显微外科手术联合术前栓塞术治疗颅内动静脉畸形临床研究

目的评估显微外科手术联合术前栓塞术治疗颅内动静脉畸形的疗效。方法回顾性分析48例颅内AVM患者的临床资料,其中28例采用显微外科手术联合术前血管栓塞治疗(研究组),20例单纯采用手术治疗(对照组),比较2组手术疗效。结果研究组术中出血量、术后GOS评分、神经功能缺失情况与对照组相比均有显著性差异(P<0.05);Ⅲ～Ⅳ级颅内AVM研究组全切率89.3%,对照组为58.8%,2组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);V级颅内AVM 2组全切率比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论显微外科手术联合术前栓塞术治疗颅内动静脉畸形疗效较好。     

高级别颅内动静脉畸形的治疗策略及并发症防治

目的探讨高级别颅内动静脉畸形（arteriovenous malforation,AVM）的治疗策略及并发症防治。方法回顾性分析13例高级别AVM病人的临床资料,采用显微手术为主结合介入和（或）放射治疗。术中均应用自体血回吸收技术,2例术前行AVM部分栓塞．1例行分次手术,2例术后病变残留病人行伽马刀治疗。结果无死亡病例;1例术前持续昏迷,术后轻度改善;其余病例均得到较好恢复。AVM全切除11例,次全切除2例。随访11—59个月,GOS评分：5分10例,4分2例,3分1例。结论娴熟的显微神经外科技术、科学的个体化治疗方案的制定是取得高级别AVM良好疗效的重要因素。术前辅助行栓塞技术,术中应用自体血回收技术,术后放射治疗,可以降低并发症的发生。     

MRI与DSA三维影像融合联合术前栓塞对颅内动静脉畸形显微手术的应用价值

目的探讨MRI与DSA三维影像数据融合联合术前栓塞对颅内动静脉畸形(arteriovenous malformation,AVM)手术的应用价值。方法回顾性分析14例颅内AVM的病例资料,其中Spetzler-Martin分级Ⅳ级12例,Ⅴ级2例。术前将DSA三维影像与MRI三维断层影像进行融合。在术前1 d均采用Onyx胶行AVM部分栓塞术,然后在显微镜下行病变切除手术,术后复查DSA。随访3个月,评估疗效。结果 14例颅内AVM均顺利进行术前部分栓塞,无栓塞相关并发症。AVM切除术后复查头颅DSA显示血管畸形切除完全,全切率100%。随访3个月,与术后1周比较(GOS为4.36±0.5,KPS为90.0±5.55),术后3个月时GOS (4.93±0.27)和KPS (95.0±5.19)均有明显改善(P分别为0.005和0.008)。结论在颅内AVM显微切除手术中使用MRI与DSA三维影像融合,结合术前栓塞,能减少并发症发生,提高手术根治效果。     

颅内巨大动静脉畸形的治疗及其并发症防治

目的探讨颅内巨大动静脉畸形(arteriovenous malforation,AVM)的治疗及其防治并发症的有效方法。方法回顾性分析2011.4~2014.4以手术切除为主,联合栓塞及伽玛刀治疗的18例巨大AVM患者的临床资料。结果无死亡病例,有2例术前昏迷的患者,术后昏迷程度减轻。格拉斯哥预后(GOS),5分12例,4分3例,3分1例,2分2例。结论根据患者的临床资料,制定个体化的治疗方案,重视细节,采用手术切除联合术前栓塞或/和术后放疗可以有效地降低颅内巨大AVM的手术并发症。     

血管内栓塞治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤的近期疗效及其对患者免疫功能的影响

目的探讨血管内栓塞治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤的近期疗效及对患者免疫功能的影响。方法 2011年6月至2015年6月收治颅内破裂动脉瘤52例,根据治疗方法分为观察组和对照组,各26例。观察组采用血管内栓塞治疗,其中球囊辅助弹簧圈栓塞14例,单纯弹簧圈栓塞12例;对照组采用开颅夹闭术治疗。术后6个月采用GOS评分评估预后。术前、术后1、3 d采用免疫比浊法检测外周血IgG、IgM、IgA等免疫功能指标。结果术后6个月,观察组GOS评分5分17例,4分5例,3分3例,2分1例,1分0例;对照组分别为9、8、6、2、1例;观察组预后明显优于对照组(P0.05)。对照组术后1、3 d外周血IgA、IgG、IgM等水平较术前均明显降低(P0.05)。观察组术后1 d外周血IgA、IgG、IgM等水平较术前均明显降低(P0.05),但是术后3 d各免疫功能指标水平恢复到术前水平(P0.05)。观察组术后1、3 d外周血IgA、IgG、IgM等水平均明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论颅内破裂动脉瘤采用血管内栓塞治疗近期疗效显著,对围术期免疫功能影响较小,且术后并发症发生率较低。     

不同治疗方法对颅内动脉瘤病人血流动力学和能量代谢影响的对比分析

目的比较夹闭术和血管内栓塞治疗对颅内动脉瘤病人血流动力学和能量代谢的影响。方法 2013年8月至2015年8月收治颅内动脉瘤134例,根据治疗方法分为夹闭组(65例)和栓塞组(69例)。夹闭组采用夹闭术治疗,栓塞组采用血管内栓塞治疗。术后3个月采用改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分和GOS评分评估疗效。进入手术室时(T1)、全身麻醉后(T2)、手术开始时(T3)、手术结束时(T4)记录血流动力学和能量代谢指标。结果两组术后3个月GOS、mRS评分无明显差别(P0.05)。栓塞组动脉瘤破裂发生率明显高于夹闭组(P0.05)。夹闭组T4时刻平均动脉压较栓塞组低(P0.05),葡萄糖摄取率较栓塞组高(P0.05);两组心率、血红蛋白、红细胞压积、二氧化碳分压、颅内压、脑血流量、葡萄糖浓度、丙酮酸、脑动-静脉血氧含量差及脑颈静脉球-动脉乳酸差值等指标均无明显差别(P0.05)。结论夹闭术和血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤疗效相当;夹闭术治疗颅内动脉瘤并发症发生率低于血管内栓塞,但血管内栓塞比夹闭术更能维持血流动力学相对稳定。     

颅内外血管搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术治疗颅内巨大型动脉瘤的疗效观察及随访

目的 探讨颅内外血管搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术治疗颅内巨大型动脉瘤患者的有效性及长期预后.方法 回顾2006年12月-2010年10月因颅内巨大型动脉瘤而施行颅内外血管搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术患者的临床经过,根据术后临床症状和影像学改善程度评价手术良好率、病死率和搭桥血管闭塞率,Glasgow预后分级(GOS)标准评价患者近远期预后.结果 25例颅内巨大型动脉瘤患者近期(出院时)疗效良好率(GOS评分4～5分)为56.OO%(14/25)、不良率(GOS评分1～3分)44.00%(11/25).手术相关病死率8.00%(2/25),血管闭塞率12.OO%(3125);远期(随访期间)疗效良好率(GOS评分4～5分)78.95%(15119),不良率(GOS评分1～3分)21.05%(4/19),病死率15.79%(3/19).搭桥血管闭塞率10.53%(2/19).结论 颅内外动脉血管搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术是治疗颅内巨大型动脉瘤的有效方法.     

脑动静脉畸形的临床治疗

目的探讨脑动静脉畸形（AVM）的临床治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2010年2月至2013年10月收治的123例脑AVM患者的临床资料。显微手术治疗70例,血管内治疗53例。结果手术治疗70例中,病灶完全切除61例;小部分残留患者9例,其中7例行伽玛刀治疗;术后随访3个月至2年,按GOS评分：恢复良好59例,中残6例,重残3例,植物生存1例,死亡1例。栓塞治疗53例中,一次完全栓塞21例;分次完全栓塞25例;小部分残留7例,行伽玛刀治疗;术后随访3个月-2年,按GOS评分：恢复良好48例,中残3例,植物生存1例,死亡1例。结论显微手术是脑AVM最主要的治疗方法;血管内栓塞既可以单独用于治疗,又可以作为显微手术重要辅助手段;病灶体积较大、位置在功能区或结构复杂的脑AVM常需要联合治疗。     

颅内外血管搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术治疗颈内动脉床突旁大型和巨大型动脉瘤

目的探讨颅内外血管搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术治疗颈内动脉床突旁大型和巨大型动脉瘤的方法及其疗效。方法回顾性分析2014年4月至2018年2月苏州大学附属第一医院神经外科收治的12例颈内动脉床突旁动脉瘤患者的临床资料。12例患者共12个动脉瘤,包括8个巨大型(最大径>25mm)和4个大型(最大径为15~25mm)床突旁动脉瘤。其中动脉瘤栓塞术后再出血1例,血栓性动脉瘤1例,血泡样动脉瘤1例。所有病例均行颅内外血管高流量搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术。采用格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)评估患者的预后。结果术中行荧光素血管造影和血管超声检查均提示桥血管通畅。12例患者中,出院时疗效良好(GOS评分5分)9例,重度残疾(GOS评分2~3分)3例,无死亡病例。1例失随访,其余11例术后随访6~46个月,疗效良好10例(GOS评分4~5分),重度残疾(GOS评分2分)I例;10例患者的桥血管均通畅。结论颅内外血管高流量搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术是治疗颈内动脉床突旁大型和巨大型动脉瘤的有效方法。     

介入栓塞联合显微外科手术治疗硬脑膜动脉参与供血的高级别脑动静脉畸形单中心临床疗效

目的 分析硬脑膜动脉供血的高级别脑动静脉畸形(AVM)患者的临床特点,探讨介入栓塞联合显微外科手术治疗的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析7例合并硬脑膜动脉供血的高级别脑AVM患者的临床资料,其中首发症状表现为头痛4例,意识障碍1例,肢体无力1例,顽固性癫痫1例。Spetzler-Martin分级Ⅳ6例,Ⅴ级1例。所有患者均Onyx-18胶栓塞硬脑膜供血动脉和/或部分高流量的颅内供血动脉、深部供血动脉,栓塞术后48 h内行显微外科手术切除脑AVM,术后1周复查脑血管造影评估手术切除效果。结果 6例患者成功栓塞10支硬脑膜动脉及其对应的畸形团,1例患者仅栓塞供血动脉近端,同时栓塞4例大脑后动脉(其中1例有血流动力学相关性动脉瘤),2例大脑前动脉分支(1例有血流动力学相关性动脉瘤),1例小脑上动脉。所有患者AVM均被完全切除。1例患者肌力较术前下降,2例出现颅内感染。临床随访7例,改良Rank评分0～1分7例,6例血管造影复查AVM未显影。结论 硬脑膜动脉供血的脑AVM以高级别多见,同时兼备脑AVM和硬脑膜动静脉瘘的临床表现,显微外科手术前行介入栓塞治疗能降低手术并发症,提高临床疗效。     

在复合手术室治疗脑动静脉畸形的初步探讨

目的 总结在复合手术室治疗脑动静脉畸形的经验。方法 2013年12月至2014年12月在复合手术室治疗27例脑动静脉畸形患者,均行手术切除,术中造影判断畸形团是否残留,其中3例一期行切除术和血管内栓塞术。结果 27例中,4例（14.8%）术中血管造影显示畸形团残留,再次切除后行术中造影,显示畸形团消失;一期行切除术和血管内栓塞术3例（均为Spetzler-Martin分级Ⅲ级以上）,术中出血明显减少,均完全切除畸形团。所有患者无造影相关的并发症。术后24例随访6个月至1年,失访3例;其中19例恢复良好,5例有轻度神经功能障碍。结论 在复合手术室治疗脑动静脉畸形能够提高疗效,降低手术相关并发症,为脑动静脉畸形治疗提供了一个新的安全有效的平台。     

Management of cerebral arteriovenous malformations associated with symptomatic congestive intracranial hypertension

We report on management strategies and clinical outcomes in 4 cases of acute symptomatic congestive intracranial hypertension associated with cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Congestion resulted from high-volume shunts exhausting the drainage capacity of the cerebral venous system in 3 patients, and from sudden venous outflow obstruction in 1 patient. Two AVMs were suggested to be surgically accessible, whereas two AVMs were deemed to be inoperable. Surgically accessible AVMs were treated with embolization followed by complete surgical resection. Inoperable AVMs were treated with partial embolization. Both AVM embolization followed by surgical resection and partial AVM embolization effectively reduced intracranial pressure and achieved sustained patient recovery. Hence, an endovascular approach may be considered to manage AVM-related congestive intracranial hypertension either in combination with surgical AVM removal, or as a palliative approach in inoperable AVMs.     

大脑后动脉远侧段血管病变的栓塞治疗

目的 评估血管内栓塞治疗大脑后动脉(PCA)远侧段血管病变的效果。方法 回顾性分析近年来经血管内治疗的12例PCA远侧段血管病变(其中动脉瘤4个，血管畸形9个)患的临床资料。结果 2个动脉瘤采用GDC栓塞载瘤动脉，2个动脉瘤采用50％NBCA栓塞，均无偏盲等症状出现；6个AVM栓塞后造影不显影；2个P4-AVM80％栓塞；另1个P4-AVM95％栓塞；仅1例出现1／4象限盲，1例原有偏盲加重。临床随访平均15个月，无再出血和再通。结论 血管内栓塞治疗：PCA远侧段血管病变是安全可行的。     

脑AVM的治疗时机和方法的选择

目的 探讨脑AVM的治疗时机和方法的选择。方法 对63例脑AVM的治疗时机和方法进行分析。手术切除50例，除部分急诊手术外均在显微镜下完成；对重要功能区的脑AVM行血管内栓塞8例，3例术前栓塞，3例栓塞完全，2例栓塞不全行伽玛刀治疗；直接行γ-刀治疗2例。结果 44例全切，6例部分切除，均经病理检查证实为脑AVM。8例血管内栓塞治疗显示畸形血管3例消失、5例缩小50％以上；γ-刀治疗4例，见AVM血管影变淡、缩小，周围残留放射反应区。全组随访3个月-9年，效果良好41例，占65．1％；轻残13例，占20．6％；重残6例，占9．5％；术后死亡3例，占4．8％。结论 显微手术是脑AVM的主要治疗方法。血管内栓塞是主要而获显效的方法之一，对大型、复杂的AVM栓塞与手术结合是较佳方案。对小型、深部、功能区难以切除及不能接受手术或栓塞者γ-刀治疗更具有治疗适应证。     

140例脑动静脉畸形血管内治疗随访

本文报告140例脑动静脉畸形（AVM)血管内栓塞治疗病人,随访4～42个月。良好:124例（88.6％）差:10例（7.1％),极差:6例（4.2％)。病变完全消失30例（21.4％)。术中血管痉挛16例,但无永久性神经功能障碍。栓塞后立即出血、水肿2例。血管内治疗能使微小型和小型AVM治愈,使中型和大型AVM体积缩小,血流速度减慢,为显微手术和放射外科提供条件。真丝线段和IBCA、NBCA是目前较理想的栓塞材料。     

脑动静脉畸形的血管内栓塞治疗研究

目的：探讨脑动静脉畸形的血管内栓塞治疗。方法：回顾性地分析１９５例ＡＶＭｓ患者的血管栓塞治疗过程。结果：血管内栓塞治疗１５９例,２９７次,治疗后临床症状消失,完全恢复正常生活、工作者３２例,占２０％,临床症状明显好转１２３例（占７７．４％）。结论：血管内栓塞治疗是一种脑ＡＶＭｓ首选并且有效的治疗方法,尤其终末型供血者。     

Fatal hemorrhagic complication following endovascular treatment of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Case report and review of the literature

Evaluation of the natural history of brain Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs) including its morbidity and mortality is a crucial point in the management of patients having a cerebral AVM. The risks associated with the AVM natural history, especially regarding the occurrence of an hemorrhage, have to be compared to the risks due to the therapeutic approach. In the literature, the risk of annual bleeding of an AVM is estimated from 2 to 4%. Morbidity from AVM rupture is estimated from 13% to 50% with a risk of mortality reported from 3 to 30%. Endovascular treatment is an efficient tool in the therapy of these lesions. However, AVM embolization remains a difficult procedure. Complications of the endovascular treatment must be evaluated in relation to the potential risk associated to the AVM natural history. After AVM endovascular treatment, morbidity with permanent neurological deficit is reported in 0.4% to 12.5% of patients and mortality in 0.4% to 7.5%. In more recent reports, after brain AVM embolization, a permanent neurological deficit is estimated to occur in 9% of patients and death in 2%. Hemorrhage appears the most frequent and serious complication in the endovascular treatment of a brain AVM. We report a case of fatal hemorrhagic complication following endovascular treatment of a cerebral AVM in a 20 year old patient. This case contributes to remind that embolization, even in specialized centers with experience in the management of this pathology, can be followed by a poor and even fatal outcome. In most cases, the treatment is performed in order to protect the patient of a potential risk. Consequently, the complication of the embolization must always be carefully considered and discussed between the medical team, the patient and its family for planning the AVM endovascular treatment.     

Endovascular therapy of brain AVMs prior to radiosurgery

Abstract

The purposes of this study were to determine the safety and efficacy of embolization ofbrain A VMs prior to radiosurgery and to evaluate the total obliteration rate achieved. The brain AVMs of 64 patients were subselectively embolized mainly with NBCAI platinum microcoils and/or PVA. The aim of embolization was the reduction of the target volume and/or the elimination of vascljlar structures bearing an increased risk of hemorrhage. Presenting symptoms were intracranial hemorrhage in 33 patientsl a seizure disorder in 21 patients, and headache in 6 patients. Four AVMs had been detected as an incidental finding. The initial AVM volume was in the range of 0.5 to 84 cc (mean 17 cc). Grading of the AVMs according to the Spetzler-Martin scale showed the following distribution: grade II 3x; III 13x; 1111 11 x; IVI 17x; V, 4x; VII 16 x. A total of 300 endovascular procedures including 47 subselective catheterizations without and 253 with embolization were performed. A size reduction of the A VMs between-l0% and 95% (mean 63%1 median 70%) was achieved. Neurological symptoms due to treatment complications were transient in 12 patientsl of minor clinical significance but permanent in 4 patients. Following radiosurgery, one patient died due to recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage. Three patients are doing well but refused final follow-up angiography. A total of30 patients is currently within the latency interval after radiosurgery. Radiosurgery failed to obliterate the embolized AVMs in 16 patients. Angiography confirmed complete nidus obliteration in 14 patients. The endovascular treatment of brain AVMs prior to radiosurgery proved safe and effective and may be considered in either high grade or incidental AVMs. AVM obliteration after embolization and radiosurgery is less frequently achieved than after stereotactic irradiation of primarily small AVMs. [Neural Res 1998; 20: 479-492]     

Radiation-induced temporary alopecia after embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations

Alopecia after endovascular embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is uncommon. In this report, we present a 33-year-old man who developed temporary alopecia after staged embolization of a cerebral AVM. Four days after the last procedure, this patient had hair loss over his right temporoparietal and occipial areas. No scalp erythema or other sign of dermatitis was noted. The hair regrew 2 months later. The alopecia was considered to be related to repeated exposure to radiation during embolization. The experience in this case and review of the literature suggest that interventional neuroradiological procedures may cause substantial radiation exposure to the patient. Therefore, radiation use should be limited to the least amount necessary to complete the endovascular procedure to prevent radiation-induced biological changes and morbidity. Patients should be well informed of adverse effects such as alopecia.     

Intracranial arterial and arteriovenous malformations presenting with infarction. Lausanne Stroke Registry study.

Cerebral aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are well-known sources of intracranial hemorrhage, but can also manifest as other clinical symptoms or remain clinically asymptomatic. The aim was to document and analyze cases of aneurysm or AVM with brain infarction. Survey on 4804 stroke patients treated at the Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland between 1978 and 2000 using the Lausanne Stroke Registry. Twenty patients presented with cerebral aneurysm and 21 with cerebral AVM. Hemorrhage was present in 100% of the AVM and in 75% of the aneurysm patients; in one (5%) of the remaining aneurysm patients, aneurysm and infarction were located in different territories. Infarction associated with Sylvian artery aneurysm was found in three (15%), vertebrobasilar ischemia because of fusiform left vertebral artery aneurysm in one (5%), and dural fistula draining to the distal transversal and left sigmoid sinus associated with a stroke in the territory of the left anterior inferior cerebellar artery in one patient. Ischemic stroke is infrequent, but important, complication in unruptured intracranial aneurysms and AVMs. The early recognition and therapy of these vascular malformations in selected patients can avoid a major neurological deficit or death caused by their rupture.