脑淀粉样血管病研究现状

<正>脑淀粉样血管病(cerebral amyloid angiopathy,CAA)是由淀粉样蛋白沉积在脑皮质、皮质下及软脑膜动脉的一种常见于老年人的脑小血管病,主要累及中小动脉,很少累及静脉,临床上以反复性多发性脑叶出血、认知功能减退等为主要表现~([1])。β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)在脑血管壁上过量沉积是其主要发病机制。CAA已成为老年人自发性脑出血的常见病因之一,CAA相关性脑出血至少约占自发性脑出血的20%~([2])。     

脑淀粉样血管病1例尸检报道

目的 探讨脑淀粉样血管病相关脑出血的临床表现和病理特点。方法 回顾性分析1例脑淀粉样血管病患者的临床表现，通过尸检观察病理改变。结果 脑淀粉样血管病相关脑出血临床上呈复发性和多灶性，刚果红染色可见淀粉样物质沉积于血管壁。结论 对于临床上出现的复发性和多灶性的脑出血，尤其是脑叶出血，要警惕脑血管淀粉样变性的可能，脑活检刚果红染色可以协助诊断。     

脑淀粉样血管病的分子影像研究进展

脑淀粉样血管病(CAA)是以β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)沉积于脑血管壁中层及外膜为主要病理特征的一类年龄相关脑小血管病。多种分子影像技术如淀粉样蛋白正电子发射体层摄影(PET)、18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖-PET等已逐渐应用于CAA患者。其中, 淀粉样蛋白PET显像通过正电子核素标记的显像剂特异性结合病理标志物, 反映Aβ沉积的分布和负荷, 可为诊断CAA提供定性与定量信息, 然其在鉴别CAA与其他Aβ相关疾病如阿尔茨海默病方面价值有限。其他分子影像如tau-PET、单光子发射计算机体层摄影等及新型高选择性示踪剂也在被广泛研究中。文中主要就CAA分子影像进展进行综述。     

出血性卒中：回眸2022

<正>2022年,美国卒中学会更新了自发性脑出血（intracerebral hemorrhage,ICH）的诊疗指南,虽然近年来出血性卒中治疗方面没有划时代的进步,但人们对这类疾病的认识和理解越来越深入。对ICH基础研究的深入探索必将带来诊疗上的进步。1脑淀粉样血管病研究多项进展：诊断标准、影像和生物标志物1.1诊断标准的更新脑淀粉样血管病（cerebral amyloid angiopathy,CAA）属于年龄相关性小血管病,其病理学标志是β-淀粉样蛋白在脑血管壁上的进行性沉积。     

散发型脑淀粉样血管病——认识、进展到诊断革命

正脑淀粉样血管病(CAA)最早于1909年由Oppenheim报告,是指Aβ沉积于脑皮质和软脑膜血管所致的脑血管病。越来越多的证据~[1-2]表明,CAA在老年人群中极为常见,是自发性脑出血(ICH)的常见原因,也是年龄相关认知功能下降的重要原因。由     

Neurology:假瘤样脑淀粉样血管病相关炎症反应

正脑淀粉样血管病(cerebral amyloid angiopathy,CAA)是常见的脑小血管病,特征为大脑皮层和软脑膜的小到中等粗细动脉、小动脉和毛细血管等血管壁β淀粉样蛋白(amyloid β-protein,Aβ)逐渐沉积。脑叶出血是CAA典型的临床表现,还可以表现为认知功能下降,痴呆,以及短暂性神经系统症状。磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,     

手术联合重组活化凝血因子Ⅶ治疗脑淀粉样血管病相关性脑出血1例并文献复习

目的 观察开颅血肿清除术联合凝血因子Ⅶ治疗脑淀粉样血管病相关性脑出血的疗效,探讨脑淀粉样血管病相关性脑出血的治疗方案.方法 分析1例脑淀粉样血管病相关性脑出血患者的临床表现、影像学、治疗经过及预后等资料,并复习相关文献.结果 患者男性,78岁,以头晕起病,病情快速进展至左侧肢体偏瘫及嗜睡,头部CT显示右侧额叶脑出血,予开颅血肿清除术清除血肿.术后血肿脑组织病理显示脑血管壁可见淀粉样蛋白沉积,显示为脑淀粉样血管病,予重组活化凝血因子Ⅶ2 mg静脉注射1次.术后90 d患者无明显功能障碍,能完成日常工作及生活,改良Rankin量表评分1分.结论 手术联合凝血因子Ⅶ治疗可能对脑淀粉样血管病相关性脑出血患者有效.     

脑淀粉样血管病研究进展

正脑淀粉样血管病(cerebral amyloid angiopathy,CAA)是以β-淀粉样蛋白(amyloidβ,Aβ)在大脑皮质及软脑膜的中小血管上沉积为主要病理特征的脑血管病,临床主要表现为复发性和(或)多发性脑叶出血、痴呆、认知和神经功能减退、     

脑淀粉样血管病研究进展

脑淀粉样血管病(cerebral amyloid angiopathy,CAA)是脑小血管疾病中的一类[1],主要特征是刚果红和硫磺素染色阳性的淀粉样物质进行性地沉积于脑血管,导致病变血管扩张、破裂,最终产生临床症状.     

脑淀粉样血管病研究进展

脑淀粉样血管病(cerebral amyloid angiopathy,CAA)是脑小血管疾病中的一类[1],主要特征是刚果红和硫磺素染色阳性的淀粉样物质进行性地沉积于脑血管,导致病变血管扩张、破裂,最终产生临床症状.     

Low avidity and level of serum anti-Aβ antibodies in patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related cerebral hemorrhage

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is characterized by the deposition of the beta-amyloid protein (Aβ) in small cerebral vessels, which is considered a common cause of intracerebral hemorrhage (CAAH) in elderly people. Little is known about the properties of serum naturally occurring anti-Aβ antibodies in patients with CAAH. We investigated the avidity and levels of anti-Aβ antibodies in 20 patients and 20 age-matched healthy controls by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with thiocyanate elution. Our study revealed that both the levels and the avidity of these endogenous anti-Aβ antibodies were lower in patients with CAAH than in controls, which may be a new mechanism for the impaired clearance of cerebral Aβ and have important implications for the development of immune-based therapeutic strategies for CAA.     

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related hemorrhage. Interaction of APOE epsilon2 with putative clinical risk factors.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Current evidence suggests that the apolipoprotein E (APOE for gene; apoE for protein) epsilon4 allele predisposes to cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) whereas epsilon2 is associated with CAA-related hemorrhage (CAAH). The clinical risk factors for other forms of intracranial hemorrhage are a less-frequent feature of CAAH. In this study we examined potential clinical risk factors in patients with CAAH and assessed these with respect to APOE genotype. METHODS: Thirty-six patients were identified with a pathological diagnosis of CAAH. Clinical notes were reviewed to document age of hemorrhage onset, history of dementia, antiplatelet/anticoagulant medication, hypertension, minor head trauma, or transient neurological events. In a review of reported cases of CAAH, the frequency of these clinical features was also recorded. APOE genotypes were determined with use of polymerase chain reaction techniques. RESULTS: There were 24 women and 12 men; the mean age was 70.3 years. One third (n=12) had been taking antiplatelet medication, and a similar number were demented. Nine patients were hypertensive, and 4 had a history of recent minor head trauma. The relative frequency of each of these clinical features was similar to that in previous reports. Forty-four percent (16 of 36) possessed an epsilon2 allele. Antiplatelet or anticoagulant medication, hypertension, or minor head trauma were significantly more frequent antecedents of CAAH in epsilon2 carriers than in non-epsilon2 carriers (81% versus 35%, P=0.008), antiplatelet/anticoagulant medication in particular (P=0.038). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that antiplatelet or anticoagulant medication, hypertension, or minor head trauma are most likely to precipitate cerebral hemorrhage in patients with CAA who are also epsilon2 carriers. This may result from isoform-specific effects of apoE on the structure of amyloid-laden blood vessel walls.     

淀粉样脑血管病相关性脑出血与高血压脑出血的临床研究

目的 探讨淀粉样脑血管病相关性脑出血(CAAH)与高血压脑出血(HICH)的临床、影像、手术预后的特点.方法 收集3年来6家三级甲等医院经手术治疗的101例自发性脑出血患者的临床资料,所有标本经送我院病理科诊断后分为CAAH组11例,HICH组90例.对两组临床表现、影像学特点、术后病死率进行统计分析.结果 CAAH组发病平均年龄高于HICH组,而术前偏瘫的发生率低于HICH组.CAAH组出血部位多在脑叶,而HICH组以基底节区最常见.CAAH组年龄≥70岁患者术后病死率高于HICH组.随访期内CAAH组2例再次出血,其中1例死亡,4例出院后因长期卧床并发肺部感染,1例出现左眼视力颞侧偏盲,生活基本自理.结论 CAAH在临床和影像学上具有一定的特征,年龄较大者预后较差.外科手术干预近期有较好的效果,术后肺部感染是导致预后不良的常见并发症.     

The apolipoprotein E epsilon2 allele and the pathological features in cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related hemorrhage.

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is associated with apolipoprotein E (APOE gene, apoE protein) polymorphism: current evidence suggests that the epsilon4 allele is a risk factor for the development of CAA and the epsilon2 allele predisposes to hemorrhage. We sought to determine the relationship between the APOE epsilon2 allele and both the immunoreactivity profiles and vascular complications of CAA. We performed immunohistochemistry for amyloid beta-protein (A beta), apoE, cystatin C, and activated microglia, and examined the morphology of cortical and leptomeningeal vessels in 37 CAA-related hemorrhage (CAAH), 26 Alzheimer disease (AD) patients, and 20 controls. The extent of immunostaining of vessels for A beta, apoE, cystatin C, and perivascular activated microglia increased from controls through AD to a maximum in CAAH patients. Among cases with CAA (37 CAAH, 19 AD, and 6 controls, n = 62) vascular apoE (p < 5 x 10(-4)), cystatin C (p < 10(-4)), activated microglia (p < 10(-4)), vessels with a high ratio of wall thickness to lumen diameter (p < 0.003) as well as dilated/microaneurysmal vessels (p < 0.01) were present more frequently in patients with hemorrhage than without; however, these features were not associated with the APOE epsilon2 allele. Fibrinoid necrosis alone was associated with the APOE epsilon2 allele (p < 0.04) and we suggest that over-representation of APOE epsilon2 in CAAH may result from its association with fibrinoid necrosis.     

Neuropathologic analysis of hematomas evacuated from patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating cause of morbidity and mortality. Intraparenchymal hematomas are often surgically evacuated. This generates fragments of perihematoma brain tissue that may elucidate their etiology. The goal of this study is to analyze the value of these specimens in providing a possible etiology for spontaneous ICH as well as the utility of using immunohistochemical markers to identify amyloid angiopathy. Surgically resected hematomas from 20 individuals with spontaneous ICH were examined with light microscopy. Hemorrhage locations included 11 lobar and nine basal ganglia hemorrhages. Aβ immunohistochemistry and Congo red stains were used to confirm the presence of amyloid angiopathy, when this was suspected. Evidence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) was observed in eight of the 20 specimens, each of which came from lobar locations. Immunohistochemistry confirmed CAA in the brain fragments from these eight individuals. Patients with immunohistochemically confirmed CAA were older than patients without CAA, and more likely to have lobar hemorrhages (OR 3.0 and 3.7, respectively). Evidence of CAA was not found in any of the basal ganglia specimens. One specimen showed evidence of CAA‐associated angiitis, with formation of a microaneurysm in an inflamed segment of a CAA‐affected arteriole, surrounded by acute hemorrhage. In another specimen, Aβ immunohistochemistry showed the presence of senile plaques suggesting concomitant Alzheimer's disease (AD) changes. Surgically evacuated hematomas from patients with spontaneous ICH should be carefully examined, paying special attention to any fragments of included brain parenchyma. These fragments can provide evidence of the etiology of the hemorrhage. Markers such as Aβ 1–40 can help to identify underlying CAA, and should be utilized when microangiopathy is suspected. Given the association of (Aβ) CAA with AD, careful examination of entrapped brain fragments may also provide evidence of AD in a given patient.     

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy causing intracranial hemorrhage

Ten cases of sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) were seen as intracranial hemorrhage. CAA was seen as a stroke or catastrophic intracranial hemorrhage in all cases. CAA complicated by intracranial hemorrhage carried a high mortality; 9 of 10 patients died in spite of aggressive medical or surgical treatment. Senile dementia of Alzheimer's type was an associated finding in only 1 patient. Computed tomographic scanning in 4 patients initially was not diagnostic for hemorrhage. Lambda chains and amyloid P protein were demonstrated in the areas of amyloid angiopathy immunocytochemically. The pathogenesis of hemorrhage in CAA could be either increased fragility of amyloid-laden blood vessels or rupture of microaneurysms. Surgical treatment of intracranial hemorrhage in CAA should therefore be undertaken with caution.     

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: An overview

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is characterized by amyloid deposition in cortical and leptomeningeal vessels. Several cerebrovascular amyloid proteins (amyloid β‐protein (Aβ), cystatin C (ACys), prion protein (AScr), transthyretin (ATTR), gelsolin (AGel), and ABri (or A‐WD)) have been identified, leading to the classification of several types of CAA. Sporadic CAA of Aβ type is commonly found in elderly individuals and patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is an important cause of cerebrovascular disorders including lobar cerebral hemorrhage, leukoencephalopathy, and small cortical hemorrhage and infarction. We review the clinicopathological and molecular aspects of CAA and discuss the pathogenesis of CAA with future perspectives.     

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: A clinicopathological study of three cases

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is an important cause for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), yet often goes undiagnosed in the absence of histological examination of the blood vessels in the clot. In this study, we report three patients who presented with ICH. Two patients had no risk factors for bleed, whereas one patient had systemic hypertension. Tissue for analysis was obtained during hematoma evacuation in two patients and necropsy in the third. Histopathology in all three patients revealed severe degree of amyloid angiopathy with extensive amyloid deposits in the vessel walls, which was diagnostic of CAA. Both medium- and small-sized leptomeningeal and cortical vessels were affected. The vascular amyloid deposits stained with Congo red and displayed characteristic birefringence under polarizing light. In addition, vessels also showed fibrinoid necrosis and vascular endothelial proliferation. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated beta-amyloid peptide in all three cases—the protein most commonly involved in sporadic CAA. Senile plaques with amyloid cores were present in all areas, whereas neurofibrillary tangles were restricted to the medial temporal region in the autopsied case. CAA is an important cause for intracerebral bleed and may be a contributory factor even when other risk factors for ICH are present. Areas of hemorrhage tend to correlate with severity of CAA changes.     

Pathological examination of cerebral amyloid angiopathy in patients who underwent removal of lobar hemorrhages

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a degenerative disorder characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in the brain microvessels. CAA is also known to contribute not only to cortical microbleeds but also lobar hemorrhages. This retrospective study examined CAA pathologically in patients who underwent direct surgeries for lobar hemorrhage. Thirty-three patients with lobar hemorrhage underwent open surgery with biopsy from 2007 to 2016 in our hospital. Cortical tissues over hematomas obtained surgically were pathologically examined using hematoxylin, eosin stain, and anti-Aβ antibody to diagnose CAA. We also investigated the advanced degree of CAA and clinical features of each patient with lobar hemorrhage. In the 33 patients, 4 yielded specimens that were insufficient to evaluate CAA pathologically. Twenty-four of the remaining 29 patients (82.8%) were pathologically diagnosed with CAA. The majority of CAA-positive patients had moderate or severe CAA based on a grading scale to estimate the advanced degree of CAA. About half of the CAA-positive patients had hypertension, and four took anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents. In five patients who were not pathologically diagnosed with CAA, one had severe liver function disorder, three had uncontrollable hypertension, and one had no obvious risk factor. Our pathological findings suggest that severe CAA with vasculopathic change markedly contributes to lobar hemorrhage. The coexistence of severe CAA and risk factors such as hypertension, anticoagulants or antiplatelets may readily induce lobar hemorrhage.     

病理证实的淀粉样脑血管病26例临床分析

目的 总结26例尸检证实的淀粉样脑血管病的临床资料特点,以提高对本病的认识和诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析我院1983--1999年收治的经尸检证实的26例淀粉样脑血管病患者,总结其既往史、临床表现、实验室检查等临床资料.结果 26例淀粉样脑血管病中男17例,女9例,年龄45 ～78岁,有高血压病史者8例(30.7％),糖尿病病史者6例(23.1％).2例患者(7.6％)正服用抗凝或扰血小板剂,均为多发脑叶出血.26例中脑出血20例,其中单发脑叶出血2例,多灶性脑叶出血8例,壳核出血5例,丘脑及小脑出血各2例,脑干出血1例.蛛网膜下腔出血2例,出血性脑梗死、基底节区梗死、椎基底动脉闭塞及硬膜下血肿各1例.20例淀粉样脑血管病脑出血患者临床表现为头痛、肢体瘫痪、昏迷、抽搐等.结论 淀粉样脑血管病临床上常以脑血管病表现形式起病,伴有或不伴有高血压.脑叶出血是淀粉样脑血管病最常见临床表现,但少数也可见基底节、小脑和脑干出血.淀粉样脑血管病也可表现为脑梗死、蛛网膜下腔出血.抗凝剂(如华法林)及抗血小板药物(如阿司匹林)的应用对淀粉样脑血管病脑出血可能具有一定的促发作用.