A case of anthracosis presenting with mediastinal lymph nodes mimicking tuberculous lymphadenitis or malignancy

Anthracosis is a form of pneumoconiosis caused by coal dust or by a smoky and polluted environment. Anthracosis often presents in pulmonary form; only rarely are extrathoracic, esophageal, and mediastinal anthracoses documented. We report a rare case of anthracosis with multiple mediastinal lymphadenopathy.     

Endoscopic resection of sparganosis presenting as colon submucosal tumor: A case report

Human sparganosis is a rare parasitic disease caused by infection with the tapeworm Sparganum, the migrating plerocercoid(second stage) larva of Spirometra species. Sparganosis usually involves subcutaneous tissues and/or muscles of various parts of the body, but involvement of other sites such as the brain, eye, peritoneopleural cavity, urinary track, scrotum, and abdominal viscera has also been documented. Infections caused by sparganum have a worldwide distribution but are most common in Southeast Asia such as China, Japan, and South Korea. Rectal sparganosis is an uncommon disease but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unusual and suspicious rectal submucosal tumors. We report a case of rectal sparganosis presenting as rectal submucosal tumor. We performed endoscopic submucosal dissection of the rectal submucosal tumor. The sparganosis was confirmed based on the presence of calcospherules in the submucosal layer on histological examination. Moreover, the result of the immunoglobulin G antibody test for sparganosis was positive but became negative after endoscopic submucosal dissection. Though rare, rectal sparganosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of rectal submucosal tumor-like lesions. This case suggests that physicians should make effort to exclude sparganosis through careful diagnostic approaches, including detailed history taking and serological tests for parasites. In this report, we aimed to highlight the clinical presentation of Sparganum infection as a rectal submucosal tumor.     

Early gastric cancer presenting as a typical submucosal tumor cured by endoscopic submucosal dissection: A case report

BACKGROUNDSubmucosal tumor (SMT)-like gastric cancer is rare, and almost all cases undergo curative surgical treatment because the submucosal layer is usually deeply invaded by tumor cells or because histopathologic types of SMT-like gastric cancer are undifferentiated or poorly differentiated. No report has been issued on an SMT-like gastric cancer cured by endoscopic resection alone or on changes in the endoscopic features of this type of tumor over several years.CASE SUMMARYWe describe an exceptional case of a 53-year-old male with a 1.5 cm-sized SMT-like lesion covered by normal-appearing mucosa discovered by esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) at the gastric antrum. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) visualized a homogeneous, well-circumscribed hypoechogenic lesion arising from the second sonographic layer with associated subtle obliteration of the third sonographic layer. Initial endoscopic biopsy was negative for neoplasm. The patient refused to undergo an invasive procedure and was subsequently lost to follow-up. Three years after initial detection, EGD revealed the lesion had become markedly erythematous, and at 4 years after initial EGD it had increased in size to 1.8 cm and developed a central ulcer and a heterogeneous EUS echo. Finally, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) was performed, and histopathologic examination revealed a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma had minutely invaded the submucosal layer (invasion depth 169 μm) but without lymphovascular invasion and with negative resection margins. Fortunately, no additional surgical treatment was required. He has been followed for 4 years after ESD without any evidence of local or distant recurrence.CONCLUSIONThis report describes an extremely rare case of early gastric cancer presenting as SMT that was cured by ESD after a treatment delay of 4 years and the endoscopic changes that occurred during this period. The report highlights the importance of considering the possibility of gastric cancer when SMT is encountered in clinical practice.     

Hepatic cyst misdiagnosed as a gastric submucosal tumor： A case report

We describe here a case of 51-year-old woman with a symptomatic hepatic cyst that was misdiagnosed as a gastric submucosal tumor （SMT） with endoscopic ultrasound （EUS） and CT scan. The patient presented with an epigastric pain for two months. On endoscopy, a submucosal tumor was found on the cardia of the stomach. Based on EUS and abdominal CT scan, the lesion was diagnosed as a gastric duplication cyst or a gastrointestinal stromal tumor （GIST）. The operative plan was laparoscopic wedge resection for the GIST of the gastric cardia. A cystic mass arising from the left lateral segment of the liver was found at the laparoscopic examination. There was no abnormal finding at the gastric cardia. She was treated by laparoscopic hepatic wedge resection including the hepatic cyst using an endoscopic linear stapler.     

Gastric calcifying fibrous tumor removed by endoscopic submucosal dissection

The World Health Organization describes calcifying fibrous tumors(CFTs) as rare, benign lesions characterized by hypocellular, densely hyalinized collagenization with lymphoplasmacytic infiltration. These tumors rarely involve the gastrointestinal(GI) tract. A routine endoscopic upper gastrointestinal screen detected a 10-mm submucosal tumor(SMT) in the lesser curvature of the lower corpus of the stomach of an apparently healthy, 37-year-old woman with no history of Helicobacter pylori infection. Endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS) localized the internally isoechoic, homogeneous SMT mainly within the submucosa. Malignancy was ruled out using endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD). A pathological examination confirmed complete resection of the SMT, and defined a hypocellular, spindle-cell tumor with a densely hyalinized, collagenous matrix, scattered lymphoplasmacytic aggregates as well as a few psammomatous, dystrophic calcified foci. The mass was immunohistochemically positive for vimentin and negative for CD117(c-kit protein), CD34, desmin, smooth muscle actin(SMA) and S100. Therefore, the histological findings were characteristic of a CFT. To date, CFT resection by ESD has not been described. This is the first case report of a gastric calcifying fibrous tumor being completely resected by ESD after endoscopic ultrasonography.     

Laparoscopic endoscopic cooperative surgery as a minimally invasive treatment for gastric submucosal tumor

Laparoscopic wedge resection is a useful procedure for treating patients with submucosal tumor (SMT) including gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) of the stomach. However, resection of intragastric-type SMTs can be problematic due to the difficulty in accurately judging the location of endoluminal tumor growth, and often excessive amounts of healthy mucosa are removed; thus, full-thickness local excision using laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery (LECS) is a promising procedure for these cases. Our experience with LECS has confirmed this procedure to be a safe, feasible, and minimally invasive treatment method for gastric GISTs less than 5 cm in diameter, with outcomes similar to conventional laparoscopic wedge resection. The important advantage of LECS is the reduction in the resected area of the gastric wall compared to that in conventional laparoscopic wedge resection using a linear stapler. Early gastric cancer fits the criteria for endoscopic resection; however, if performing endoscopic submucosal dissection is difficult, the LECS procedure might be a good alternative. In the future, LECS is also likely to be indicated for duodenal tumors, as well as gastric tumors. Furthermore, developments in endoscopic and laparoscopic technology have generated various modified LECS techniques, leading to even less invasive surgery.     

Mediastinal tuberculous lymphadenitis with anthracosis as a cause of vocal cord paralysis

Anthracotic pigmentation in the bronchial mucosa has been regarded as a bronchoscopic finding of pneumoconiosis or evidence of heavy atmospheric soot. Anthracotic pigmentation with bronchial narrowing or obliteration, surrounded by calcified or noncalcified lymph nodes is typical finding of anthracofibrosis. There is a potential relationship between bronchial anthracofibrosis and tuberculosis. Tuberculous lymphadenopathy of superior mediastinum presentation with hoarseness is very rare. The paper reports a case of tuberculous mediastinal lymphadenitis with anthracosis causing vocal cord paralysis. A 66-year-old woman was admitted to our clinic with the symptoms of dry cough, hoarseness, malaise, anorexia, night sweats and with the multiple mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed left vocal cord paralysis, bronchial mucosal inflammation and multiple anthracotic plaques. Bronchial lavage and mucosal biopsy were negative for malignancy and tuberculosis. The thoracotomy was performed and a mediastinal lymph node showing caseating granulomatous inflammation with anthracosis and parenchymal anthracosis were detected. The diagnosis of anthracosis and mediastinal tuberculous lymphadenitis was made and the patients put on antituberculous treatment. But she unfortunately died in the second month of the treatment because of the abdominal complication of gastric adenocarcinoma operation.     

Mediastinal tuberculous lymphadenitis presenting as an esophageal intramural tumor： A very rare but important cause for dysphagia

Dysphagia associated with esophageal mechanical obstruction is usually related to malignant esophageal diseases. Benign lesions are rarely a cause for this type of dysphagia, and usually occur either as an intramural tumor or as an extrinsic compression. Mediastinal tuberculous lymphadenitis is rare in adults, and even more rarely causes dysphagia. We report two cases of dysphagia in adult patients caused by mediastinal tuberculous lymphadenitis, presenting radiologicaUy and endoscopically as an esophageal submucosal tumor. Based on the clinical and imaging diagnosis, the patients underwent a right thoracotomy, and excision of the mass attached to and compressing the esophagus. Pathological examination of the specimens showed a chronic granulomatous inflammation with caseous necrosis, which was consistent with tuberculous lymphadenitis.     

微型探头内镜超声对上消化道黏膜下肿物的诊断价值

目的研究微型探头内镜超声检查对上消化道黏膜下肿物的诊断价值。方法采用微型探头内镜超声观察2003-02~2004-06天津医科大学总医院消化科诊治的91例上消化道黏膜下肿物,明确其来源的层次、病变位置,并分析结果。结果上消化道黏膜下肿物以平滑肌瘤最为多见,共57例,病变部位以食管最多;其它依次是囊肿14例、血管病变9例、脂肪瘤5例、异位胰腺4例和恶性间质瘤2例。恶性病变及部分良性病变获组织学证实。结论微型探头内镜超声对上消化道黏膜下肿物具有准确的定位作用,能较好地提示病变性质,是诊断上消化道黏膜下肿物的一种简便、安全、有效的方法。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗消化道黏膜下肿瘤的疗效分析

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗消化道黏膜下肿瘤(submucosal tumor,SMT)的疗效及安全性。方法选取我院2008年3月-2011年6月经胃肠镜检查发现消化道黏膜下肿瘤48例,回顾性分析48例患者资料,包括患者的基本情况、病变部位、大小、治疗经过以及病理结果等,统计并发症发生情况及术后随访结果。结果病灶直径为0.8～5.8 cm,平均(3.3±0.75)cm,ESD手术时间为27～167 min,平均(71.0±22.6)min,ESD完整切除病灶45例(45/48,93.75%),穿孔3例(3/48,6.25%),其中1例大出血,1例食管患者ESD术后出现食管狭窄,经内镜下球囊扩张食管狭窄消失。所有病人均完成了术后6个月的内镜随访,1例患者见肿瘤复发。结论 ESD技术对较大病变可以整块切除,并提供完整的病理诊断资料;消化道SMT行ESD术是安全、有效的。     

小探头超声辅助下经双通道内镜食管黏膜下肿瘤剥除术的临床应用

目的探讨小探头超声辅助下经双通道内镜食管黏膜下肿瘤剥除术的临床应用价值。方法1999年1月至2005年5月，选择内镜超声检查诊断为食管黏膜下肿瘤的84例在小探头超声辅助下经双通道内镜行食管黏膜下肿瘤剥除术，术后常规病理组织送检。结果84例患者均成功行内镜下剥除，术后无食管穿孔、食管狭窄等严重并发症，创面渗血2例（2．3％）。83例获得病理诊断，确诊食管间质瘤65例，脂肪瘤17例，神经纤维瘤1例。术后经平均4．1个月的内镜随访，未见病变再发。结论小探头超声辅助下双通道内镜食管黏膜下肿瘤剥除术是一种安全、有效、简便的治疗方法。     

Enlarged accessory spleen presenting stomach submucosal tumor

A 62-year-old man presented with upper abdominal discomfort underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastroscopy and endoscopic ultrasonography revealed a submucosal tumor (SMT) with homogenous echogenicity originated from extragastric organs. An abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) showed that the well-marginated ovoid mass, approximately 6 cm in diameter, enhanced homogenously to a similar degree as splenic parenchyma. 99mTechnetium sulfur colloid scintigraphy revealed the splenic nature of the mass. A diagnosis of accessory spleen mimicking gastric SMT was made. Subsequent follow-up was uneventful without performing splenectomy.     

Endoloop ligation of large pedunculated submucosal tumors (with videos)

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic treatment of a pedunculated submucosal tumor (SMT) has not been well established. In particular, endoscopic cautery snare resection of a large pedunculated SMT is discouraged because of the increased risk of bowel perforation. OBJECTIVE: To report the clinical outcome of endoloop ligation for the treatment of various pedunculated SMTs with a clip-marking technique. DESIGN: Prospective evaluation of 10 patients who, between June 2005 and May 2006, received endoloop ligation with a clip-marking technique. SETTING: At a tertiary-care, academic medical center. PATIENTS: Ten patients with various pedunculated SMTs with either symptomatic lesions or large-sized lesions (>4 cm). MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Clinical procedural success, reported adverse events. RESULTS: Nine cases were successfully treated, with tumor removal within 4 weeks. In contrast, only 1 patient needed a second session of loop ligation. Only 6 specimens were retrieved. There were no procedure-related complications, such as bleeding or perforation. LIMITATIONS: Retrieval by the patient of a specimen from stool was possible in only 60% of cases; a limited number of 10 patients; by oncology standards, not the correct treatment for nonlipomatous lesions, which limits its application to surgical risk candidates. CONCLUSIONS: Endoloop ligation of large pedunculated SMTs seemed to be technically feasible and appeared to be safe in this case series. Further controlled clinical trials have to be conducted before application of this technique to a large submucosal lipoma or other SMTs in surgical high-risk candidates can be generally recommended.     

超声内镜在上消化道粘膜下肿瘤诊断的应用

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消化道黏膜下肿物内镜下切除及其并发症防治

目的探讨消化道黏膜下肿物(gastrointestinal submucosal tumor,SMT)的内镜下切除方法及其并发症的防治。方法对382例SMT采用内镜黏膜下挖除术(ESE)、胃镜与腹腔镜双镜联合、内镜黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术(STER)以及内镜全层切除术(EFTR)进行肿物切除。结果 ESE切除332例,胃镜与腹腔镜双镜联合切除36例(其中20例为腹腔镜为主内镜辅助腹腔镜治疗,16例为瘤体较大,与浆膜层分界不清,单独内镜下挖除瘤体困难,术中转外科腹腔镜与胃镜双镜联合治疗),STER切除10例,EFTR切除4例。术中穿孔24例,其中内镜下瘤体剥离后发生胃壁穿孔转外科腹腔镜下缝合穿孔7例、内镜下尼龙绳荷包缝合9例、内镜下钛夹缝合6例、内镜下OTSC金属夹闭合器达到严密缝合2例。术后发生迟发性出血1例。术后感染1例。无死亡病例发生。结论 ESE、胃镜与腹腔镜双镜联合、STER以及EFTR是目前切除SMT微创、有效、安全、可行的方法。穿孔是其主要并发症,大多数穿孔可在内镜下达到严密缝合。     

Ligation-assisted endoscopic submucosal resection with circumferential mucosal incision for duodenal carcinoid tumor

Here we present the case of a 64-year-old female with a duodenal carcinoid tumor treated by ligation-assisted endoscopic submucosal resection(ESMR-L) with circumferential mucosal incision(CMI). Band ligation was effective in resecting the duodenal carcinoid tumor after CMI,with an uneventful post-procedural course. Histopathological examination showed clear tumor margins at deeper tissue levels. Thus,in the present case,ESMR-L with CMI was useful for the treatment of duodenal carcinoid tumor.