后6个月患肾功能好转46例,患肾无功能2例,5例术后6个月内出现反复发作的上尿路感染;肾功能重度受损组(GFR 10～20 ml/min) 25例,术后6个月患肾功能好转13例,患肾无功能12例,10例术后6个月内出现反复发作的上尿路感染.两组术后无功能肾发生率及上尿路反复感染发生率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).62例行一期经皮肾穿刺微造瘘并保留患肾的患者,术后6个月患肾功能好转51例,患肾无功能11例.根据造瘘术后24h平均引流量将病例分成两组:引流量≥200 ml组49例,术后6个月患肾功能好转46例,患肾无功能3例,术后6个月内有5例出现反复发作的上尿路感染;引流量＜ 200 ml组13例,术后6个月患肾功能好转5例,患肾无功能8例,术后6个月内有6例出现反复发作的上尿路感染.两组术后无功能肾发生率及上尿路反复感染发生率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 经皮肾穿刺微造瘘与内引流分期治疗结石性脓肾是有效和安全的治疗方法.术前肾功能的受损程度和肾造瘘术后24h平均引流量是结石性脓肾预后的重要参考指标.     

经皮下肾盂膀胱分流术的手术配合

晚期腹膜后或盆腔恶性肿物侵犯、手术或放化疗后可导致严重肾积水和肾后性梗阻,如输尿管梗阻无法解除,且双侧累及会造成肾功能衰竭,临床常置入输尿管支架引流,治疗原则为改善肾功能,从而提高生活质量和延长生存期.探索一种尿路内引流的方法对改善患者的生活质量显得尤为必要.而经皮下肾盂膀胱分流术可避免经皮肾穿刺的各类并发症,不但达到引流尿液改善肾功能的目的,而且改善病人的生活质量.2011年11月-2013年5月笔者所在科为采用肾盂膀胱尿流皮下改道治疗了15例输尿管梗阻患者,手术顺利,取得良好效果.     

中晚期妊娠合并结石性脓肾19例治疗体会

目的 总结中晚期妊娠合并结石性脓肾的治疗方法和经验.方法 19例中晚期妊娠合并结石性脓肾患者在局部麻醉下经尿道膀胱镜直视下逆行置入5F双J管于患侧输尿管、肾盂内持续引流,或患者取健侧侧斜卧位,腰部垫高,在超声定位及引导下,穿刺针置入目标盏,筋膜扩张器扩张后,置入深静脉穿刺导管或14 F肾造瘘管持续引流,配合有效的抗生素治疗.结果 行膀胱镜下逆行双J管置入及经皮肾穿刺造瘘持续引流,术后患者体温逐渐下降,6～13h体温均降至正常,肾积水均消失,腰部疼痛均消失.1例患者逆行置入双J管1个月后再次出现高热,查尿常规,白细胞计数升高,给予抗生素治疗无效后,膀胱镜下拔出双J管,改行经皮肾穿刺造瘘持续引流.患者均足月分娩,未因操作而引起早产、脓毒血症、感染性休克等严重并发症.1例分娩后出现双J管向上缩入输尿管内,经输尿管镜取出.结论 膀胱镜下逆行双J管置入及经皮肾穿刺造瘘持续引流治疗中晚期妊娠合并结石性脓肾是一种安全、经济、高效的治疗方法.     

盆腔恶性肿瘤致输尿管下段梗阻51例治疗体会

目的探讨盆腔原发性或转移性恶性肿瘤引起的输尿管下段梗阻的治疗方法和效果。方法回顾性分析2002年2月至2008年2月收治的盆腔恶性肿瘤致输尿管下段梗阻51例患者的临床资料，根据患者不同情况采用相应的治疗方法。17例行开放手术，其中切除原发病灶并行输尿管端端吻合术3例，输尿管．膀胱吻合术9例，5例行输尿管皮肤造瘘术；19例经尿道膀胱镜下（11例）或输尿管镜下（8例）留置双J管（单侧11例，双侧8例）；15例经皮肾穿刺造瘘放置单J管。结果所有病例均获随访，随访时间6～72个月，平均21个月。腹部X线平片未发现J管移位。术后3个月，静脉尿路造影或超声检查提示39例（76．5％）肾积水消失，12例（23．5％）肾积水减轻、肾功能改善。输尿管端端吻合口和输尿管-膀胱吻合口无狭窄。结论盆腔恶性肿瘤致输尿管梗阻病情复杂，选择恰当的治疗方法引流尿液，能改善肾功能，提高患者的生活质量。     

联合钬激光技术在肾盂肿瘤根治术中的应用(附27例报告)

目的 探讨联合钬激光技术在肾盂肿瘤根治术中的有效性及安全性.方法 回顾性分析2005年4月至2007年2月应用钬激光治疗肾盂肿瘤27例患者的临床资料,先经腰部切口行患肾输尿管切除术,再经尿道以钬激光行包括输尿管口周围的膀胱袖口状切除术.结果 27例肾盂肿瘤均一次切除,平均手术时间75 min.术中无闭孔神经反射及腹膜穿孔者.术后1个月复查膀胱镜见膀胱黏膜修复完整.随访5个月至2年,未见膀胱肿瘤发生.结论 联合钬激光技术的肾盂肿瘤根治术安全、有效,是腔道泌尿外科微创治疗肾盂肿瘤较好的方法.     

DSA引导下经皮穿刺肾盂顺行输尿管支架管植入术治疗输尿管梗阻性肾积水的临床效果

目的探讨DSA引导下经皮穿刺肾盂顺行输尿管支架管植入术治疗输尿管梗阻性肾积水的临床效果。方法选取2017年6月-2018年6月我院收治的输尿管梗阻性肾积水患者92例(132条),采用DSA引导下经皮穿刺肾盂顺行输尿管支架管植入术的60例(92条)作为观察组,采用肾造瘘术的32例(40条)作为对照组。比较两组手术成功率、临床症状缓解率和并发症发生率。随访6个月,比较两组肾功能和生活质量评分。结果观察组手术成功率为91.67%,对照组为93.75%;观察组临床症状缓解率83.33%,对照组为87.50%;组间均无明显差异(P0.05)。观察组并发症发生率为15.00%,低于对照组的34.38%(P0.05)。两组血肌酐、尿素氮水平较治疗前均降低,且观察组血肌酐、尿素氮水平低于对照组(P0.05)。观察组生活质量评分高于对照组(P0.05)。结论 DSA引导下经皮穿刺肾盂顺行输尿管支架管植入术治疗输尿管梗阻性肾积水有较好的安全性,有利于保护肾功能,避免患者终身携带肾造瘘管,生活质量明显提高。     

不同胰岛素治疗急性脑梗死合并高血糖疗效的对比研究

目的观察比较短效加中效胰岛素、预混胰岛素、预混胰岛素类似物及长效胰岛素对急性脑梗死合并高血糖患者的血糖控制效果及神经功能缺损的改善情况。方法急性脑梗死合并高血糖患者116例,除脑梗死常规治疗外采用胰岛素皮下注射治疗。患者随机分为4组,分别给予诺和灵R＋诺和灵N、诺和灵30R、诺和锐30和长秀霖。试验过程为期3个月,观察4组患者血糖控制情况,并于治疗前后进行神经功能缺损评分（NIHSS评分）,比较各种胰岛素制剂的应用效果。结果4种胰岛素制剂治疗均能降低血糖和糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）水平,且诺和锐30组显著低于其他3组（P〈0．05）。4组患者治疗后NIHSS评分较治疗前显著降低（P〈0．05）,其中诺和锐30组优于其他3组（P〈0．05）。结论急性脑梗死合并高血糖患者接受胰岛素治疗能够有效控制血糖、降低病残率并改善长期生存质量;预混胰岛素类似物诺和锐30综合疗效优于其他胰岛素,更适用于急性脑梗死合并高血糖患者。     

Efficacy of gastric bypass in the treatment of obesity-related comorbidities.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is associated with multiple comorbidities, including hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes mellitus, obstructive sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, back/extremity pain, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), asthma, and depression. Surgical weight loss can markedly improve if not resolve many of these comorbidities. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 400 consecutive gastric bypass patients, analyzing postoperative resolution or improvement of obesity-related comorbidities. RESULTS: Mean follow-up period for these patients was 12.8 months, with a range of 0.3-30.6 months. Comorbidities were present in 21%-65% of the patients. Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, obstructive sleep apnea, GERD, and asthma either resolved or improved in 80%-100% of the patients. Arthritis, back or extremity pain, and depression also improved but to a lesser extent, in 52%-73% of patients. Our patients' quality of life greatly improved even at 6 weeks postoperatively in 35% of the patients, and this increased to >80% after 18 months. CONCLUSIONS: Gastric bypass surgery for the treatment of morbidly obese patients has a profound positive impact on obesity-related comorbidities. Also, patients' quality of life is dramatically improved in the majority of patients when compared with their preoperative status.     

Routes and sources of Staphylococcus aureus transmitted to the surgical wound during cardiothoracic surgery: possibility of preventing wound contamination by use of special scrub suits.

OBJECTIVES: To trace the routes of transmission and sources of Staphylococcus aureus found in the surgical wound during cardiothoracic surgery and to investigate the possibility of reducing wound contamination, with regard to total counts of bacteria and S. aureus, by wearing special scrub suits. METHODS: A total of 65 elective operations for coronary artery bypass graft with or without concomitant valve replacement were investigated. All staff present in the operating room wore conventional scrub suits during 33 operations and special scrub suits during 32 operations. Bacteriological samples were taken from the hands of the scrubbed team after surgical scrub but before putting on sterile gowns and gloves and from the patients' skin (incisional area of sternum and vein harvesting area of legs) after preoperative skin preparation with chlorhexidine gluconate. Air samples were taken during operations. Bacteriological samples also were taken from the subcutaneous walls of the surgical wound just before closing the wound. Total counts of bacteria on sternal skin and wound walls (colony-forming units [CFUs]/cm2) were calculated, as well as total counts of bacteria in the air (CFUs/m3). Strains of S. aureus recovered from the different sampling sites were compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS: Special scrub suits significantly reduced total counts of bacteria in air compared to conventional scrub suits (P=.002). The number of air samples in which S. aureus was found was significantly reduced by special scrub suits compared with conventional scrub suits (P=.016; relative risk, 4.4; 95% confidence interval [CI95], 1.3-14.91). By use of PFGE, it was possible to identify two cases of possible airborne transmission of S. aureus when wearing conventional scrub suits, whereas no case was found when wearing special scrub suits. When exposed to airborne S. aureus, the concomitant sternal carriage of S. aureus was a risk factor for having S. aureus in the wound. CONCLUSIONS: Use of tightly woven special scrub suits reduces the dispersal of total counts of bacteria and of S. aureus from staff in the operating room, thus possibly reducing the risk of airborne contamination of surgical wounds. The importance of careful preoperative disinfection of the patient's skin should be stressed.     

移动医疗应用程序干预对乳腺癌患者生活质量影响的meta分析

目的 系统评价移动医疗应用程序（mobile health application,M - health APP）干预对乳腺癌患者生活质量的影响。方法 计算机检索多个数据库,时间限定为建库—2020年3月。收集M - health APP干预对乳腺癌患者生活质量影响的随机对照研究或类实验性研究,根据研究异质性采用meta分析或描述性分析。结果 共纳入10项研究,2 035例患者。M - health APP干预后即刻（SMD = 0.42,95%CI:0.23～0.61,P＜0.0001）和6个月以内（SMD = 0.42,95%CI:0.14～0.70,P = 0.004）干预组较对照组能够提高乳腺癌患者的生活质量,6个月后,干预组和对照组差异无统计学意义（SMD = 0.30,95%CI: - 0.12～0.72,P = 0.16）。结论 M - health APP干预有利于提高乳腺癌患者6个月内的生活质量,6个月后生活质量的效果仍需进一步研究。     

老年股骨颈骨折60例临床分析

目的探讨空心加压螺钉内固定治疗老年人股骨颈骨折的临床疗效。方法对2008年5月-2011年4月本院收治的60例老年人股骨颈骨折患者的资料进行回顾性分析。结果术后随访6个月-3年,优16例,良35例,可7例,差2例。术后1周,术后全部病例均未发生伤口感染、下肢血管栓塞、脑血管意外等常见并发症,均顺利出院。结论空心加压螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折,手术后恢复快,创伤小,能提高患者生活,增强自理能力,提高生存质量。     

社区综合健康管理对老年高血压患者生活质量的影响

目的 探索江苏省南京市老年高血压患者在社区综合健康管理下的血压和生命质量变化情况。方法 2013年3~12月,按照整群随机抽样的原则,抽取南京市某社区医院管辖内老年高血压患者520例,再利用随机数字表产生随机数字将其分为对照组和管理组,对管理组老年高血压患者实施专项的社区健康管理,对照组老年高血压患者实施常规管理、不增加干预措施。对两组患者在基线、中期（6个月）和终期（18个月）共进行三次问卷调查,并用多水平模型分析生命质量变化情况。结果 管理组和对照组的基线情况差异均无统计学意义（均有P>0.05）。为期18个月的干预后,管理组对比对照组,收缩压平均降低（4.74±1.69） mm Hg（t=2.801,P=0.006）,舒张压平均降低（3.67±1.17） mm Hg（t=3.158,P=0.002）,差异具有统计学意义;在生命质量方面,两组的视力状况（Z=-3.142,P=0.002）、牙齿情况（Z=-2.130,P=0.034）、睡眠状况（Z=-3.471,P<0.001）、心理状况（Z=-2.051,P=0.040）和总体健康情况（Z=-2.653,P=0.008）的差异有统计学意义,管理组均优于对照组;生命质量得分变化情况也优于对照组。结论 社区健康管理可以改善老年高血压患者的血压状况,提高生活质量。     

微创经皮钢板治疗合并胸部损伤的胫腓骨骨折

目的观察微创经皮钢板(MIPPO)内固定治疗合并胸部损伤的胫腓骨骨折是否加重胸部症状。方法采用闭合复位经皮钢板内固定治疗合并胸部损伤的胫腓骨骨折22例,在胫骨内侧建立皮下隧道,经此隧道将钢板放置在胫骨内侧骨膜上,骨折间接复位,少数螺钉固定。术后当天即行膝、踝关节不负重功能锻炼。结果随诊22例,随诊时间10～24个月,平均13个月,骨折愈合时间平均4个月,未出现脂肪栓塞等加重胸部损伤的并发症及骨折不愈合、感染、断钉板等并发症。按Johner-Wruhs方法评价功能,优16例、良4例、可2例,优良率达91%。结论在合并胸部损伤的胫腓骨骨折中,MIPPO内固定不增加患者的并发症发生率并具有损伤小、恢复快、符合美学要求等优点,可作为治疗此类骨折的首选方法。     

延伸性护理干预对艾滋病患者服药依从性及生活质量的影响

目的探讨延伸性护理干预对艾滋病患者服药依从性和生活质量的影响。方法选择我中心2018年11月至2019年6月收治的艾滋病患者70例,随机分为对照组和观察组各35例,对照组采用常规护理,观察组采用延伸性护理干预。两组患者均干预3个月。对比两组患者的服药依从性与生活质量评分。结果观察组的服药依从性为94.29%,显著高于对照组的77.14%(P<0.05)。干预前,两组患者的生活质量评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预1个月、2个月和3个月后,两组患者的生活质量评分均高于干预前(P<0.05),且观察组的生活质量评分均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论延伸性护理干预可有效改善艾滋病患者的服药依从性和生活质量,为临床艾滋病护理干预方案制定奠定了基础。     

Quality of life of cancer patients with different prognoses

This study examines differences and similarities in the quality of life of 253 cancer patients with good, medium and poor prognoses. Our main hypothesis was that patients with a good prognosis will experience a higher quality of life than patients with a medium or poor prognosis. A multivariate analysis of covariance of eight quality of life scales was performed with prognosis as a factor and with age, sex, and the duration of the illness as covariates. Significant main effects of prognosis were found for the general QOL-scale and for physical aspects of quality of life. There were, however, only marginal and non-significant effects of prognosis groups on social and psychological functioning. A final multivariate analysis confirms earlier findings that performance status shows a weak but significant relationship with the psychological functioning. Thus, the physical condition of the patient at the time of measurement seems to have some influence on the psychological functioning, whereas the severity of the disease as inducated by the classification into prognosis groups does not. These results question the general attitude that seriously ill cancer patients have reduced social and psychological well-being. An alternative interpretation is that the scales used to measure psychological aspects of quality of life are inadequately sensitive.This study is supported by grants no 89090/001-002 from the Norwegian Cancer Society and by the Faculty of Medicine, University of Trondheim. The study has been evaluated and approved by the Regional Ethical Committee for Medical Research.     

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2: lower HbA1c-values and a high level of patient satisfaction

OBJECTIVE: To determine the HbA1c-values and the degree of satisfaction of patients who had switched from multiple subcutaneous insulin injections to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). DESIGN: Retrospective. METHOD: Data were collected and evaluated from all patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus who started treatment with CSII in the period from 1 January 1999 to 31 December 2001 in the Rijnmond-Zuid Medical Centre, Zuider site, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The data included the insulin dosage and HbA1c-percentages before and three months after the start of CSII, and the degree of satisfaction of the patients on a scale from 1 (poor) to 10 (good). RESULTS: Of the 57 patients who started CSII, two resumed multiple daily subcutaneous injections within a few months. Of the other 55 patients, 36 (including 15 men) had type-1 diabetes, with an average age of 36.1 years, and 19 (including 8 men) had type-2 diabetes, with an average age of 49.7 years. Poor regulation of the blood glucose levels was the main reason (n = 40; 73%) for switching to CSII. In the 36 patients with type-1 diabetes, there was no significant change in the total dose of insulin before and during CSII, while the mean HbA1c-level decreased from 8.2 (SD: 1.2) to 7.3% (SD: 1.0; p = 0.0005). In the 19 patients with type-2 diabetes, there was also no significant change in insulin dosage, while the HbA1c-level decreased from 8.1 (SD: 1.0) to 7.6% (SD: 1.1; p = 0.056). All 47 interviewed patients were satisfied with the treatment. The mean score was 8.3 in type-1 diabetes mellitus and 8.1 in type-2 diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSION: Following three months on CSII, the average HbA1c-percentages were lower than during the previous treatment with multiple subcutaneous insulin injections. The patients were satisfied with the convenience of the treatment.