钛网植骨侧前路钉棒系统内固定治疗脊柱结核伴截瘫

[目的]探讨钛网植骨侧前路钉棒系统内固定治疗脊柱结核伴截瘫的疗效。[方法]自2002年1月~2004年9月对58例脊柱结核伴不同程度截瘫病人行钛网植骨侧前路钉棒系统内固定术,男32例,女26例;年龄28~68岁,平均38.5岁。术前均有不同程度的结核全身症状并局部疼痛,叩压痛,活动受限。影像学显示1~2个椎体破坏塌陷42例,≥3个椎体16例,均不同程度的后凸畸形;Cobbs角18°~50°,平均36°。术前抗结核治疗2~4周。侧前路彻底切除病灶,撑开矫正后凸畸形,行钛网植骨侧前路钉棒系统内固定,术后继续应用抗结核药物治疗至少1年。[结果]58例截瘫患者随访20~48个月,平均28个月。症状完全缓解34例,治愈率58.62%;部分改善19例,好转率32.76%,合计恢复率为91.38%。所有切口均为一期愈合,术后后凸畸形平均矫正30.4°,最终一次随访后凸角度平均矫正28.4°,后凸角度平均丢失2°。[结论]钛网植骨侧前路钉棒系统内固定治疗脊柱结核伴截瘫,既能彻底切除病灶防止复发,又能矫正畸形、重建脊柱稳定性,恢复脊柱支撑功能,防止晚发神经损害。     

一期前路病灶清除植骨内固定治疗脊柱结核

目的探讨经前路病灶清除植骨一期前路内固定术治疗脊柱结核的临床效果。方法对43例脊柱结核患者,行前路病灶彻底清除、椎间植骨、一期前路内固定术。结果脊柱结核复发2例（4.7%）,植骨不融合3例（7.0%）。植骨融合时间3～8个月。脊柱后凸畸形平均矫正70.2%±11.4%。11例截瘫患者神经功能Frankel分级术后恢复情况：术前A级3例术后恢复至B级1例、2例无恢复;B级5例恢复至C级1例、D级2例、E级1例、1例无恢复;C级3例恢复至D级1例、E级2例。结论经前路病灶清除植骨一期前路内固定术治疗脊柱结核能彻底清除结核病灶,充分减压,矫正脊柱后凸畸形,提高脊柱结核的治愈率。     

前路病灶清除椎体间植骨内固定治疗脊柱结核

目的探讨前路病灶清除自体骨椎间植骨融合前路内固定治疗脊柱椎体结核的临床效果。方法2004年1月至2008年12月,采用前路病灶清除自体骨椎间植骨侧前方内固定治疗胸腰椎结核患者21例,男7例,女14例;年龄8～71岁,平均45岁;胸椎结核5例,胸腰椎结核15例,腰骶椎结核1例。术前后凸Cobb角15°～45°,平均25°。根据术前、术后X线片分析植骨融合程度及脊神经功能改善状况。结果全部获得随访,随访时间12～26个月,平均15个月。1例于术后7个月出现原部位复发,再次手术后失败;2例术后原位复发,再次手术后恢复自主功能;1例合并髋关节结核,关节置换术后未见复发;其余17例植骨融合良好,无复发。除1例失败病例外,其余患者均达到结核治愈标准,术后X线片示植骨全部骨性融合,融合时间3～6个月,平均5个月。结论行前路病灶清除自体骨椎间植骨融合前路内固定治疗胸腰椎结核患者可有效矫正脊柱后凸畸形,重建脊柱稳定性,获得良好的骨性融合。     

一期前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗胸腰椎结核

目的总结一期前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗胸腰椎结核的经验。方法采用一期前路病灶清除、自体植骨、前路内固定治疗胸腰椎结核19例。结果平均随访15个月,脊髓神经功能得到不同程度地恢复,术后平均5.2个月达满意植骨融合,无内固定失败和脊柱结核病灶复发,后凸畸形矫正满意,Cobb角平均23.4°,平均矫正21.3°。结论一期前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定术可使病变节段在术后即刻重建稳定性,为脊柱融合和结核病灶的静止提供良好的力学环境,是外科治疗脊柱结核安全、有效的方法。     

脊柱结核外科治疗临床疗效分析

目的:探讨脊柱结核外科治疗临床疗效.方法:回顾分析120例胸腰椎结核分别采用单纯病灶清除33例;一期经前路病灶切除椎体间植骨并内固定49例;经后路病灶清除、植骨融合并内固定17例;前路病灶切除、椎体间植骨并后路内固定41例,术后随访对植骨融合、截瘫恢复和后凸畸形矫正情况分别评估.结果:随防2～3.5年(平均2.4年),所有病例术后症状消失,未植骨病例骨性愈合时间平均3个月,植骨病例骨性愈合时间平均4.5个月.术后后凸畸形平均矫正18.8°,末次随访矫正角度丢失平均3.1°,瘫痪患者术后一年Frankel分级明显提高;108例患者完全恢复正常工作和生活.结论:脊柱结核治疗必须遵循局部与系统兼顾的原则,针对不同个体采用与之相应的治疗方式,疗效满意.     

侧前方病灶清除椎弓根内固定治疗胸椎结核后凸畸形

目的观察侧前方病灶清除椎间植骨经椎弓根内固定术治疗脊柱结核并后凸畸形的疗效。方法胸椎结核并后凸畸形患者17例,男11例,女6例;年龄23～56岁,平均36.4岁。结核病损位于下胸椎,累及两或三个椎体。后凸成角15°～34°,平均25°。5例患者合并脊髓损伤,Frankel分级为C级2例、D级3例。手术方法为一期侧前方病灶清除椎间植骨经椎弓根内固定,抗结核药物治疗9个月。结果术后随访2~4年,切口一期愈合,椎间植骨全部融合,脊柱结核全部治愈,脊髓功能损害患者术后1年内完全恢复。术后后凸成角平均为7°,平均矫正18°,随访期间畸形矫正无明显丢失。结论侧前方病灶清除椎弓根内固定术治疗脊柱结核并后凸畸形,能够一期完成病灶清除、脊髓减压、脊柱稳定性重建和后凸畸形矫正。坚强的内固定可促进病椎植骨融合,有助于缩短术后药物治疗时间和提高脊柱结核治愈率。     

边缘性病灶切除术治疗重度脊柱结核

目的 探讨前路结核病灶边缘性切除术治疗重度脊柱结核伴后凸畸形与截瘫的疗效.方法 对2000年5月～2005年6月收治32例伴有后凸畸形与截瘫的重度胸腰椎结核,采用前路结核病灶边缘性切除术,同时用钛网和钢板重建脊柱稳定性,观察术后植骨融合、畸形矫正、截瘫恢复及结核病灶愈合情况.结果 植骨平均融合时间为6个月,融合率100%.在胸段、胸腰段及腰段后凸畸形分别平均纠正29°、25°及19°,随访时矫正度丢失＜10°.伴截瘫者11例,Frankel神经功能达到E级.本组脊柱结核均治愈.结论 前路结核病灶边缘性切除术治疗重度脊柱结核,可彻底清除病灶,畸形矫正效果好,骨性融合时间短,减压彻底,结核病灶无复发.     

前路内固定治疗胸腰椎结核伴后凸畸形与截瘫

目的：探讨前路植骨内固定治疗胸腰段脊柱结核伴后凸畸形与截瘫的疗效。方法：1996年～2002年4月采用前路病灶清除，植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核伴后凸畸形与截瘫62例，观察术后植骨融合、畸形矫正、截瘫恢复及结核病灶愈合情况。结果：平均随访2年2个月，56例患者获访，平均融合时间为3．6个月。骨性融合率100％。在胸段、胸腰段及腰段后凸畸形分别平均纠正29°、15°及9°，随访时无矫正度丢失；伴截瘫者11例，Frankel神经功能平均恢复2级；本组脊柱结核均治愈。结论：一期前路病灶清除植骨内固定，融合时间短，畸形矫正效果好，减压彻底，有利于截瘫恢复。     

一期前路病灶清除后路椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗胸腰椎结核

目的探讨一期前路病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核的疗效。方法23例胸腰椎结核患者采用一期前路或侧前方入路病灶清除、植骨,后路椎弓根螺钉固定、椎板间植骨融合。根据术前、术后X线片和MRI分析脊柱后凸畸形的矫正、植骨融合以及脊髓损害的恢复情况。结果23例均获得随访,时间12～24个月,患者均未出现结核播散,植骨全部融合,在3—6个月均获得牢固愈合,后凸畸形得到矫正,无侧弯畸形,Cobb角术前平均为（37±11）°,术后为（17±5）°。患者全身状况良好,受损神经均有不同程度的恢复。结论对有明显椎体破坏及脊髓受损的胸腰椎结核患者行一期前路病灶清除植骨内固定术,能有效防止远期手术矫正脊柱后凸畸形不理想以及早期阻止脊髓的不可逆损害,为脊柱融合提供一个稳定的力学环埔。     

一期前路手术内固定治疗脊柱结核

目的:总结一期前路病灶清除、椎体间植骨及前路内固定治疗脊柱结核的临床疗效,探讨一期重建脊柱稳定性的必要性和安全性。方法:自2000年5月至2003年1月共收治21例脊柱结核患者,采用一期前路病灶清除、椎体间植骨及前路内固定治疗,其中颈椎2例、胸椎6例、胸腰段5例、腰椎8例。平均受累椎体数为2.6个。结果:经平均17个月随访,所有患者均临床痊愈,无伤口感染或窦道形成,植骨均完全融合,融合时间平均为3.6个月。术前后凸畸形角度为41.1°±15.6°,术后为13.5°±8.3°,平均17个月随访时为15.9°±6.7°。后凸畸形矫正角度平均为27.6°±9.2°,后期矫正度丢失为2.4°±3.3°。结论:一期前路手术内固定治疗脊柱结核能有效清除病灶、矫正后凸畸形、早期重建脊柱的稳定性及促进椎体间植骨的融合,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.