367例甲状腺疾病临床病理诊断分析

目的：总结甲状腺腺瘤和单结节性甲状腺肿的鉴别诊断,细针穿刺诊断在甲状腺疾病中的应用经验和价值,旨在提高甲状腺疾病的诊断和鉴别诊断水平。方法：对367例甲状腺病变进行病理形态学为主的复验和结果分析。结果：甲状腺疾病中女性患者占82．6％;各类疾病中甲状腺腺瘤占首位（50．1％）;术中冷冻切片对甲状腺良恶性疾病诊断（定性）的符合率为100％,具体类型诊断（定类）符合率为88．2％;细针穿刺诊断准确率为77．8％。结论：应重视甲状腺腺瘤与单结节性甲状腺肿的鉴别诊断;甲状腺疾病,尤其是甲状腺恶性疾病的细针穿刺诊断准确率低,无法取代传统的冷冻切片诊断。     

TI-RADS联合超声造影在甲状腺良恶性结节鉴别诊断中的应用价值

目的:旨在分析甲状腺影像学报告数据系统(TI-RADS)、超声造影(CEUS)及两者联合运用在甲状腺良恶性结节鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法:选取重庆市中医院2015年1月~2016年12月收治的87例甲状腺结节患者作为研究对象,患者均行CEUS、TI-RADS及两者联合检查,以手术病理学检查结果为金标准,比较3种检查方式的甲状腺良恶性结节灵敏度、特异度及准确率。结果:87例患者中共有117个甲状腺结节,良性结节95个,恶性结节22个,结节最大直径0.54~5.19 cm,平均直径(1.50±0.76)cm;TI-RADS分级诊断甲状腺良恶性结节灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为45.45%(10/22)、64.21%(61/95)、60.68%(71/117);甲状腺良恶性结节在早期增强强度、增强均匀、周边环状增强图像中存在明显差异(P0.05),CEUS诊断甲状腺良恶性结节灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为72.72%(16/22)、92.63%(88/95)、91.45%(104/117);72.72%(16/22)、74.73%(71/95)、74.35%(87/117);95.45%(21/22)、31.57%(30/95)、43.58%(51/117);TI-RADS分级联合CEUS诊断甲状腺良恶性结节灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为90.90%(20/22)、95.78%(91/95)、94.87%(111/117)。结论:TI-RADS联合CEUS可有效提高甲状腺良恶性结节鉴别诊断的灵敏度、特异度及准确率。     

甲状腺结节的超声诊断及超声征象分析

目的 分析甲状腺结节的超声诊断及超声征象特点。方法 回顾性分析2018年3月~2019年3月在我院诊治的50例（62个甲状腺结节）甲状腺结节并行手术治疗的患者临床资料,术前均行超声诊断,比较超声检查与手术病理对结节分型的诊断率、良恶性结节的诊断率、良恶性结节超声诊断指标（边界不清楚、形态不规则、内部回声低、无声晕、有钙化、纵横比≥1）发生率、良恶性结节血流信号分布情况,结果 超声诊断50例,62个甲状腺结节与术后病理结果比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;良性（72.58%）和恶性结节（27.41%）超声诊断率分别与术后病理诊断率69.35%、30.64%比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）, 恶性结节超声诊断指标边界不清楚、形态不规则、内部回声低、无声晕、有钙化、纵横比≥1发生率与良性结节比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;甲状腺良性结节血流信号分布少于恶性结节,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 超声诊断甲状腺结节准确率高,对患者无创伤、操作简单,且可显示良恶性结节超声征象特点,为良恶性鉴别诊断提供可靠的参考依据,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

超声造影在甲状腺结节诊断中的应用价值简

甲状腺结节在临床上检出率逐渐升高,超声检查作为甲状腺结节的首选影像学方法,有时并不能完全区别其良恶性,超声造影在甲状腺结节良恶性鉴别方面有一定的价值,文章就超声造影在甲状腺结节中的不同表现,即甲状腺结节增强模式、甲状腺结节在造影前后大小变化情况、时间强度曲线分析结果、甲状腺结节超声造影与微血管密度的关系、超声造影引导下甲状腺结节的细针穿刺．超声造影在甲状腺结节射频消融中的作用作一综述。     

灰阶超声造影鉴别诊断前列腺良恶性结节的价值

目的探讨灰阶超声造影在前列腺良、恶性结节鉴别诊断中的价值。方法对90例总血清前列腺特异性抗原(TPSA)增高的疑似前列腺癌患者行经直肠超声(TRUS),采用SonoVue造影剂行超声造影(CEUS),观察病灶造影增强方式,对其中57个良、恶性结节患者用ACQ软件绘制时间强度曲线(TIC),分析造影参数,比较良、恶性病变间的差异。造影结束同时对患者行经直肠超声引导穿刺活检。结果90例前列腺疾病患者中,良性病变55例,其中结节性病变22例共29个结节,前列腺增生33例;恶性病变35例,结节病灶28例28个,弥漫性病变7例。良性结节超声造影以均匀增强为主,结节边界清晰;恶性结节早于正常外腺组织增强为主。恶性结节达峰时间短于良性结节(<0.05),峰值强度低于良性结节(<0.05),到达时间良、恶性间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。CEUS对前列腺病变的良恶性鉴别诊断符合率高于TRUS(<0.05)。CEUS诊断的敏感度、特异度和正确率均高于TRUS(<0.05)。结论经直肠灰阶超声造影对前列腺癌的早期发现及对良恶性病变的鉴别诊断均具有一定的临床应用价值。     

应用超声造影、超声弹性成像鉴别诊断甲状腺小结节的临床价值研究

目的分析应用超声造影、超声弹性成像鉴别诊断甲状腺小结节的临床价值。方法选取116例甲状腺结节患者作为研究对象,比较良恶性甲状腺小结节增强影像特征,分析超声造影、超声弹性成像诊断甲状腺结节的敏感性、特异性及准确性。结果良性甲状腺结节以快进慢出、高增强为主;超声造影诊断甲状腺结节的敏感性、特异性及准确性分别为87.10%、91.86%、89.86%,超声弹性成像诊断甲状腺结节的敏感性、特异性及准确性分别为85.48%、90.70%、88.51%,两组诊断甲状腺结节的敏感性、特异性及准确性比较无差异(P0.05)。两者联合诊断甲状腺结节的敏感性、特异性及准确性分别为96.77%、95.35%、95.85%,其敏感性和准确性显著高于单一的超声造影、超声弹性成像(P0.05)。结论超声造影与超声弹性成像均可有效鉴别诊断良、恶性甲状腺结节,但两者联合诊断敏感性和准确性更高。     

超声显像对甲状腺结节性疾病的诊断进展

目的:探讨超声显像对甲状腺结节性疾病的诊断价值及其进展.方法:查阅最近国内外关于超声诊断甲状腺结节性疾病的有关文献,进行总结归类.结果:超声显像可以用不同的检查方法及相关新技术(如弹性成像、超声造影等)来诊断甲状腺结节性疾病,并能够鉴别其良、恶性,显示其周围淋巴结,从而为临床及时处置提供决策信息.结论:超声显像能够早期并较好地鉴别诊断甲状腺结节性疾病,值得临床上进一步深入研究和推广.     

CT在甲状腺肿瘤鉴别诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨CT在甲状腺良恶性肿瘤诊断及鉴别诊断中的价值。方法经手术后组织病理学证实的39例良恶性甲状腺肿瘤患者,其中男性17例,女性22例,年龄33～78岁,平均年龄45．6岁。行颈部CT平扫8例．增强扫描31例。分析其良恶性甲状腺肿瘤的CT表现,并进行统计学处理。结果7例甲状腺腺瘤平扫时边界清晰．内部主体低密度且密度均匀;3例可见到完整或不完整的囊壁。4例结节性甲状腺肿局限型,低密度影。25例恶性甲状腺肿瘤平扫时成等密度或混杂密度,边界不清,增强扫描强化不均,并向邻近组织侵犯。结论有无对周围组织的浸润、包膜是否完整、边界是否清晰、轮廓是否规则、密度均匀与否及颈部淋巴结有无肿大等特点,对鉴别甲状腺肿瘤良恶性有很大作用。CT在甲状腺肿瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断中具有重要作用。     

超声诊断甲状腺结节的临床分析

目的：探讨超声诊断甲状腺结节的临床价值。方法回顾分析我院2012年4月~2013年4月收治的76例甲状腺结节患者的超声影像资料,观察结节大小、血供、内部回声与周边回声,并与病理检查结果进行对比。结果超声检查提示,31例为结节性甲状腺肿,23例为甲状腺腺瘤,17例为甲状腺瘤,超声诊断准确率为93.42%(71/76);54例属于良性结节,诊断准确率为93.10%;17例属于恶性结节,诊断准确率为94.44%,与病理结果对比差异无统计学意义(>0.05)。结论甲状腺结节应用超声检查能够为临床初步诊断、鉴别诊断与对症治疗提供一定参考价值,安全可靠,值得临床广泛应用。     

C-TIRADS结合超声弹性成像诊断甲状腺囊实性结节良恶性的价值

目的 探讨中国版甲状腺影像报告和数据系统（C-TIRADS）与应变弹性成像技术相结合对甲状腺囊实性结节良恶性的鉴别诊断价值。方法 选择行甲状腺超声检查的80例患者（91个囊实性结节），其中男性27例，女性53例；年龄17～72岁，平均年龄47.8岁；结节最大径线5～61 mm，平均结节最大径线27.9 mm。回顾性分析91个甲状腺囊实性结节的二维灰阶超声图像及弹性声像图，运用C-TIRADS进行分类，比较单独使用C-TIRADS分类方法、应变弹性成像技术及两种方法结合对甲状腺囊实性结节的诊断效能。结果 91个甲状腺囊实性结节中良性结节69个（75.8%），包括结节性甲状腺肿37个（53.6%），滤泡性腺瘤囊性变7个（10.1%），穿刺良性结节25个（36.2%）；恶性结节22个（24.2%），均为乳头状癌。单独使用C-TIRADS、应变弹性成像技术诊断甲状腺囊实性结节的灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为45.5%、95.7%、86.8%及59.1%、97.1%、89.0%，两种方法结合诊断甲状腺囊实性结节的灵敏度、特异度、准确度为81.8%、94.2%、91.2%，联合诊断可提高甲状腺囊实性...     

Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and thromboxane synthase in non-neoplastic and neoplastic thyroid lesions

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and thromboxane synthase (TBXAS) are important enzymes involved in the arachidonic acid pathway and synthesis of prostaglandins. We examined COX-2 and TBXAS immunoreactivity in 150 surgically resected thyroid specimens using immunohistochemistry to determine expression in benign and malignant thyroid lesions and to examine their roles in thyroid tumor progression. Papillary thyroid carcinomas and follicular carcinomas expressed higher levels of COX-2 compared to follicular adenomas and adenomatous nodules. We showed for the first time that TBXAS was expressed in thyroid tissues, with higher levels in papillary carcinomas compared to non-neoplastic and benign thyroid tissues. Western blot was performed on seven thyroid samples. These results indicate that both COX-2 and TBXAS are expressed in benign and malignant thyroid tissues. Although some malignant thyroid tumors showed higher levels of COX-2 expression, COX-2 and TBXAS are probably not useful in the immunohistochemical diagnosis of thyroid malignancies. However, the expression of both COX-2 and TBXAS by thyroid tissue may provide insight into the role of these enzymes in progression from benign to malignant thyroid tumors.     

Galectin-3 does not reliably distinguish benign from malignant thyroid neoplasms

AIMS: To determine whether galectin-3 is a sensitive indicator of thyroid malignancy. It has been suggested as a potential marker for differentiating thyroid carcinoma from benign or non-neoplastic lesions in preoperative fine-needle aspirates (FNAs). METHODS: Galectin-3 protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in formalin-fixed thyroid tissues from 124 patients with histological diagnoses of papillary carcinoma (n = 38), follicular carcinoma (n = 19), follicular adenoma (n = 32) and dominant nodules of multinodular goitre (n = 35). Expression of galectin-3 was also assessed by Western blotting in 24 fresh thyroid tissues. RESULTS: Galectin-3 expression was observed in the majority of carcinomas (papillary 92%; follicular 74%). However, a large proportion of follicular adenomas (72%) and multinodular goitres (57%) also expressed galectin-3. In addition, galectin-3 expression was observed in epithelial cells of normal thyroid tissue and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Galectin-3 immunopositivity was significantly greater in papillary carcinomas than in dominant nodules or follicular adenomas (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0005, respectively). However, galectin-3 expression was no greater in follicular carcinomas than in follicular adenomas (P = 0.8735). Western blotting analysis confirmed both the specificity of the antiserum and expression of galectin-3 in multinodular goitres, follicular adenomas/carcinomas and papillary carcinomas. CONCLUSION: The data demonstrate that galectin-3 is not a reliable immunohistochemical marker to distinguish benign from malignant thyroid follicular lesions.     

Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV in the cytologic diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma

Recently, the demonstration of DAP IV activity in thyroid cells aspirates has been proposed as an useful tool for the diagnosis of malignancy. We have studied the enzymatic activity of DAP IV, using the modified method of Lodja, in a series of 336 selected aspirates of the thyroid gland with the following cytologic diagnosis: 236 nodular hyperplasias, 60 follicular proliferations, eight Hashimoto's thyroiditis, eight Hürthle-cell proliferations, 20 papillary carcinomas, two anaplastic carcinomas, and two medullary carcinomas. The results were subjectively evaluated on the basis of staining intensity and extension in a minimum of 200 cells. Strong-to-moderate enzymatic activity with an extension of more than 40% of the cells were exclusively seen in follicular-cell derived carcinomas (papillary carcinoma, Hürthle-cell carcinoma, and follicular carcinoma). Medullary carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma, and benign conditions were negative or weakly stained. Cytohistologic correlation in 88 patients operated on showed the following results: 26 nodular hyperplasia (18 nodular hyperplasia and eight follicular adenomas), 36 follicular proliferation (24 nodular hyperplasia, six, adenomas, three papillary carcinomas, three follicular carcinomas), two Hürthle-cell proliferation (one Hürthle-cell adenoma and one Hürthle-cell carcinoma), 20 papillary carcinomas, two medullary carcinomas, and two anaplastic carcinomas. DAP IV staining was moderate to strong and extensive in all malignant tumors initially diagnosed as follicular or Hürthle-cell proliferations. We conclude that DAP IV activity is present in malignant differentiated thyroid tumors of follicular cells (papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, Hürthle-cell carcinoma), but it is identified neither in medullary carcinoma nor in anaplastic carcinoma. Therefore, its usefulness is restricted to the diagnosis of follicular-cell malignancies. Diagn. Cytopathol. 1998;19:4–8. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Galectin-3, a marker of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma, is expressed in thyroid nodules with cytological atypia

AIMS: The distribution of galectin-3, a widely recognized marker of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma, was investigated in 95 thyroid lesions including nodules with foci of cytoarchitectural atypia. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-eight papillary carcinomas, five follicular carcinomas, one Hurthle cell carcinoma, three poorly differentiated carcinomas, one anaplastic carcinoma, 25 nodular hyperplasias and 27 follicular adenomas, including nodules with atypical features, three neoplasms of undetermined malignant potential and two thyroiditis cases were examined. By immunohistochemistry, galectin-3 was consistently found in carcinomas; otherwise benign nodules exhibited galectin-3-positive clusters of cells with poorly developed features of differentiated carcinoma (mainly of papillary type) such as nuclear chromatin clearing, nuclear clefting, pseudoinclusions, which, in each case, were not histologically sufficient to warrant a definitive diagnosis of malignancy. In other nodules galectin-3 staining was negative. The latter were either clearly benign or showed constantly a minor degree of chromatin clearing and of other atypical features when compared with galectin-3-positive cases. CONCLUSIONS: Galectin-3, a reliable marker of differentiated thyroid carcinoma as confirmed in our series of malignant neoplasms, appears expressed in nodules with an overall benign appearance but with focal areas suspicious for malignancy. The significance of such findings needs to be further investigated.     

彩色多普勒超声对甲状腺滤泡状节诊断价值的探讨

目的 评价彩色多普勒超声对甲状腺滤泡状结节术前诊断中的价值.方法 甲状腺单发结节患者155例,其中男性22例,女性133例;年龄18～71岁,平均年龄43.7岁.采用二维和彩色超声检查,重点分析甲状腺肿块内部和边缘回声特点、血流分布特征、搏动指数及血流频谱形态.结果 手术病理证实腺瘤89例,滤泡状腺瘤44例,滤泡状癌2...     

CD57 (leu-7) Expression is helpful in diagnosis of the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma

 CD57 (HNK-1) is a oligosaccharide antigen that is expressed by cells of several lineages. It is present on multipotential neuroepithelial cells during embryogenesis, and tumours of epithelial, neuroectodermal and nerve sheath origin also express CD57. Its role in the diagnosis of thyroid tumours is controversial. We have studied CD57 expression by immunohistochemistry to determine its utility in the classification of thyroid follicular lesions. Study material included 114 normal thyroid sections, 77 benign thyroid lesions (29 colloid nodules, 22 follicular adenomas, 20 cases of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and 6 of Grave’s disease) and 83 thyroid carcinomas, including 31 follicular variants of papillary carcinoma. We observed CD57 positivity in 95% of thyroid carcinomas, 27% of follicular adenomas and 10% of colloid nodules. It was not expressed in the normal thyroid. CD57 expression in thyroid carcinomas was significantly different from that in normal and benign thyroid lesions (P < 0.0001). The follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma also showed significantly higher CD57 expression than colloid nodules (P < 0.0009) or follicular adenomas (P < 0.0009). No significant difference was seen between colloid nodules and follicular adenomas. We conclude that CD57 immunohistochemistry is valuable in the classification of thyroid follicular lesions into benign and malignant groups and is also helpful in the diagnosis of the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Received: 26 August 1997 / Accepted: 14 October 1997