三重纽扣钢板重建喙锁韧带的解剖及生物力学研究

目的为应用三重固定纽扣钢板重建喙锁韧带治疗肩锁关节脱位提供解剖形态学及生物力学基础。方法对40个肩锁关节的喙锁韧带进行解剖学观测及测量,并对三重固定纽扣钢板重建喙锁韧带和喙锁韧带进行力学测试。结果斜方韧带位于锁骨的中心,锥状韧带位于锁骨稍偏后侧,从锁骨的远端关节面中心到斜方韧带和锥状韧带中心的距离分别为（20.8±0.8）mm和（39.7±0.9）mm。三重固定纽扣钢板重建喙锁韧带较原始喙锁韧带在生物力学性能上占有较大的优势。结论应用三重固定纽扣钢板重建喙锁韧带具有解剖形态学及生物力学基础。     

喙锁韧带附着区域的定量解剖学研究

目的对喙锁韧带及其附着位置进行解剖测量, 为解剖重建喙锁韧带治疗肩锁关节脱位提供解剖学相关数据。方法取87具成人尸体双侧肩锁关节标本, 首先逐层解剖出喙锁韧带, 用数显游标卡尺分别测量锥状韧带和斜方韧带在锁骨和喙突附着处的宽度和厚度, 然后在韧带起止点分别切断锥状和斜方韧带, 用美蓝标记韧带在锁骨和喙突表面的附着区域, 最后分别测量韧带附着区域中心距锁骨、喙突各边的距离以及锁骨、喙突对应的长度和宽度。结果本研究标本的锥状和斜方韧带附着中心距锁骨远端的距离分别为(35.7 ± 3.4)mm和(21.8 ± 2.7)mm, 此距离分别占锁骨全长的25.5% ± 0.9%和15.6% ± 1.1%。本研究标本的锥状和斜方韧带附着中心距喙突尖的距离分别为(35.1 ± 3.2)mm和(29.7 ± 2.9)mm, 此距离分别占喙突全长的86.7% ± 1.9%和73.3% ± 2.1%。结论虽然中国人喙锁韧带在锁骨和喙突表面附着的绝对位置个体差异很大, 但是其相对位置与锁骨、喙突长宽的比例是一组相对稳定的数据。     

喙锁韧带解剖重建治疗肩锁关节脱位的初步研究

[目的]运用数字化技术测量喙锁韧带中轴长度和倾斜角度,探索解剖重建喙锁韧带治疗肩锁关节脱位的可行性及安全性。[方法]收集36例正常肩锁关节CT扫描的原始数据(DICOM格式)。将数据导入数字骨科图像处理软件(Super Image orthopedics edition 1.2.6 Cybermed Ltd,中国上海),重建出肩锁关节的三维模型,根据现有的喙锁韧带解剖参数在骨面分别标记锥状韧带和斜方韧带的附丽点,测量喙锁韧带中轴长度和倾斜角度并模拟四种喙锁韧带解剖重建方法,分别是双束完全解剖重建、单束近似解剖重建、改良双束完全解剖重建和改良单束近似解剖重建。[结果]锥状韧带和斜方韧带中轴长度分别为(10.42±2.50)mm和(12.35±2.35)mm,锥状韧带与水平面和矢状面所成角分别为(66.98±9.62)°和(30.55±7.37)°;斜方韧带与水平面和矢状面所成角分别为(52.23±11.29)°和(55.51±8.74)°。双束完全解剖重建和单束近似解剖重建的骨皮质突破率分别为91.67%和38.89%。[结论]双束完全解剖重建几乎不可行,单束近似解剖重建仍有较大的骨皮质突破率。改良的双束和单束重建可完全避免锁骨喙突骨隧道突破骨皮质。     

喙锁韧带走行方向在肩锁关节脱位治疗中的意义

目的测量喙锁韧带(斜方韧带和锥状韧带)的走行方向,便于术者行肩锁关节脱位手术时重建喙锁韧带。方法 17具(34肩)成人尸体标本,分别标记斜方韧带和锥状韧带于锁骨及喙突止点中心,分别于韧带锁骨止点中心穿克氏针至喙突止点中心,测量克氏针倾斜角度以测量喙锁韧带的走行方向。结果斜方韧带的外展角为(39.39±1.02)°(36.8°~42.0°),后倾角为(6.04±0.63)°(4.8°~7.2°);锥状韧带的外展角为(6.62±0.68)°(5.5°~8.2°),后倾角为(10.99±1.01)°(7.0°~12.0°)。结论研究喙锁韧带走行方向、角度,有利于术者钻孔行喙锁韧带重建时确定骨道的方向。     

喙锁韧带重建的解剖放射学研究

目的测量不同透视体位下喙锁韧带骨道走行的放射学参数，为临床喙锁韧带重建提供解剖学依据。 方法取22具防腐处理的成人肩关节标本，解剖测量喙锁韧带两部分（斜方韧带，锥状韧带）的走行方向、止点宽度及透视体位下成角。 结果斜方韧带锁骨侧足印宽度（26.2±1.2） mm，喙突侧（22.7±1.6）mm。锥状韧带锁骨侧足印宽度（24.6±1.4）mm，喙突侧（19.2±1.6）mm。影像学测量韧带的插入角度：肩胛骨正位与锥状韧带与锁骨长轴成角（81±4）°，斜方韧带成角（67±7）°。侧位成角：斜方韧带（83±3）°，锥状韧带（70±6）°。与外科标志的毗邻关系：斜方韧带与锥状韧带足印区长轴中心点在锁骨间距（21.9±4.8）mm，在喙突侧间距（15.7±1.6）mm。 结论锥状韧带及斜方韧带止点足印宽度较为恒定，斜方韧带插入角度有变异度较大，锥状韧带较为恒定。两韧带在锁骨及喙突上间距较小。在进行肩锁关节解剖重建时，可参照其解剖学特点。     

喙锁韧带的MRI影像学测量与临床意义

目的探讨核磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）影像测量喙锁韧带解剖学数据的可行性与临床意义。 方法选择2020年6月至2021年5月在厦门大学附属成功医院进行肩关节MRI检查的患者54例,平均年龄39.76岁,男36例、女1例,使用PACS软件测量喙锁韧带数据。通过SPSS23分析比较男女间的数据差异,并根据年龄将54例患者分为18~44岁、45~59岁、≥60岁3组,进行年龄间的数据差异比较,使用皮尔逊相关分析计算喙锁韧带长度、宽度、到锁骨外侧端距离与身高体重之间的关系。 结果MRI测量得出,斜方韧带长度（17.23±2.74） mm,宽度（4.72±1.24） mm;锥状韧带长度（11.80±2.69） mm,宽度（6.14±1.76） mm;肩锁韧带上束长度（15.13±3.36）mm,肩锁韧带下束长度（7.63±2.45）mm;斜方韧带到锁骨外侧端距离（19.31±3.14）mm,锥状韧带到锁骨外侧端距离（37.40±3.81）mm;斜方韧带与水平面角度（41.58±13.28）°,斜方韧带与矢状面角度（48.42±13.28）°;锥状韧带与水平面角度（63.30±15.92）°,锥状韧带与矢状面角度（26.71±15.92）°;喙锁韧带间角度（69.21±18.04）°。男性斜方韧带长度（17.49±2.92）mm,宽度（4.94±1.27）mm;锥状韧带长度（12.14±2.94）mm,宽度（6.22±1.78）mm;肩锁韧带上束长度（15.44±3.56）mm,下束长度（7.61±2.49）mm;斜方韧带到锁骨外侧端距离（19.73±3.10）mm,锥状韧带到锁骨外侧端距离（38.54±4.06） mm;斜方韧带与水平面角度（42.49±15.05）°,与矢状面角度（47.51±15.05）°;锥状韧带与水平面角度（61.24±13.67）°,与矢状面角度（28.76±13.67）°;喙锁韧带间角度（70.98±18.50）°。女性斜方韧带长度（16.72±2.31） mm,宽度（4.29±1.10） mm;锥状韧带长度（11.13±2.02） mm,宽度（5.99±1.76） mm;肩锁韧带上束长度（14.50±2.90） mm,下束长度（7.66±2.43） mm;斜方韧带到锁骨外侧端距离（19.58±3.42） mm,锥状韧带到锁骨外侧端距离（36.14±3.18） mm;斜方韧带与水平面角度（39.78±8.85）°,与矢状面角度（50.22±8.85）°;锥状韧带与水平面角度（67.41±19.45）°,与矢状面角度（22.59±19.45）°;喙锁韧带间角度（65.65±17.02）°。18~44岁组斜方韧带长度（17.39±2.92）mm,宽度（4.83±1.25）mm;锥状韧带长度（11.93±2.88）mm,宽度（5.95±1.62） mm;肩锁韧带上束长度（14.88±3.21） mm,下束长度（7.18±2.31） mm;斜方韧带到锁骨外侧端距离（19.61±3.30） mm,锥状韧带到锁骨外侧端距离（38.07±4.04） mm;斜方韧带与水平面角度（44.67±15.57）°,与矢状面角度（45.33±15.57）°;锥状韧带与水平面角度（59.07±16.06）°,与矢状面角度（30.93±16.06）°;喙锁韧带间角度（69.82±20.31）°。45~59岁组斜方韧带长度（16.61±2.41） mm,宽度（4.69±1.28） mm;锥状韧带长度（11.31±2.31） mm,宽度（6.44±1.84） mm;肩锁韧带上束长度（15.86±3.60） mm,下束长度（8.18±2.69） mm;斜方韧带到锁骨外侧端距离（19.90±3.28） mm,锥状韧带到锁骨外侧端距离（37.43±3.89） mm;斜方韧带与水平面角度（37.86±8.87）°,与矢状面角度（52.14±8.87）°;锥状韧带与水平面角度（68.56±12.37）°,与矢状面角度（21.44±12.37）°;喙锁韧带间角度（68.55±15.53）°。≥60岁组斜方韧带长度（19.61±2.11） mm,宽度（4.13±1.14） mm;锥状韧带长度（13.59±3.21） mm,宽度（5.87±2.47） mm;肩锁韧带上束长度（12.87±2.05） mm,下束长度（7.77±1.72） mm;斜方韧带到锁骨外侧端距离（18.97±2.01） mm,锥状韧带到锁骨外侧端距离（37.12±4.29） mm;斜方韧带与水平面角度（40.44±13.82）°,与矢状面角度（49.56±13.82）°;锥状韧带与水平面角度（63.92±26.69）°,与矢状面角度（26.09±26.69）°;喙锁韧带间角度（68.53±18.53）°。男女之间锥状韧带到锁骨外侧端距离的差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,斜方韧带长度45~59岁与≥60岁之间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,锥状韧带与水平面角度18~44岁与45~59岁之间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,锥状韧带与矢状面角度18~44岁与45~59岁之间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,身高与锥状韧带到锁骨外侧端距离的相关系数为0.417,呈正相关（P<0.05）。 结论通过MRI影像测量出的喙锁韧带数据,为解剖重建喙锁韧带提供了精确的依据。术前通过MRI测量健侧喙锁韧带解剖数据,用于指导术中患侧的个体化解剖重建,具有一定的创新性。     

喙锁韧带不同重建方法治疗肩锁关节脱位的有限元分析

目的：建立喙锁韧带单束重建、双束解剖重建及双束完全解剖重建有限元模型,比较其位移及受力情况,为喙锁韧带完全解剖重建临床应用提供理论依据。方法：选取1位志愿者,年龄27岁,身高178 cm,体重75 kg,行肩关节CT扫描,运用Mimics17.0、Geomagic studio 2012、UG NX 10.0、Hypermesh14.0、Abaqus 6.14软件建立喙锁韧带单束重建、双束解剖重建及双束完全解剖重建三维有限元模型,各模型分别向前载荷、向后载荷及向上载荷的载荷,记录并比较在主要受力方向上锁骨远端中点的最大位移以及不同载荷情况下重建装置的最大等效应力。结果：施加向前载荷、向后载荷,双束完全解剖重建锁骨远端中点的向前最大位移及向后最大位移最低,分别为7.76 mm和7.27 mm;施加向上载荷,双束解剖重建锁骨远端中点向上最大位移最低,为5.12 mm;施加向前、向后及向上3种不同载荷,双束重建的重建装置最大等效应力均低于单束重建;双束完全解剖重建斜方韧带重建装置最大等效应力较双束解剖重建低,为73.29 MPa,但锥状韧带重建装置的最大等效应力高于双束解剖重建。结论：喙锁韧带双束完全解剖重建能够提高肩锁关节的水平稳定性,降低斜方韧带重建装置的应力,可作为治疗肩锁关节脱位的较好方法。     

解剖锁定钢板结合喙锁韧带重建与锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端NeerⅡb型骨折的病例对照研究

目的 :探讨锁骨远端解剖锁定钢板联合喙锁韧带重建和锁骨钩钢板治疗NeerⅡb型锁骨远端骨折的临床疗效并进行对比分析。方法:2010年8月至2013年8月收治NeerⅡb型锁骨远端骨折患者42例,分为2组:A组22例,男14例,女8例,平均年龄(44.2±11.6)岁;采用解剖锁定钢板结合喙锁韧带重建术治疗。B组20例,男11例,女9例,平均年龄(45.6±12.4)岁;采用锁骨钩钢板固定。所有患者为新鲜骨折,损伤至手术时间为24 h~7 d,平均72 h。两组患者一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后随访常规摄X线片观察骨折愈合、内固定在位情况及测量喙锁间距,肩关节功能按照Constant-Murley评分系统评定。结果:两组患者均获随访,时间10~24个月,平均16.8个月。两组骨折均愈合良好,无不愈合、感染等并发症。其中1例锁骨钩患者术后6个月出现锁骨钩周围骨折。术后1、3、6个月及内固定拆除后末次随访时,A组Constant-Murley功能为(90.6±6.2)、(91.8±4.8)、(94.7±3.6)、(97.8±1.2)分,均明显高于B组(74.8±3.4)、(78.4±4.4)、(82.2±2.8)、(94.6±3.6)分。A组骨折临床愈合时间(21.6±2.2)周,明显短于B组的(25.8±2.5)周(P<0.05)。A组内固定取出术后喙锁间距(10.2±1.8)mm,同B组(9.8±2.0)mm比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 :解剖锁定钢板组联合喙锁韧带重建治疗NeerⅡb型锁骨远端骨折无须暴露肩锁关节,术后肩关节疼痛及肩关节活动受限发生率低,并发症少,有利于肩关节功能早期恢复。     

喙锁韧带重建结合钢板固定治疗伴喙锁韧带锁骨止点撕脱的锁骨远端骨折

目的探讨喙锁韧带重建结合钢板固定治疗伴喙锁韧带锁骨止点撕脱的锁骨远端骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2018年12月采用喙锁韧带重建结合钢板固定治疗17例伴喙锁韧带止点撕脱的锁骨远端骨折患者资料。根据术中是否重建喙锁韧带分为未重建组和重建组:未重建组10例,男7例,女3例;年龄(37.9±11.9)岁(范围,19~60岁)。重建组7例,男5例,女2例;年龄(44.9±13.0)岁(范围,25~62岁)。术前采用三维CT检查判断韧带损伤并据此分组。术后比较两组患者的骨折愈合时间、视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)、肩关节Constant-Murley评分、肩关节功能优良率及总体并发症发生率。结果两组患者均获得随访,随访时间(18.7±6.7)个月(范围,9~27个月)。两组患者锁骨骨折均愈合,重建组骨折愈合时间(12.6±0.7)周(范围,12~14周),未重建组(23.7±7.9)周(范围,16~48周),两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=3.361,P=0.004)。末次随访时,重建组VAS评分[(3.0±1.3)分]、Constant-Murley评分[(85±11)分]分别与未重建组[(3.1±1.8)分、(77±10)分]比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。末次随访时,未重建组发生骨折延迟愈合(术后48周)1例,锁骨钩钢板松动1例,内固定取出后再发肩锁关节脱位(Rockwood分型Ⅱ度)5例,并发症发生率为70%(7/10);重建组发生肩峰骨折1例,并发症发生率为14.3%(1/7);两组比较差异有统计学意义(χ^2=5.13,P=0.024)。结论重建喙锁韧带锁骨止点可有效降低伴喙锁韧带锁骨止点撕脱的锁骨远端骨折术后并发症,术后疗效满意。     

3枚裸Endobutton钢板联合Ultrabraid线Ⅴ型悬吊治疗肩锁关节脱位

[目的]介绍3枚裸Endobutton钢板联合Ultrabraid线V型悬吊治疗肩锁关节脱位的技术方法。[方法]选择2015年6月~2017年1月本院肩锁关节脱位Rockwood分型Ⅲ~Ⅴ型患者15例,颈丛+臂丛神经阻滞麻醉,于肩锁关节内侧2 cm处向喙突作一4 cm纵切口,显露锁骨远端及喙突上方,用4 mm的克氏针在喙突上表面近基底部及锁骨远端2、4 cm处向下钻孔,形成3个骨通道。用Ultrabraid线2根分别在3枚裸Endobutton钢板作两两穿线操作成双股四束的"V"形,将3枚Endobutton钢板分别穿过3个骨通道,翻转后由助手下压复位肩锁关节,滑动收紧锁骨远端板上的Ultrabraid线并打结,透视观察肩锁关节复位情况。术后肩肘吊带悬吊保护4周,避免负重。[结果]15例患者均获得随访,随访时间3~18个月,平均(11.26±4.35)个月。依照肩锁关节脱位评分系统(ASSS):优11例,良4例。[结论]此法操作简便,单个纵切口,局部美观,创伤小,术野显露清楚,模仿解剖重建喙锁韧带,弹性固定,复位成功率高,伤口感染率低,并发症少,围手术期疼痛减少。远期效果仍有待进一步证实。     

Ligamentous anatomy of the distal clavicle

We describe the insertional variations of supporting ligaments of the acromioclavicular joint, especially with respect to gender. We analyzed 41 cadaveric clavicles (22 female and 19 male) with attached ligaments. The distance between the insertion of the trapezoid ligament and the distal end of the clavicle was not significantly different between sexes, although that of the conoid ligament and the mean anteroposterior width of the distal clavicle was significantly greater in men. Although there are significant sex-related differences in the insertional distances of the CC ligaments, resection of less than 11.0 mm should not violate the trapezoid ligament and less than 24.0 mm should not violate the conoid ligament in either sex in 98% of the general population. Resection of more than 7.6 mm of the distal clavicle in men and 5.2 mm in women, performed by an arthroscopic approach, may violate the superior acromioclavicular ligament.     

Biomechanical study of the ligamentous system of the acromioclavicular joint

The ligamentous structures of the acromioclavicular joint were studied by gross examination and quantitative measurement in twelve human cadaver specimens. Distances between insertions at various extreme positions of the clavicle were studied with the biplane radiographic technique. Ligamentous contributions to joint constraint under displacements were determined by performing load-displacement tests along with sequential sectioning of the ligaments. Twelve modes of joint displacement were examined. The acromioclavicular ligament acted as a primary constraint for posterior displacement of the clavicle and posterior axial rotation. The conoid ligament appeared to be more important than has been previously described. That ligament played a primary role in constraining anterior and superior rotation as well as anterior and superior displacement of the clavicle. The trapezoid ligament contributed less constraint to movement of the clavicle in both the horizontal and the vertical plane except when the clavicle moved in axial compression toward the acromion process. The various contributions of different ligaments to constraint changed not only with the direction of joint displacement but also with the amount of loading and displacement. For many directions of displacement, the acromioclavicular joint contributed a greater amount to constraint at smaller degrees of displacement, while the coracoclavicular ligaments, primarily the conoid ligament, contributed a greater amount of constraint with larger amounts of displacement.     

The relation of the coracoclavicular ligament insertion to the acromioclavicular joint: a cadaver study of relevance to lateral clavicle resection

Resection of the lateral end of the clavicle is a common procedure for arthrosis of the acromioclavicular joint (AC-joint). However, no anatomical data on the distance between the insertions of the coracoclavicular ligaments and the AC-joint have been reported. In 36 cadaver shoulders (18 male), we studied the relation between the AC-joint and the insertions of the joint capsule, trapezoid and conoid ligaments. The distance from the AC-joint to the medial end of its capsule was, on average, 0.7 cm (0.4-0.9) cm in women and 0.8 (0.4-1.2) cm in men. In women, the trapezoid ligament began, on average, at 0.9 (0.4-1.6) cm and ended at 2.4 (2.0-2.8) cm and in men, it began at 1.1 (0.8-1.6) cm and ended at 2.9 (2.1-3.8) cm medial to the AC joint. The corresponding figures for the conoid ligament were 2.6 (2.0-3.7) cm and 4.7 (3.9-6.2) cm. A resection of 1 cm of the lateral clavicle detaches 8%, a resection of 2 cm 60% and a resection of 2.5 cm 90% of the trapezoid ligament. We recommend a maximum resection of 1 cm of the lateral clavicle because a resection of 2 cm or more may cause postoperative AC-joint instability and related pain.     

The relation of the coracoclavicular ligament insertion to the acromioclavicular jointA cadaver study of relevance to lateral clavicle resection

Resection of the lateral end of the clavicle is a common procedure for arthrosis of the acromioclavicular joint (AC-joint). However, no anatomical data on the distance between the insertions of the coracoclavicular ligaments and the AC-joint have been reported. In 36 cadaver shoulders (18 male), we studied the relation between the AC-joint and the insertions of the joint capsule, trapezoid and conoid ligaments. The distance from the AC-joint to the medial end of its capsule was, on average, 0.7 cm (0.4-0.9) cm in women and 0.8 (0.4-1.2) cm in men. In women, the trapezoid ligament began, on average, at 0.9 (0.4-1.6) cm and ended at 2.4 (2.0-2.8) cm and in men, it began at 1.1 (0.8-1.6) cm and ended at 2.9 (2.1-3.8) cm medial to the AC joint. The corresponding figures for the conoid ligament were 2.6 (2.0-3.7) cm and 4.7 (3.9-6.2) cm. A resection of 1 cm of the lateral clavicle detaches 8%, a resection of 2 cm 60% and a resection of 2.5 cm 90% of the trapezoid ligament. We recommend a maximum resection of 1 cm of the lateral clavicle because a resection of 2 cm or more may cause postoperative AC-joint instability and related pain.     

Stabilization of the Dislocated Acromioclavicular Joint with Ligament Suture and Balser Hook Plate

Objective Reduction of dislocation and reconstruction of acromioclavicular joint by suturing the torn capsuloligamentous structures, temporary fixation with a Balser plate. Goal: restitution of form and function of shoulder girdle. Indications Primary acromioclavicular dislocation of Tossy type III or Rockwood type III in physically active patients. Acromioclavicular dislocations with additional muscle injuries of Rockwood type IV-VI. Remote painful dislocations without osteoarthritis. Here, consider patient's physical and occupational requirements. Lateral clavicle fractures with damage to clavicular ligaments. Contraindications Poor local skin condition or wounds. Symptomatic, moderate or severe osteoarthritis of acromioclavicular joint. Elevated surgical risk, poor health. Patient not agreeing to surgery. Cosmetic objections. Surgical Technique Anterior saber cut incision medial to acromioclavicular joint. Notching of insertion of deltoid muscle to expose the acromioclavicular ligaments. Placement of U-sutures in these ligaments. Refixation of intraarticular disk to clavicle with sutures. Selection of plate and subacromial insertion of its hook in close bony contact posterior to acromioclavicular joint. Radiographic control of hook and plate and of acromioclavicular joint. Plate fixation with cortex screws. Tying of the ligament sutures already in situ. Suture of joint capsule and of concomitant soft tissue disruptions. Drain. Wound closure. Results In a prospective study, 57/68 patients (62 men, six women, average age 40.3 [19-84] years) operated between 9/94 and 12/97 could be followed up clinically and sonographically after an average of 24.6 (12-49) months. Implant removal after 12 weeks. A full, painless shoulder mobility was seen in 50 patients. Sonography comparing both shoulders showed an average cranial clavicular subluxation of 0.3 mm and under a 10-kg load of 0.6 mm. Limitation of sports was reported seven times. A good to excellent result was obtained in 50 patients.