皮层切除术在治疗伴有原发性脑穿通畸形难治性癫痫的初步应用

目的通过埋藏皮层电极监测脑电,结合皮层电刺激、影像融合技术探讨皮层切除治疗伴原发性脑穿通畸形难治性癫痫的有效性及安全性。方法通过对2例伴有原发性脑穿通畸形难治性癫痫患者埋藏皮层电极,行皮层脑电监测及皮层电刺激定位致痫灶、病灶周围功能区。神经导航系统融合头颅CT、MRI影像,三维可视化致痫灶与脑穿通畸形囊解剖关系,第二次手术行致痫性皮层切除术。结果2例患者均成功埋藏皮层电极,皮层脑电图监测捕获惯常发作,皮层电极准确定位致痫灶、功能区,将多层次数据成功融合。2例患者均成功接受致痫性皮层切除术,1例患者术后随访1年至今,未出现痫性发作（Engle评级I级）,另1例患者术后随访1．5年至今,痫性发作持续时间及频率显著减少（Engle评级Ⅱ级）,2例患者均未出现明显并发症。结论多手段联合运用精确定位异常放电皮层后行皮层切除术是治疗原发性脑穿通畸形合并难治性癫痫的一种有效、安全的治疗方法。     

皮层电极埋藏对累及运动功能区病灶切除的意义

目的 探讨手术治疗毗邻和侵犯中央区的病灶周边运动功能区的保护方法.方法 回顾分析6例病灶累及中央区的病例资料(5例为药物难治性癫痫,1例为颅内转移瘤),采用神经导航定位病灶,第一次手术埋藏皮层电极覆盖病灶,术外患者清醒状态下实施皮层电刺激定位躯体运动区,绘制病灶与功能区关系图,第二次手术依据皮层电刺激结果行病灶切除.结果 6例患者第一次术后,均成功实施皮层电刺激,准确定位病灶周边运动功能区.依据关系图第二次手术3例患者(2例药物难治性癫痫,l例颅内转移瘤)行病灶全切,3例患者(3例药物难治性癫痫)行部分病灶切除.术后无一例出现神经功能缺损.结论 神经导航定位病灶指导埋藏皮层电极,术外行皮层电刺激定位病灶周边运动功能区,绘制功能区与病灶关系图指导第二次手术切除病灶,是在保护患者运动功能前提下,最大范围切除累及中央区病灶的一种安全有效的方法.     

颅内埋藏电极及皮层电刺激在脑中央区致痫灶切除术中的联合应用(附7例报告)

目的 探讨颅内埋藏电极和皮层电刺激技术在脑中央区致痫灶切除术中的作用.方法 对7例术前怀疑致痫灶临近或累及大脑中央区的癫痫患者,将颅内电极置于硬膜下或皮层表面,行长程皮层脑电图(ECoG)监测及皮层电刺激,确定致痫灶和大脑中央区范围及二者位置关系.术中在保护中央区的前提下,最大限度切除致痫灶.术后随访6～12个月,根据Engel's术后效果分级和Karnofsky生活状态量表(KPS)评分进行评估.结果 :7例患者术后均无癫痫发作,达到Engel's I级,KPS评分结果较术前提高.结论 :颅内埋藏电极及皮层电刺激联合应用,可指导脑中央区致痫灶的手术,在切除致痫灶的同时保护脑中央区,达到既控制癫痫发作又无术后严重功能障碍的目的 ,可显著提高患者生活质量.     

中央区纵裂癫痫的手术治疗

目的 探讨中央区纵裂癫痫的诊断及手术治疗方法. 方法 选择自2007年6月至2008年4月在河北省人民医院功能神经外科就诊并接受手术治疗的6例中央区纵裂癫痫患者,常规术前评估(包括MRI、头皮脑电图、MEG、加密头皮脑电图、颅内埋藏电极及皮层电刺激联合定位致痫灶和功能区)后在皮层脑电临测下行手术切除,切除组织进行病理检查,术后随访发作情况、腩电图和并发症. 结果 经术前评估致痫灶均位于中央区纵裂区,经手术治疗后5例患者术后无发作,达到Engle Ⅰ级;1例EngleⅡ级,发作明显减少.术后病理结果显示,6例患者中局灶性皮层发育不良3例,胶质增生、脂肪瘤和海绵状血管瘤各1例.术后脑电图显示,大致正常脑电图3例,少量慢波3例. 结论 中央区纵裂癫痫在精确定位下可行手术切除,手术效果良好,无严重并发症.     

颅内电极监测技术在癫痫手术中的应用

目的探讨颅内电极监测技术在难治性癫痫外科治疗中的应用价值。方法对头皮脑电图及影像学等非侵袭性检查难以确定致痫灶或致痫灶与重要功能区关系密切的51例难治性癫痫患者,行颅内电极埋置术,长程视频脑电图监测确定致痫灶,并行脑皮层电刺激功能区测定,再次手术切除致痫灶。结果术后致痫灶切除效果按Engel分级：I级32例,Ⅱ级13例,Ⅲ级5例,Ⅳ级1例。术后发生头皮愈合不良3例,延长住院时间后治愈。无脑脊液漏及永久性神经功能缺失发生。结论颅内电极监测可以精确定位致痫灶,皮层电刺激术对脑功能区定位可靠、方便,故对于采用非侵袭性检查不能明确致痫灶或致痫灶与重要功能区关系密切的难治性癫痫患者,颅内电极监测结合皮层电刺激术可以提高其治愈率,并有效降低并发症发生率。     

颅内电极在功能区癫痫治疗中的应用

目的 探讨颅内电极在功能区癫痫治疗中致痫灶定位及功能区定位中的作用.方法 回顾性分析经我科治疗的涉及功能区的癫痫患者34例,经颅内电极植入明确致痫灶后,均行皮层电刺激定位功能区,根据致痫灶与功能区关系图决定治疗方案.结果 致痫灶与中央前后回相邻者10例,术中行单纯致痫灶切除术;与中央前后回部分重叠者14例,术中行非功能区致痫灶切除,功能区致痫灶皮层电凝热灼术;完全位于中央前后回皮层区域内者5例,术中行单纯皮层电凝热灼术.术后癫痫发作较术前明显减少,无明显术后功能缺失.结论 颅内电极植入是定位功能区癫痫致痫灶及功能区的有效方法.     

外科治疗中央区顽固性癫痫

目的探讨累及中央区顽固性癫痫的外科治疗方法,并分析影响预后结果的相关因素。方法回顾性分析2008～2011年手术治疗的25例累及中央区的顽固性癫痫患者的临床资料。所有病例依情况分别结合颅内电极、皮层电刺激功能区描记、神经导航、术中唤醒和术中电生理监测等手段进行病灶、致痫区和功能区定位。结果3例术后出现短暂的对侧肢体肌力下降,2例术后对侧肢体肌力有回升,活动更灵活。术后随访12—24个月：EngelⅠ级16例,Ⅱ级5例,Ⅲ级1例,Ⅳ级3例。结论对累及中央区的顽固性癫痫患者,应在保障安全的前提下尽可能切除致痫灶和病变。颅内电极记录和术中唤醒等技术可用于颅内致痫灶的定位,在术中电生理监测下充分切除病灶及癫痫样放电区对控制癫痫发作效果良好。     

功能区肿瘤继发癫痫的手术治疗

目的总结我科近年来治疗功能区肿瘤继发癫痫的治疗经验,探讨功能区肿瘤继发癫痫的外科治疗原则和方法。方法对2011年5月-2013年5月在我院接受手术治疗的50例功能区肿瘤继发癫痫的患者进行回顾性分析。结果全组病例术前均行系统癫痫外科评估。其中12例行颅内电极皮层电刺激功能区定位,根据肿瘤大小和脑电图所监测到的致痫区以及皮层电刺激所确定的功能范围制定手术切除范围,术后1例出现对侧手指轻瘫,1例出现一过性对侧肢体偏瘫,1例出现一过性失语,其余术后随访无明显神经功能障碍。未行颅内埋藏电极患者38例,综合运用MRI、术中皮层脑电监测和术中B超等多种方法来确认手术切除范围,术后神经功能缺损术后加重5例,7例术后出现对侧肢体轻瘫,2例出现对侧偏麻,4例出现一过性失语。全组术后癫痫无发作达到EngelⅠ级42例（84％）。结论功能区肿瘤继发癫痫的外科治疗要兼顾肿瘤的全切、致痫灶的切除以及功能区的保护。术者的经验和熟练的显微操作是基本前提,术前综合运用多种评估方法,结合术中皮层脑电及术中B超等方法对病灶,致痫区以及功能区进行定位,对保证手术效果起重要作用。颅内埋藏电极长程脑电监测定位致痫灶,并经皮层电刺激定位功能区,可进一步明确病变与致痫灶、功能区重叠程度及毗邻关系,从而为手术切除范围的界定提供了关键信息。     

皮质电刺激在儿童癫 手术功能区定位的应 用简

目的探讨埋藏电极后皮质电刺激在儿童癫癎灶切除术功能区定位的应用。方法回顾性分析10例考虑致癎灶累及功能区皮质的病儿资料,先行硬膜下皮质电极埋藏再行皮质电刺激以定位功能区。手术前后根据Karnofsky评分进行功能评估。结果10例病儿均能准确定位功能区,刺激过程无明显相关并发症出现。随访神经功能均保护良好,癫癎控制达Engle分级Ⅰ级7例,Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级1例。结论对致痫灶邻近功能区的癫癎病儿,行颅内电极埋藏后再行皮质电刺激可在术前明确皮质功能区位置,定位准确,精确指导术中保护功能区。     

唤醒麻醉和术中功能定位切除临近语言区致痫灶(附3例报告)

目的 探讨切除功能区致痫灶的手术策略及术后疗效.方法 在唤醒麻醉下应用术中皮层电刺激确定语言功能区,根据功能区边界选择处理致痫灶.评价患者的功能结果及癫痫控制程度.结果 3例患者术后随访,均未出现语言障碍,癫痫发作完全控制,符合Engel分级Ⅰ级.致痫灶全切2例,近全切+致痫皮层热灼1例.结论 借助唤醒麻醉进行术中皮质电刺激确定语言功能区准确、安全、可靠.唤醒麻醉下进行术中皮质电刺激结合影像学资料、借助颅内皮层电极的皮质电刺激进行功能区定位,能够最大可能地切除致痫灶而最小化功能区的损害.     

Epilepsy surgery in tuberous sclerosis: multistage procedures with bilateral or multilobar foci

Refractory seizures are common in patients with tuberous sclerosis and can contribute to developmental delay and behavioral problems. Surgical intervention can reduce the seizure burden in selected patients with tuberous sclerosis and refractory epilepsy, thereby improving cognitive function, behavior, and quality of life. However, the risks of surgery are usually considered unacceptable when the epileptogenic focus lies over dominant hemisphere eloquent cortex or is multilobar. Multistage invasive monitoring can provide detailed data regarding the location and number of ictal foci and functional extraoperative mapping can precisely delineate the boundaries of eloquent areas of the brain. If independent ictal onsets are demonstrated, a staged surgical approach can allow a more aggressive yet safe procedure in selected patients. A combination of staged resection and multiple subpial transections may provide an opportunity to treat epileptogenic foci located over eloquent cortex. Bilateral staged resections can be used when independent bihemispheric foci are present in patients with tuberous sclerosis. This article presents two cases, one of which (case 2) was previously reported, on successful multistage surgical treatment of epileptogenic foci located over an eloquent cortex or in both hemispheres in children with tuberous sclerosis. This case is represented since there is additional follow-up available and the prior report was to a neurosurgical audience. This multistage approach permitted resection of epileptogenic foci that would traditionally have been considered inoperable.     

Optimizing the onco-functional balance in supratentorial brain tumour surgery: A single institution’s initial experience with intraoperative cortico-subcortical mapping and monitoring in Singapore

Intraoperative cortical mapping provides functional information that permits the safe and maximal resection of supratentorial lesions infiltrating the so-called eloquent cortex or subcortical white matter tracts. Primary and secondary brain tumours located in eloquent cortex can render surgical treatment ineffective if it results in new or worsening neurology. A cohort of forty-six consecutive patients with supratentorial tumours of variable pathology involving eloquent cortical regions and aided with intraoperative neurophysiology were included for retrospective analysis at a single-centre tertiary institution. Intraoperative neurophysiological data has been related to immediate post-operative neurologic status as well as 3-month follow-up in patients that underwent awake or asleep surgical resection. Patients that experienced new or worsening neurologic symptoms post-operatively demonstrated a high incidence of recovery at 3-months. Those without new neurologic symptoms post-operatively demonstrated little to no worsening at 3-months. Our study explored the extent to which cortical mapping permitted safe surgical resection whilst preserving neurologic function. To the authors’ knowledge this is the first documented case series in Singapore that has incorporated a systematic and individually tailored multimodal workflow to cortico-subcortical mapping and monitoring for the safe resection of infiltrative lesions of the supratentorial region.     

Excision of Cortical Dysplasia in the Language Area with Use of a Surgical Navigator: A Case Report

Summary: Purpose : We have developed an intraoperative optical tracking-based navigational system that allows localization in the operative space. Using three-dimensional reconstruction, this system has provided precise spatial information for intraoperative cortical mapping in patients with intractable epilepsy in whom the lesion lies close to eloquent cortex.
Methods: A 23-year-old man with intractable complex partial seizures (CPS) presented to our institution. Proton-density magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a 3-cm lesion which lay 2 cm beneath the left frontal operculum. A three dimensional model of the patient was reconstructed using MR modalities. Intraoperatively, subdural grid and strips were placed over the lesion and their electrodes were registered to the three-dimensional model, which was displayed on a monitor. The navigational system was used to localize each electrode on the three-dimensional model. By the second operation, the sites of seizure activity were established and recorded on the three-dimensional model. A bipolar stimulator was also used to determine the speech area.
Results: The lesion, which proved to be cortical dysplasia, was removed completely and the cortical speech area was avoided. During the postoperative period, the patient had no neurological symptoms and no seizure activity.
Conclusions: The localization of a lesion and its correlation with epileptogenic foci is important in optimizing treatment in patients with cortical dysplasia. Our navigational system provided accurate localization of the lesion and correlation with the epileptogenic focus and related eloquent cortex. We believe that the safe removal of the lesion was facilitated by this system.     

术中皮质体感诱发电位与电刺激术定位脑功能区

目的探讨脑功能区手术中利用脑皮质体感诱发电位(SEP)及直接皮质电刺激定位脑功能区的方法及意义。方法对10例脑功能区病变病人在唤醒麻醉下进行手术，利用皮质SEP及皮质直接电刺激定位感觉区、运动区及语占区，住保护脑功能区的前提下，手术切除病变。结果7例病人利用SEP及皮质电刺激确定出运动感觉区，其中4例利用SEP位相倒置确定出中央沟，3例病变位于左侧额颞叶的病人通过皮质直接电刺激确定出语言区?术后功能均较术前明显好转。结论术中SEP及直接皮质电刺激可准确、实时确定脑功能区，最大程度地保护功能，切除病变。     

Surgical treatment of multifocal epilepsy involving eloquent cortex

PURPOSE: This report describes our long-term follow-up for combined resective surgery and multiple subpial transections (MSTs) in patients with refractory epilepsy involving eloquent and noneloquent cortex in multiple lobes. Multiple independent seizure foci made these patients poor candidates for conventional surgery. METHODS: MST and resective surgery were used in 13 patients to treat localization-related refractory epilepsy involving eloquent and noneloquent cortex of two or more lobes. Preoperative investigation was followed by invasive monitoring. RESULTS: Eleven patients had MST plus resection involving two different lobes, and two patients had MST plus resection involving three different lobes. MSTs were performed on the primary sensorimotor cortex (eight patients), temporal language area (two patients), Broca's area (one patient), and on both frontal motor and temporal language areas (two patients). Nine patients had a two-stage procedure, and four patients had a three-stage procedure (two consecutive subdural grid studies followed by resections). Average follow-up was 59.2 months (range, 42-98 months). With a modified Engel Outcome Scale, four patients (31%) had a class I outcome; three (23%), class II; three (23%), class III; and three (23%), class IV. Ten (77%) patients had a >50% reduction of seizure burden. CONCLUSIONS: Combined MST and resection can meaningfully improve seizure control in patients with multifocal epilepsy involving eloquent cortex. Prospective randomized studies are needed.     

脑功能区胶质瘤手术中的新技术

目的探讨切除脑功能区胶质瘤手术新技术与方法。方法48例脑功能区胶质瘤经术前常规MRI、弥散张力成像(DTI)和fMRI定位大脑皮层功能区及功能投射纤维束,以神经导航为前导,在术中全麻唤醒状态下,通过术中B超定位脑内病灶,皮层体感诱发电位(Co-SEP)及皮层直接电刺激术(Co-ST)脑功能区定位,并在清醒状态下切除病变。术后随访时间3-42个月。结果16例Co-SEP确定中央沟,42例Co-ST明确运动区,16例Co-ST确定语言运动区;肿瘤全切35例,次全切除9例,部分切除4例。术后1个月神经症状好转44例,术后出现暂时性局部神经症状36例;长期局部神经症状加重4例,无手术死亡。全部患者无手术痛苦回忆。结论术中全麻唤醒、皮层-皮层下电刺激术和脑超声技术是切除功能区胶质瘤必备的三项基本技术;术前fMRI与DTI为脑功能区手术提供十分重要信息,神经功能导航为术中功能区定位提供重要前导,综合使用这些现代技术能够在术中明确脑功能区与肿瘤切除范围的关系,做到最大限度地切除脑功能区病变和保护脑功能。     

Surgical treatment of medically refractory epilepsy in childhood

Twenty-five percent of children with epilepsy continue to seize despite the best medical management and may be defined as medically refractory. Many children with medically refractory localization-related epilepsy, i.e. seizures which originate in a particular area of the brain and secondarily spread to involve other brain regions, may benefit from a variety of surgical treatments including hemispherectomy, corpus callosotomy, focal cortical resection of the temporal lobe, focal cortical resection of extratemporal regions of the brain, and multiple subpial resections. A successful outcome from epilepsy surgery is generally defined as a seizure-free state with no imposition of neurologic deficit. In order to achieve these twin goals two criteria must be fulfilled. First, precise localization of the epileptogenic zone in the brain is necessary. The epileptogenic zone may be defined as the region of epileptogenic cerebral cortex whose removal will result in a seizure-free state. Second, one must determine the anatomic localization of eloquent cortex in the brain in order to spare these areas during any planned cortical excision of epileptogenic cortex. Several diagnostic measures may be used to achieve a successful surgical outcome. A clinical history to ascertain the earliest symptom in the clinical progression of the seizure (semiology) is imperative as is ictal and interictal scalp EEG, neuropsychological testing, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, single photon emission computerized tomography, and interictal magnetoencephalography. In the typical child undergoing evaluation for epilepsy surgery, if the clinical, neuropsychological, EEG, and radiological data are all concordant and point to the same area of epileptogenicity in the brain, cortical excision of the suspected epileptogenic zone is undertaken. However, if the data are discordant, and/or the epileptogenic zone resides wholly or in part within eloquent cortex, invasive intracranial monitoring from depth and/or subdural electrodes during a seizure is required to map out the areas of epileptogenicity in the brain. The assessment of potential risks and benefits for this type of epilepsy surgery in children involves complex age-related issues, including the possible impact of uncontrolled seizures, medication, or surgery on learning and development.     

Do tubers contain function? Resection of epileptogenic foci in perirolandic cortex in children with tuberous sclerosis complex

Purpose: Surgical resection of single, dominant, epileptogenic lesions in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is now accepted as an effective therapy. However, patients with symptomatic tubers in eloquent cortex are sometimes not offered surgery because of the concern for postoperative neurologic morbidity. In this study, we examine our results in children undergoing surgery for resection of tubers and associated seizure foci in rolandic and perirolandic cortex. Methods: Between 1998 and 2008, 52 pediatric patients (mean age 4 years) with TSC underwent epilepsy surgery at the NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center. Fifteen of these patients underwent multistage surgery for invasive mapping of seizure foci and surrounding functional cortex followed by resection of tubers/seizure foci in or near rolandic cortex. Data were retrospectively collected and neurologic outcomes were tabulated. Results: Postoperatively, four patients (27%) had either new hemiparesis or worsening of a preexisting hemiparesis. However, all patients were back to their neurologic baselines at 3‐month follow‐up, yielding no permanent postoperative deficits. The modified Engel outcome was class I in nine patients (60%), class II in three patients (20%), class III in two patients (13%), and class IV in one patient (7%) after 40 months mean follow‐up. Discussion: Surgical resection of tubers and associated epileptogenic foci in rolandic and perirolandic cortex in children with TSC is feasible, with low neurologic morbidity, and yields good seizure control. These results suggest that tubers and perituberal epileptogenic foci can be safely resected even in eloquent regions because of reorganization of functional cortex or because these lesions contain no neurologic function.     

神经电生理监测技术在功能区胶质瘤术中的应用

目的 探讨神经电生理监测在功能区胶质瘤术中的应用价值。方法 对2012年1月至2014年12月术中行神经电生理监测的738例功能区胶质瘤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 608例在全麻下行术中神经电生理监测,130例在唤醒麻醉下行运动和或语言功能定位。所有病例术后近期运动障碍发生率为11.7%,远期为3.8%;语言区胶质瘤术后近期的失语率为28.8%,远期为4.1%。术中MRI辅助下进行电生理监测347例,全切率为89.3%。全麻下3.6%的患者术中出现癫痫大发作;唤醒麻醉下2.3%的患者出现一侧肢体或嘴角抽搐,仅1例（0.8%）出现癫痫大发作。结论 根据胶质瘤所在的部位选择适当的术中神经电生理监测技术,有助于最大程度切除肿瘤的同时,保护患者的功能皮层和皮层下重要功能通路,降低致残率,提高远期生活质量。