两种手术方法治疗桡骨远端粉碎性骨折的临床效果

[目的]探讨外固定支架结合克氏针内固定与斜"T"形钢板治疗桡骨远端粉碎性骨折的临床疗效对比。[方法]2009~2013年共收治桡骨远端骨折患者65例,采用手法整复外固定支架结合克氏针内固定37例,切开复位斜"T"形钢板内固定28例,术后定期随访,采用Dienst评分标准进行评估。[结果]术后所有病例随访3~15个月,外固定支架结合内固定组优良率91.2%,切开复位内固定组优良率82.1%。[结论]手法整复外固定架结合有限内固定治疗桡骨远端粉碎性骨折手术时间短,骨折愈合快,可早期功能锻炼,门诊即可取出外固定,疗效满意,为治疗桡骨远端粉碎性骨折的较好方法之一。     

交叉针内固定治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折25例报告

目的：探讨桡骨远端不稳定性骨折的治疗方法和疗效。方法：对25例桡骨远端不稳定性骨折行切开复位,交叉克氏针内固定,术后前臂石膏托外固定,结果：本组25例获8－20个月随访,全部愈合,无移位,无感染,疗效优18例,良6例,可1例,结论：切开复位交叉克氏针内固定是治疗桡骨远端不稳定性骨折的优良方法,手术创伤小,并发症少,疗效满意。     

双针髓内固定治疗桡骨骨折

[目的]探讨应用2枚髓内针治疗桡骨骨折的方法与疗效。[方法]对26例桡骨干骨折应用2枚三棱形髓内针或三棱针＋克氏针内固定法治疗,将桡骨骨折部整复,自桡骨远端Lister结节内外侧钻孔入髓腔,自远端至近端髓腔穿入2枚三棱针或三棱针＋克氏针,针尾折弯嵌于骨外,术后保持患肢中立位制动。[结果]所有患者均获得随访,时间6～12个月,平均8.5个月。23例骨折顺利愈合,愈合时间6～12周,平均9.5周。3例延迟愈合,愈合时间18～20周。按Anderson评价标准：前臂功能优良率92%。[结论]2枚三棱针或三棱针＋克氏针髓内固定桡骨骨折,手术创伤小,愈合率高,并发症少。     

组合式外固定器结合内固定加植骨治疗桡骨远端粉碎骨折

目的探讨应用组合式外固定器结合内固定加植骨治疗桡骨远端关节内粉碎骨折的疗效。方法1999年9月-2005年4月,应用组合式外固定器结合克氏针内固定加植骨术治疗桡骨远端严重关节内粉碎骨折15例。结果术后15例X线片显示：关节面分离和错位＜1．0mm 9例,＜2．0mm 6例；掌倾角为0°～10°,尺倾角20°～30°,15例均无骨短缩。骨折均全部愈合,临床愈合时间为6～10周。13例获得8～18个月随访,2例失访,按Dienst功能评定标准评定：优6例,良8例,可1例。结论组合式外固定器结合内固定加植骨是治疗桡骨远端严重关节内粉碎骨折的有效方法。     

有限切开克氏针有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗桡骨远端粉碎骨折

目的探讨有限切开克氏针有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗桡骨远端粉碎骨折的疗效。方法采用有限切开克氏针有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗桡骨远端粉碎骨折19例。结果 19例均获随访,时间5~20个月。骨折均获得愈合。影像学评估采用Stewart改良的Sarmiento评分系统：优10例,良8例,可1例。腕关节功能评估采用Gartland与Werley标准：优12例,良5例,可2例。结论有限切开克氏针有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗桡骨远端粉碎骨折,能有效恢复桡骨远端骨性结构的解剖并维持骨折稳定,创伤较小,利于腕关节功能的恢复,临床疗效满意。     

外固定支架加有限内固定治疗青壮年桡骨远端粉碎性骨折

目的探讨外固定支架加克氏针内固定治疗青壮年桡骨远端粉碎骨折的I临床疗效。方法2000年1月～2005年8月采用外固定支架加有限内固定治疗桡骨远端粉碎性骨折30例，外固定支架在术后6～8周拆除，术后进行腕关节功能锻炼。结果所有患者获得14～24个月（平均16个月）随访。所有患者2个月均达骨性愈合，关节功能评定：优24例，良4例，差2例，优良率为93．3％。结论外固定支架固定加有限克氏针内固定对治疗青壮年桡骨远端粉碎性骨折，固定牢固、可靠，可有效防止骨折的再移位和丢失，但不能过早进行腕关节功能锻炼，必须选择合适的时机拆除外固定支架，便于早期腕关节功能锻炼。     

动力型外固定架结合克氏针有限内固定治疗桡骨远端不稳定性骨折临床疗效

[目的]探讨动力型外固定架加克氏针有限内固定联合抗骨质疏松治疗桡骨远端骨折(A3、C2、C3)的临床疗效.[方法]2004年8月～2010年8月采用动力型外固定架加克氏针有限内固定治疗桡骨远端不稳定性骨折72例.6～8周拆除外固定架.72例患者随机分为治疗组(36例)和对照组(36例);治疗组给予抗骨质疏松药物治疗,对照组仅给予安慰剂治疗.[结果]所有患者均获得14～24个月随访,平均18个月;所有患者11周均达骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间:治疗组5～8周(平均6.5周),对照组6～11周(平均8.5周).依Dienest评分标准:治疗组,优18例,良15例,差3例,优良率为91.7％;对照组,优12例,良18例,差6例,优良率为83.3％.[结论]动力型外固定架加克氏针有限内固定治疗桡骨远端不稳定性骨折具有操作简单、复位满意、固定坚强等优点;联合抗骨质疏松治疗,能改善骨结构、增加骨折稳定性、减少固定时间,可明显改善患者疼痛程度,配合早期合理的腕关节功能锻炼,腕关节功能恢复良好,疗效满意.     

静力性外固定器结合克氏针治疗不稳定桡骨远端骨折

自2004年起我院采用静力性外固定器外固定结合克氏针内固定治疗中老年桡骨远端不稳定骨折12例,效果满意.     

可调节外固定支架结合有限内固定治疗C型桡骨远端骨折的临床观察

目的观察采用可调节外固定支架结合克氏针有限内固定治疗C型桡骨远端骨折的临床疗效。方法有完整随访资料桡骨远端骨折病人22例,根据AO/ASIF分型标准:C1型6例、C2型7、C3型9例,均采用可调节外固定支架结合克氏针有限内固定手术治疗。通过随访病人术后X线资料及检查腕关节功能恢复情况,评定疗效。结果随访6~18个月,平均13个月,X线片显示,所有骨折均在3个月内愈合,根据Garland-werley标准评定腕关节功能:优15例,良5例,可2例,优良率90.91%。结论采用可调节外固定支架结合克氏针有限内固定治疗C型桡骨远端骨折,能较好恢复并维持桡骨高度、掌倾角、尺偏角,可获得满意的腕关节功能。     

有限切开结合外固定支架治疗桡骨远端不稳定性骨折

目的探讨微创手术治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折的临床疗效。方法对采用克氏针结合外固定支架治疗的23例26侧桡骨远端不稳定骨折的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果术后随访3～24个月,平均6个月,均获得骨折愈合且对位良好,患者术后腕关节活动范围明显改善,疗效依照Dienst功能评估标准进行评定:优19侧,良4侧,可3侧,优良率为88%。结论克氏针有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗桡骨远端不稳定性骨折是一种微创手术,操作简单、固定可靠、疗效满意。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.