Gastrointestinal endoscopic evaluation of premenopausal women with iron deficiency anemia

GOALS: To evaluate whether the gastrointestinal tract could be a source of chronic blood loss in premenopausal women with iron deficiency anemia. BACKGROUND: While premenopausal women with iron deficiency anemia are typically managed with simple iron replacement, the standard of care for postmenopausal women and men is to exclude a gastrointestinal source of bleeding. STUDY: We identified 111 premenopausal women who underwent endoscopy for the sole indication of iron deficiency anemia. RESULTS: The mean age was 42.5 years. Lesions potentially causative of iron deficiency anemia were detected in 22 patients (20%). Upper gastrointestinal lesions were present in 14 patients (13%) and included only erosive lesions. Lower gastrointestinal lesions were detected in 8 patients (7.2%) and included colon cancer (2.7%), inflammatory bowel disease (3.6%), and a colonic ulcer >1 cm (0.9%). Patients with upper gastrointestinal lesions were more likely to use aspirin or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (11/14, 79%) than patients with no lesions (26/89, 23%; P = 0.043). Occult blood was more common in patients with lower gastrointestinal lesions 8/8 (100%) and patients with upper gastrointestinal lesions (9/14, 64%) than in patients without lesions (28/89, 31%; P = 0.037 and 0.039). Gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly more common in patients with gastrointestinal lesions than in patients without lesions. CONCLUSIONS: A gastrointestinal source of chronic blood loss was identified in a substantial proportion of premenopausal women with iron deficiency anemia. Patients with gastrointestinal symptoms, fecal occult blood, and/or weight loss should undergo endoscopy.     

幽门螺杆菌感染与缺铁性贫血的关系

目的：探讨幽门螺杆菌(HP)感染与缺铁性贫血(IDA)的关系，以及HP相关IDA的治疗。方法：①分别统计46例IDA伴慢性胃炎与50例非IDA慢性胃炎两组HP感染率。②将42例HP感染相关IDA随机分成两组，分别应用根除细菌加口服铁剂与单用铁剂方案治疗，检测治疗前后血液学指标、观察疗效。结果：IDA伴慢性胃炎者HP感染率高于非IDA慢性胃炎者，两者差异有统计学意义；HP感染相关IDA患者接受根除细菌加铁剂治疗前后其Hb、血清铁、铁蛋白均显著增高，而单用铁剂组治疗前后血液学指标无显著变化。结论：HP感染与IDA可能有一定相关性，当IDA患者铁剂治疗效果不显著时宜考虑是否存在HP相关IDA．根除HP感染后对IDA有一定治疗作用。     

幽门螺杆菌感染与缺铁性贫血的临床分析

目的:观察缺铁性贫血(IDA)伴幽门螺杆菌(Hp)阳性慢性胃炎患者抗Hp加铁剂治疗前后实验室检测指标的变化及疗效,探讨Hp感染与IDA形成的相关性及其临床意义。方法:将62例IDA伴Hp阳性慢性胃炎患者,分为A、B、C、D 4组。A组给予补铁及Hp根除治疗,B组仅Hp根除治疗,C组仅补铁治疗,D组中医辨证治疗胃炎;检测治疗前后其血红蛋白浓度及血清铁、总铁结合力、铁蛋白水平,并对Hp、胃蛋白酶活性、胃酸进行检测。结果:IDA伴慢性胃炎患者Hp感染率较高(82．7％,62／75),补铁联合抗Hp治疗较单纯补铁或抗Hp治疗效果显著(P<0．05)。结论:Hp感染可造成或加重机体铁营养不良,在治疗IDA的过程中应注意清除Hp感染。     

小儿缺铁性贫血与幽门螺杆菌感染相关性研究

目的探讨小儿缺铁性贫血（IDA）与幽门螺杆菌（Hp）感染的相关性。方法对85例幼儿园儿童进行全血血常规、血清铁、总铁结合力及Hp检测，并将其分为IDA组和非IDA对照组，对两组Hp感染情况进行统计分析。结果41例贫血儿童中有27例感染Hp（65-85％），44例正常儿童中有12例感染Hp（27．27％），两者比较有显著差异（χ^2=12．72，P〈0．001）。结论小儿IDA与Hp感染具有相关性。     

Preproghrelin与糖脂代谢的关系

Preproghrelin基因经转录和翻译后加工修饰产生两种作用相拈抗的活性产物ghrelin和obestatin.Ghrelin与obestatin在摄食、脂肪代谢、消化功能调节及能量代谢方面作用相反,而且在促进生长激素分泌方面作用也不同,二者均与糖脂代谢密切相关.而preproghrelin在成熟活性产物编码区以外的区域也具有一定的生物学活性,其内含子及非编码外显子突变均影响其产物的生物学活性及机体的功能.Prepmghrelin的Leu72Met多态性与糖脂代谢密切相关,可影响肥胖的发生和发展.     

The treatment of iron deficiency anemia

In the normal individual the amount of iron absorbed and lost from the bodyeach day is exceedingly small. There are certain periods during life when bodyiron requirements are increased; the most important of these is infancy. Here,existing iron stores are rapidly depleted, and a deficient diet can soon produceiron deficiency. Once a full complement of body iron has been accrued, the adultis independent of iron intake and becomes iron deficient only through blood loss.

In the production of iron deficiency, iron stores are exhausted before anemiaappears. If any question in diagnosis from usual laboratory tests exists, the direct.examination of marrow for hemosiderin will establish the diagnosis. It is of obvious importance to confirm the diagnosis by specific therapy and to determinethe cause of the iron depletion.

Response to oral iron is highly predictable and failure of response usually indictates a mistaken diagnosis. In a small but significant group of patients, eitherunable to take iron because of gastrointestinal symptoms, unable to absorbiron, or in need of iron reserves, parenteral administration of iron has distinctadvantages. The saccharated oxide of iron is an effective preparation for thispurpose.

Submitted on February 15, 1954 Accepted on May 11, 1954     

The prevalence and determinants of iron deficiency anemia in rural Thai-Muslim pregnant women in Pattani Province

This study was conducted in order to describe the type of anemia and risk factors for iron deficiency anemia in Pattani Province, Thailand. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from March to October 1997 in five randomly selected districts, choosing villages in the catchment area of a random sample of 30 out of 57 health centers (HC). All resident eligible pregnant women (PW) at 32-40 weeks of gestation without any overt diseases were selected. Food intake and antenatal health history were assessed by a food frequency questionnaire, health questionnaire and a review of HC records. Of the 180 enrolled PW, the prevalence of iron deficiency (ID), iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and other anemia were 34.4, 37.8 and 7.8%, respectively. PW in the last group were excluded from the analysis of predictors of iron status. Stool samples were obtained from 130 PW. The prevalences of hookworm, Ascaris and Trichuris were 47, 48 and 25 %, respectively. The number of ante-natal care (ANC) visits ranged from 0-8 with a median of 3 visits. Of those PW who visited, 97% reported receiving iron tablets. The compliance rate with iron tablets was low especially in the third trimester (9-12 %). Ordinal logistic regression showed that the risks for ID and IDA were reduced with statistical significance at a gestational age greater than 34 weeks, with more than three ANC visits, and increased consumption of meat and calories, but increased with hookworm infection. Compliance with iron tablet supplementation did not significantly reduce the risk for ID and IDA. In this study, PW had high percentages of ID and IDA. The risk factors identified in this report require intervention to eliminate them.     

The relationship between incidence of fractures and anemia in older multiethnic women

OBJECTIVES: To prospectively examine the relationship between anemia and incident fractures of the hip, spine, and all skeletal sites in women from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Observational Study and Clinical Trials. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Forty WHI clinical centers across the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Postmenopausal women (n=160,080), mean age 63.2 ± 7.2, were recruited and followed for an average of 7.8 years. MEASUREMENTS: Anemia was defined as hemoglobin levels at baseline less than 12 g/dL. All fractures were self‐reported. Trained physicians further confirmed hip fractures using medical records. RESULTS: Eight thousand seven hundred thirty‐nine of the participants (5.5%) were anemic. The age‐adjusted incidence rate of hip fractures per 10,000 person‐years was 21.4 in women with anemia and 15.0 in women without anemia; higher incidence rates for spine and all fractures were also observed in anemic women. After multiple covariates were included in the Cox proportional hazards models, significantly greater fracture risk associated with anemia still existed, as demonstrated by hazard ratios of fractures associated with anemia of 1.38 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.13–1.68) for hip, 1.30 (95% CI=1.09–1.55) for spine, and 1.07 (95% CI=1.01–1.14) for all types. No significant racial or ethnic difference was found in these relationships. CONCLUSION: A significantly greater fracture risk was observed in multiethnic postmenopausal women with anemia. Given the high prevalence of anemia in the elderly population, it is important to better understand the relationship and mechanisms linking anemia to fracture risk.     

Frequency of hypoferritinemia, iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in outpatients

The prevalence rates of hypoferritinemia (IDec/one abnormal indicator), iron deficiency (IDef/two abnormal indicators) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in children who were referred to the outpatient clinics of the Department of Pediatrics for the first time within 1 month were investigated. Exclusion criteria were iron therapy before and during the study period and a history of chronic illness. Acute-phase reactants, such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein levels, were measured in all cases indicative of infectious diseases. Blood samples were obtained from each study patient admitted to the outpatient clinics during the study period. The hospital charts were later further evaluated, and samples of patients with any current illness known to interact with the iron status of the patient were discarded, and patients were contacted to supply new samples about 1 month after treatment of the infection. Thus, in patients with indications of an infection, samples obtained 1 month after treatment were assessed.The children (n = 557) were divided into four age groups: those aged 4 months to 2 years (group I), 2-6 years (group II), 7-12 years (group III) and 12-18 years (group IV). Children with a decrease in serum ferritin levels without anemia (IDec), and those with lower ferritin, transferrin saturation (TS) and serum iron (SI) concentration (IDef) were evaluated. IDA was diagnosed if hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations were lower than those adjusted for age, ferritin <12 ng/ml and TS 相似文献   

Predictive factors of GI lesions in 241 women with iron deficiency anemia

OBJECTIVES: GI blood loss is the most common cause of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in postmenopausal women and menstrual blood loss in premenopausal women. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic yield of endoscopy in women with IDA and to define predictive factors of a GI lesion. METHOD: Clinical, biological, endoscopic, and histological data from patients with IDA were systematically collected on a computer. Multivariate analysis (logistic regression) was performed to determine whether these data were associated with a GI lesion. RESULTS: Between January, 1989 and June, 1999, 241 consecutive women had endoscopies for IDA (mean age = 52.3 +/- 21.8 yr). A substantial GI lesion was detected in 119 patients (49.4%). Ten patients (4%) had both upper and lower GI lesions. A source of IDA was revealed by upper endoscopy in 86 cases (35.6%) and by colonoscopy in 33 (13.7%). The most common upper lesions were peptic ulceration (42/241 [17.4%]), esophagitis (15/241 [6.2%]), and cancer (9/241 [3.7%]). Colonic cancer (15/241 [6.2%]) and polyps (10/241 [4.1%]) were the most frequent lesions detected by colonoscopy. Predictive factors (odds ratio, 95% CI) of GI lesions diagnosed by endoscopy were abdominal symptoms (8.3, 3.9-17.2), age > 50 yr (4.4, 2.1-9.2), and Hb < 9 g/dl (3, 1.5-6.1). Thirty-one women (13%) had none of these predictive factors; in this group only two lesions were identified (one esophagitis and one duodenal ulcer). The positive predictive value of these three independent predictors was 87%, and the negative predictive value was 93.5%. CONCLUSION: Endoscopy revealed a source of IDA in 49.4% of cases. Three predictive factors of GI lesion were identified. Endoscopic investigation should be avoided in women without these three predictive factors. Conversely, these factors are strongly associated with a GI lesion.