应用枕下外侧入路和远外侧入路处理下斜坡病变的解剖学量化对比研究

目的通过对成人头颅标本相关解剖进行测量和量化分析,为下斜坡及枕大孔腹侧病变手术入路的选择提供依据.方法根据枕大孔前正中点与枕髁后缘连线垂直距离(AOCP)/枕大孔纵经(FML)的比值将成人头颅标本分组,分析每组采用不同手术入路时对枕大孔腹侧区显露角度的差异.结果100例成人头颅标本分为3组:Ⅰ组(小枕髁型)占8%,Ⅱ组(中枕髁型)占74%,Ⅲ组(大枕髁型)占18%.Ⅰ组中角A和角B之间无统计学差异,但Ⅱ、Ⅲ组中角A与角B之间存在显著性差异(角A、角B分别表示磨除枕髁后1/3前、后的显露角度).结论枕髁大小变异较大.对于下斜坡及枕大孔腹侧病变,小型枕髁病人术中无需磨除枕髁,采用枕下外侧入路即可获得理想的显露.对于中、大型枕髁病人,磨除枕髁后可提供更大的观察视角,因此宜采用远外侧经髁人路.应用CT行三维骨性重建,明确枕髁的类型对手术入路的选择具有指导意义.     

枕下远外侧入路的显微解剖学研究与临床应用

目的 研究枕下远外侧入路的显微解剖,探讨其临床应用价值.方法 选取成人尸头标本15例,在显微镜下模拟枕下远外侧入路进行解剖学研究.并采用枕下远外侧入路手术切除14例颈交界区肿瘤,其中肿瘤经颈静脉孔完全向颅内发展4例,跨枕骨大孔进入颈椎上部7例,呈哑铃型生长至颈静脉孔外口处2例,累及颈动脉鞘1例.结果 枕下远外侧入路可充分暴露枕下三角、椎动脉区和后组脑神经区.本组肿瘤全切除10例.次全切除2例,部分切除2例.术后出现暂时性病侧外展神经麻痹1例.面神经不全损害1例,死亡1例,余11例无新增脑神经损害表现;术后均无脑脊液漏发生.13例随访4～70个月,除1例头痛外,余术前脑神经损害均逐渐恢复或代偿;肿瘤复发2例.结论 枕下远外侧入路可增加术野,减少对脑干及重要血管神经的牵拉,是切除脑干和高位颈髓腹侧、腹外侧及颈静脉孔区病变的理想手术入路.     

枕下远外侧入路至下岩斜区应用解剖研究

目的 通过对枕下远外侧入路应用解剖研究,为下岩斜区手术入路提供显微外科解剖学基础.方法 在10 例(20 侧)10%甲醛固定并血管经彩色乳胶灌注的国人成人尸头上模拟枕下远外侧入路,观察下岩斜区神经血管走行分布特点、神经和血管间关系,测量相关重要数据.结果 下岩斜区显微结构主要包括舌咽神经、迷走神经、副神经、舌下神经、PICA 及其穿支、VA 及其穿支.舌咽神经起于延髓橄榄后沟上1 /3,多以单干起源,本组18 侧,双干起源较少见,本组2 侧,向外经颈静脉孔出颅,Ⅶ、Ⅷ和Ⅸ出脑处间距(2.30±0.32)mm.PICA 多起源于VA,本组18 侧(其中1 侧起自VA 颅外段,距VA 穿入硬膜处0.72 cm),偶有起源于BA,本组2 侧.结论 枕下远外侧入路与经口咽入路和枕下乙状窦后入路相比较,更适用于下岩斜区显露;对下岩斜区显微解剖研究及相关测量数据可提高该区手术安全性和成功率.     

枕下远外侧经髁入路的显微解剖学研究

目的通过在手术显微镜下对尸头的解剖研究,为枕下远外侧经髁入路提供应用解剖学基础。方法对15例成人汉族尸头湿标本进行解剖学研究,按肌肉群、硬膜外、硬膜内进行描述和测量。结果枕下三角由头直肌、上斜肌、下斜肌组成,内含椎动脉和C1神经,椎动脉被一层丰富的椎静脉丛包绕,呈“三明治”样结构;C2神经的腹侧支恒定地跨过椎动脉的第2部分后方;头外侧直肌由于连接颈静脉孔后缘的颈静脉突,是判断颈静脉孔和面神经的标志。当椎动脉穿过硬膜时,进入一个纤维通道,内含脊髓后动脉、齿状韧带、第1颈神经、副神经的脊髓根。结论枕下三角和C2神经的腹侧根是辨别椎动脉的重要标志;头外侧直肌是识别静脉孔的重要标记;枕髁的磨除有利于增大操作空间,磨除枕髁时应避免损伤舌下神经;后颅窝手术要注意小脑后下动脉的变异。     

枕下远外侧经髁入路的显微外科解剖及临床应用

目的为枕下远外侧经髁入路提供较详细的解剖资料。方法应用16例（32侧）成人尸体头湿标本，15例干标本进行显微解剖测量。结果乳突尖、环椎横突、第2颈神经前支、枕骨髁及枕下三角都是重要的术中解剖标志。椎动脉第三段周围有丰富的静脉丛，是术中显露椎动脉时重要的出血来源。切除枕骨髁后内侧1／3，外科术野可扩大（15±1）°，切除1／2时术野扩大（18±1）°。应用此入路解剖学研究结果治疗枕骨大孔腹侧肿瘤5例，术后效果良好。结论枕下远外侧经髁入路解剖关系复杂，但可在不牵拉脑干的基础上充分显露枕骨大孔区腹侧，枕骨髁的切除范围仅限于其后内侧1／2。     

枕下远外侧入路的临床应用及其新进展

颅颈交界区特别是下斜坡及枕骨大孔前方解剖结构复杂,手术入路位置深在,且此区病变多与神经血管尤其与脑干、颈髓上段关系密切,手术难度和风险极大。而枕下远外侧入路具有路径短,显露颅颈交界区前方及前外侧方清楚,早期控制椎动脉,便于进行手术操作,肿瘤全切率高等特点。枕下远外侧入路是一种较枕下外侧入路更靠外侧,经枕骨髁颅颈交界区的外侧入路,是颈外侧入路向后颅窝的延伸,现综述如下。     

A practical approach to the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh: An anatomical study

Objectives

To study the main anatomical landmarks related to the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (LCN) in the infrainguinal region and to define reliable criteria for identifying the nerve during the surgery and electrophysiological study.

Methods

Bilateral dissections of 60 adult non-fixed cadavers were performed with measurements of the distance between the inferior border of the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the LCN (DAL) and the internal angle between the LCN and the inguinal ligament (IA). The number of nerves exiting the inguinal ligament, the position of the LCN relative to the ASIS and to inguinal ligament were observed and registered. A triangle was designed using the inguinal ligament, the ASIS and the direction of tendinous insertions of the tensor of fascia lata muscle as parameters and the nerves were tested according its localization inside the triangle in each dissection.

Results

In 80% of the dissections, the LCN passed under the inguinal ligament and was identified lateral to ASIS in only three dissections. A great variability was observed in the values of DAL and IA. The values of DAL ranged from 0 (immediately medial to ASIS) to 5 cm on either side with means of 1.31 and 1.22 cm on the right and left side, respectively. The values of IA ranged from 40° to 120°, with a mean of 66.08° on the right side and from 40° to 130° with a mean of 69.92° on the left side. No significant differences were identified between the two sides with respect to the relationship between the nerve and the inguinal ligament (Chi-square test, p = 0.83); DAL (t test, p = 0.37) or IA (t test, p = 0.15). A single nerve was found in 70.83% of the dissections. The nerve was found inside the triangle in 95% of the dissections.

Conclusions

Despite the symmetry found between the right and left sides, the values of the main anatomic parameters involved in the localization of the LCN presented a great degree of variability. Even so, dissection using the proposed anatomical triangle allows for the localization of the LCN in almost all cases.     

远外侧手术入路中骨质切除范围的解剖与临床研究

目的 探讨远外侧手术入路中枕骨髁切除范围与外科术野扩大的关系. 方法收集颅底保存完好的干燥颅骨标本16例,福尔马林固定的正常成人带颈部的头颅标本16例02侧).测量枕骨髁切除1/3、1/2时所扩大的视角.将该入路的解剖学资料应用于临床,治疗21例枕骨大孔区腹侧脑膜瘤. 结果枕骨髁的切除:枕骨髁的后内侧阻挡术野,故需切除枕骨髁时应切除其后内侧,切除1/3约4～5mm时,术野扩大14～16°;切除1/2约7～8 mm时,术野扩大17～19°.切除颈静脉结节,有利于枕骨大孔腹侧中下斜坡的显露. 结论枕骨髁的磨除范围限于其后内侧1/3至1/2即可充分显露枕骨大孔区腹侧肿瘤.     

远外侧手术入路中骨质切除范围的解剖与临床研究

目的 探讨远外侧手术入路中枕骨髁切除范围与外科术野扩大的关系. 方法收集颅底保存完好的干燥颅骨标本16例,福尔马林固定的正常成人带颈部的头颅标本16例02侧).测量枕骨髁切除1/3、1/2时所扩大的视角.将该入路的解剖学资料应用于临床,治疗21例枕骨大孔区腹侧脑膜瘤. 结果枕骨髁的切除:枕骨髁的后内侧阻挡术野,故需切除枕骨髁时应切除其后内侧,切除1/3约4～5mm时,术野扩大14～16°;切除1/2约7～8 mm时,术野扩大17～19°.切除颈静脉结节,有利于枕骨大孔腹侧中下斜坡的显露. 结论枕骨髁的磨除范围限于其后内侧1/3至1/2即可充分显露枕骨大孔区腹侧肿瘤.     

枕下远外侧入路切除枕大孔前方及外侧肿瘤

目的 探讨枕下远外侧入路显微外科切除枕骨大孔区前方及外侧肿瘤的手术方法。方法 自1995年9月至2002年10月应用枕下远外侧入路切除枕骨大孔区前、外侧肿瘤10例，其中脑膜瘤5例、复发性脊索瘤2例、舌下神经鞘瘤2例、颈静脉球瘤1例。结果 本组10例中，肿瘤全切除6例、次全切除3例、大部分切除1例、术后出现后组颅神经麻痹2例，无手术死亡。结论 该入路可增加术野空间，从更大程度上显露肿瘤组织，有利于减少对脑干和重要血管、神经的牵拉。     

枕下极外侧入路的显微解剖及临床应用

目的探讨枕下极外侧入路相关的显微解剖及临床应用效果。方法采用福尔马林固定的成人头颅标本12例和28例成人干性颅骨标本进行模拟枕下极外侧入路的显微解剖学研究和相关参数的测量。并临床应用切除斜坡下段和枕骨大孔区肿瘤21例。结果乙状窦、枕髁和椎动脉是该入路重要的解剖标志。乳突尖到枕髁外缘中点为29.56±3.24mm;枕髁后缘距舌下神经管内口为12.23±3.13mm。临床应用该入路切除斜坡下段和枕骨大孔区肿瘤21例,肿瘤全切8例,次全切除9例,大部切除4例,无手术死亡。结论采用枕下极外侧入路可以增加术野空间,减少对脑干和重要血管神经的牵拉,是较为理想的手术入路。     

枕下极外侧髁上入路处理颈静脉孔区肿瘤

目的探讨枕下极外侧髁上入路手术切除颈静脉孔区肿瘤的临床价值及适用范围。方法分析75例枕下极外侧髁上入路手术的颈静脉孔区肿瘤患者的资料。其中神经鞘瘤28例,副神经节瘤25例,脑膜瘤11例,脊索瘤7例,软骨肉瘤4例。根据肿瘤的生长方向和大小范围,使用拐杖形切口者42例,围绕耳廓下颌角的弧形切口者33例。每例患者在枕骨髁上方磨开颈静脉孔,切除孔内外的肿瘤。结果肿瘤手术全切除51例;近全切除17例;次全切除7例。术后5例患者发生脑脊液漏。术中脑神经功能监测有利于后组脑神经的解剖保留。33例患者未新增脑神经损害症状。术后随访3~24个月,16例患者存在轻度饮水呛咳、声音嘶哑但无吞咽困难;无永久带气管插管或胃管的患者。结论该入路显露充分,无需过多磨除岩骨及轮廓化面神经管,对寰枕关节的稳定性影响较小,适于切除主体在颈静脉孔区和向颅内及颅颈交界部扩展的肿瘤。     

颈前外侧入路及其扩大入路的显微解剖学研究

目的探讨经颈前外侧入路及其扩大入路手术治疗斜坡及上颈椎腹侧病变的方法.方法在经10%甲醛溶液固定的尸头标本上,模拟颈前外侧入路及其扩大入路进行斜坡和上颈椎腹侧的显微解剖和手术入路研究.结果颈部前外侧有明确的筋膜间隙,通过对颈筋膜各层准确的广泛解剖可直达斜坡中上部和上颈椎腹侧;各筋膜层及骨性结构表面均有明显的解剖学标志.外侧入路可安全暴露下斜坡和上颈椎腹侧区域,其扩大入路可充分显露中上斜坡腹侧.结论经颈前外侧入路及其扩大入路手术治疗斜坡及上颈椎腹侧病变具有直达病变部位,损伤小,视野较宽和有效避免感染等优点.     

内镜经鼻入路显露颅颈交界区腹侧的解剖研究

目的提供内镜经鼻入路显露颅颈交界区腹侧的解剖学依据。方法选用30具骨性颅底和颈椎标本,测量与经鼻入路相关的解剖数据。选用10具经红色和蓝色乳胶灌注的尸头,在0°和30°内镜观察下,采用经鼻入路显露颅颈交界区腹侧结构。结果枕髁间距(16.12±1.86)m m,寰椎前弓长度为(15.84±1.18)m m,齿突高(14.96±2.19)m m,齿突最大横径为(10.34±0.80)m m。采用内镜经鼻入路,可切除寰椎前弓、齿状突和枕大孔前缘,显露颅颈交界区腹侧硬膜下结构。内镜经鼻入路的手术标志包括:下鼻甲、后鼻孔、鼻咽部黏膜、咽鼓管咽口、头长肌和颈长肌、枕大孔前缘和寰椎前弓、齿状突尖、寰枕关节。结论内镜经鼻入路可充分显露颅颈交界区腹侧硬膜下结构。     

枕下远外侧入路处理斜坡中央凹陷区病变的数量化研究

目的量化分析枕下远外侧入路（FLA）中不同程度骨切除对斜坡中央凹陷区的显露范围以及手术操作空间的影响。方法利用CT和立体定向仪对20例甲醛溶液固定的头颅标本标记斜坡中央凹陷区中心点，采用FLA入路，骨切除分四步进行：磨除颈静脉结节，部分乳突切除，枕髁全切，C1侧块切除；分别于每一步骨切除及血管神经牵拉完成后测量斜坡中央凹陷区的显露范围和位于中心点上方15cm处术者的操作范围。结果颈静脉结节磨除后，斜坡中央凹陷区的显露面积为（123±35）mm^2，占FLA入路完成后显露总面积的89％；提供的手术操作空间为（6095±247）mm^2，占FLA入路完成后总操作空间的69％。结论磨除颈静脉结节为经FLA入路显露斜坡中央凹陷区的关键步骤：部分乳突切除可进一步改善操作空间，但未能显著增加斜坡中央凹陷区的显露：全切枕髁和侧块不能显著增加斜坡中央凹陷区的显露和操作空间。     

乳突后直切口枕下极外侧入路的局部解剖及操作要点

目的 介绍乳突后直切口枕下极外侧入路处理枕大孔区腹侧病变的有关解剖和手术技术要点。方法 4具尸体枕部解剖6例,模拟手术操作过程3例;6例手术实践体会。结果 乳突后直切口是从肌肉间隙中入路,涉及的肌肉只有部分的胸锁乳突肌、头夹肌,以及上、下斜肌,肌肉无需大范围的剥离切断。枕骨髁可磨除后1／3。从椎动脉前方切开硬脊膜,视角可达180度。能从颅脊神经和椎动脉的前方切除肿瘤,不牵延髓。从椎动脉后方切开硬脊膜,能处理低达颈2、3的肿瘤。结论 乳突后直切口枕下极外侧入路具有创伤小、手术视角好、对延髓牵拉轻微、切口易延扩和便于联合入路的优点。     

Surgical treatment of dumbbell-shaped jugular foramen schwannomas via two-piece lateral suboccipital approach: Report of 26 patients

BackgroundDumbbell-shaped jugular foramen schwannomas (JFS) are rare but challenging for the treatment. Surgical resection is believed to be the optimal therapy; however, postoperative dysfunction of the lower cranial nerves (CNs), tumor residual, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage, and subcutaneous hydrops are common. The current study's objectives were to describe the optimal surgical strategies for the total removal of dumbbell-shaped JFS, the functional preservation of lower CNs, and the prevention of postoperative CSF leakage.Methods26 consecutive patients with dumbbell-shaped JFS were surgically treated between January 2014 and June 2019. All patients were operated on via two-piece lateral suboccipital approach, vascularized muscle flap was used for the repair of the dural defect after an operation. The clinical information and radiological data of these patients were retrospectively reviewed, and the optimal surgical strategies were further evaluated and discussed.ResultsThe tumor was completely removed in all 26 patients, one patient developed new CN Ⅶ paralysis, and 2 developed new CN IX and Ⅹ paralysis after an operation, all patients were significantly relieved during follow up. None of them developed subcutaneous hydrops and postoperative CSF leakage. No tumor recurrence was observed during a mean follow up of 38.8 (16–69) months.ConclusionsDumbbell-shaped JFS could be safely and completely removed via the two-piece lateral suboccipital approach. Postoperative CSF leakage could be effectively prevented by careful repair of the dural defect in the jugular foramen (JF) and filling the mastoid cavity with a vascularized muscular flap.     

内镜下经鼻入路齿状突切除的解剖学研究

目的探讨内镜下经鼻咽入路显露和切除齿状突的可行性。方法选取新鲜成人尸头湿标本4具，椎动脉、颈内动脉内灌注红色乳胶，颈内静脉灌注蓝色乳胶，防腐剂阴冷处保存。在尸头标本上模拟内镜下经右侧鼻孔入路切除齿状突。结果标本在内镜下术野暴露均满意，切开咽后壁、肌肉及筋膜韧带后，向上可以暴露下斜坡，向下可以暴露寰枢椎，磨除寰椎前弓后可以成功切除齿状突。结论内镜下经鼻入路可以作为前路齿状突切除的选择之一。     

枕下远外侧经髁入路至脑干腹侧区的显微解剖

目的 对经枕下远外侧经髁入路至脑干腹侧区进行显微解剖研究.方法 成人湿性头颅标本10例(20侧),模拟枕下远外侧经髁入路进行分层解剖,并比较磨除枕骨髁对脑干腹侧区暴露范围的影响.结果 采用倒"U"形切口暴露充分,术中寻找枕下三角、寰椎横突、头外侧直肌等解剖标志定位深层结构.与不磨枕骨髁比较,磨除部分直至全部枕骨髁后水平暴露距离分别增加10.9 mm和12.6 mm,手术深度分别降低13.5 mm和20.5 mm.结论 经枕下远外侧经髁入路磨除部分枕骨髁能够明显改善脑干腹侧区的暴露,术中应根据病变特征进行适量的枕骨髁磨除.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the exposed areas in brainstem ventral region via the suboccipital far-lateral transcondylar approach.Method Ten(20 sides) adult cadaveric specimens which perfused with colored silicone were studied.Stepwise dissections via the suboccipital far-lateral transcondylar approach to ventral region of brainstem and the different exposures were compared by resecting the occipital condyle gradually.Results The inverse "U" shape could provide with a sufficient operative exposure.The deep layer structure intraoperative process by identifing with those anatomical markers of suboccipital triangle, transverse process of the atlas and rectus capitis lateralis was localized.Compared with the no-resecting occipital condyle, the exposures of ventral-lateral region of brainstem increased 10.9 mm and 12.6 mm, the operative depth decreased 13.5 mm and 20.5 mm by resecting occipital condyle from partial to total length respectively.Conclusions Suboccipital far-lateral transcondylar approach could improve the exposure extent of ventral region of brainstem by resecting occipital condyle, however it was improtant to decide an optimal extent of occipital condyle to resect intraoperatively accroding to the lesion feature.