安装埋藏式起搏器患者应用动态心电图检查的意义

本文应用DCG监测40例安装永久起搏器患者,其中17例在安装前已作此项检查。DCG能发现常规心电图未能检出的潜在、短暂严重心律失常。39例起搏功能正常并有须率不等的自主心律,肌电位抑制起搏8例,短阵室性自身心律和起搏电能耗竭各1例。DCG有助于识别、处理心律失常和起搏器功能障碍。     

基础起搏心电图解读系列讲座（4）：起搏器节律对自身心电的影响

结合对19个图例的分析,详细阐述了起搏器节律对自身节律的影响,如重整窦房结节律、干扰性窦房分离和房室分离、室性融合波、起搏-反复搏动和起搏-窦性夺获、起搏器介导性心动过速、影响急性心肌梗死的心电图诊断、电张调整性T波改变及起搏器功能异常引发相应的心律失常等。     

三腔起搏器中的真性与假性室性融合波

<正>与一般起搏心电图相同,三腔起搏器心电图也存在真性与假性室性融合波。1真性室性融合波双室各自起搏的QRS波发生的相互融合,或左室、右室、双室起搏的QRS波与自身QRS波发生的融合都称真性室性融合波。显然,当起搏率与自身心率相近,或起搏器设置的AV间期与自身PR间期相近时,容易发生真性室性融合波。三腔起搏器起搏时设置的AV间期都应短于自身的PR间期,其设置得越长,起搏与自身QRS波发生室性融合波的概率越高。真性室性融合波的QRS波形态一定介于原来两种或三种QRS波形态之间。与一般室性融合波不同,单纯右     

窦房结功能不良与传导阻滞患者植入双腔起搏器后动态心电图的表现及其意义

目的 探讨窦房结功能不良与传导阻滞患者植入双腔起搏器后动态心电图的表现及临床意义。 方法 分析植入DDD型双腔起搏器的160例患者的动态心电图,其中窦房结功能不良组80例,传导阻滞组80例,比较2组患者植入双腔起搏器后的动态心电图表现、主要的工作模式、心室起搏情况、自身心律失常及起搏器所致的心律失常。 结果 窦房结功能不良组与传导阻滞组起搏比例≥60%者均多于起搏比例<60%者（82%比18%、85%比15%）,组间差异无统计学意义。窦房结功能不良组心房按需起搏工作模式显著高于传导阻滞组（31%比2%,P<0.01）,而心室按需起搏/心房同步心室起搏工作模式显著低于传导阻滞组（19%比50%,P<0.01）;组间比较,双腔按需起搏工作模式检出率二者无统计学差异（50%比48%）。窦房结功能不良组心室安全起搏检出率显著高于传导阻滞组（25%比12%,P<0.05）,而心室起搏融合波的检出率则显著低于传导阻滞组（35%比51%,P<0.05）。窦房结功能不良组起搏介导性心动过速及感知房性心动过速触发快速型心室起搏的检出率显著高于传导阻滞组（12%比2%,24%比11%,P<0.05）,房性心动过速和频发房性早搏的检出率亦显著高于传导阻滞组（38%比18%,22%比4%,均P<0.05）。 结论 窦房结功能不良与传导阻滞患者植入双腔起搏器后对应的主要工作模式可以通过动态心电图的各种表现进行识别,全面了解起搏器的工作状态,为起搏器的合理程控以及自身心律失常提供可靠的依据。     

68例永久起搏器动态心电图分析及其临床意义探讨

目的：为了解永久起搏器工作状态和发现各种可能的心律失常。方法：记录和分析68例起搏器动态心电图（DCG）,结果：（1）94％的起搏器功能良好,但存在TI皮误感知,肌电干扰误感知及室性融合搏动和伪室性融合波等心电现象;（2）52％存在起搏器引起或作为媒介的各种心律失常,部分患出现室房传导及起搏器介入心动过速等起搏器综合征;（3）47％检出与起博无关的自身心律失常。结论：植入永久型起搏器的患,定期的DCG检测,可系统的了解起博器工作状态及各种心律失常,为临床恰当处理病人提供依据。     

如何阅读和分析起搏心电图

心脏起搏已广泛用于治疗缓慢型和某些快速型心律失常。随起搏器技术的发展,目前起搏器种类有单腔、双腔、程控多功能、频率反应性和抗心动过速起搏器。因此,学会分析起搏心电图已成为临床和心电图医师的新课题。分析起搏心电图,目的在于了解起搏器的工作方式、功能状况及起搏效果。及时发现起搏系统故障,诊断起搏源性心律失常,为临床进一步处理提供可靠依据。     

起搏病人发生QT间期延长伴尖端扭转型室性心动过速的诊治体会(摘要)

我院自１９８４年至今共安置心脏永久起搏器２７０台，其中６例发生了ＱＴ间期延长伴尖端扭转型室性心动过速（ＴｄＰ），其临床特征及心电图变化见附表。例１～３因原起搏器能源耗竭，起搏及感知功能失灵，脉冲固定空放，部分脉冲ＲｏｎＴ，自身心律缓慢，反复短阵晕厥发...     

动态心电图在起搏器术后功能障碍中的监测作用

目的探讨动态心电图(dynamic electrocardiogram,DCG)监测不同类型起搏器术后的的临床价值。方法选取我院行心脏起搏器植入术的80例患者作为研究对象,应用12道动态心电图分析系统对所有患者进行24h动态监测,分析所有患者的感知、起搏器起搏功能异常、起搏器导致的心律失常以及自发性心律失常的发生情况。结果80例患者中治疗心力衰竭的心室同步化起搏(cardiacresynchronizationtherapy,CRT)型患者的起搏比例为100%。有26例出现感知功能异常(13例表现为感知过度,13例表现为感知不良),有4例出现起搏功能异常,有3例表现为起搏器介导的心律失常[第3代埋藏式心脏转复除颤器(implantablecardioverter-defibrillator,ICD)和CRT-D型患者中有2例表现为抗心动过速起搏治疗,1例表现为放电],有6例出现自发性心律失常(ICD和CRT型患者主要为室性心律失常)。结论 DCG在起搏器术后功能障碍识别中具有重要的监测作用。     

起搏相关室性心律失常的识别与处理

起搏器相关的室性心律失常常见的种类包括竞争性室性心律失常、快速心房节律被跟踪、起搏器介导性心动过速、心脏再同步化治疗的致室性心律失常以及起搏介导的短-长-短心律诱发的室性心律失常。这些室性心律失常可干扰或影响起搏器的正常工作,严重时可对起搏器患者构成一定危险,临床上应了解此类心律失常发生机制和掌握处理的方法,上述心律失常大部分通过起搏器的程控随访及其发作的心电图特点来明确诊断,通过调整和优化起搏参数预防发生。     

双腔起搏器介导性心动过速7例的临床分析

目的总结起搏器介导性心动过速患者的临床特征和处理方法。方法回顾性分析7例冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)合并起搏器介导性心动过速患者的动态心电图资料及其临床处理方法。结果病例1动态心电图显示心房起搏心律,频发室性期前收缩,程控起搏器延长心室后心房不应期,降低高限频率,抗心律失常药物控制室性期前收缩,复查动态心电图无心动过速发生。病例2、3植入双腔起搏器(DDD)后出现心房颤动,将双腔起搏器程控为VVI工作模式,胺碘酮静脉注射及口服转复心房颤动。病例4、5、6、7动态心电图检查显示起搏器介导性心动过速,药物控制心律失常。结论起搏器介导性心动过速是双腔起搏器植入后临床上最重要、最常见的并发症,应及时发现,尽早处理。。     

Signal-averaged electrocardiographic late potentials in children with complete heart block

The purpose of this study was to examine signalaveraged electrocardiographic (SA-ECG) late potentials to predict ventricular arrhythmias during intrinsic cardiac rhythm and during ventricular pacing in children with complete heart block (CHB). Recordings of SA-ECG were obtained from eight patients (aged 3-18 years) with documented CHB. The etiology of CHB was congenital in four cases and acquired in four cases. Six of these patients underwent permanent pacemaker implantation. Comparisons of the SA-ECG were made before and during ventricular pacing. Abnormalities of SA-ECG during intrinsic cardiac rhythm were noted in four patients, all of whom were older than 14 years. Although there was no significant difference in SA-ECG parameters between patients with congenital CHB and acquired CHB, abnormal SA-ECG was noted in one of four patients with congenital CHB and in three of four patients with acquired CHB. Two patients without permanent pacemaker implantation had normal SA-ECG, but four of six patients with permanent pacemaker implantation had abnormal SA-ECG. Three of the four patients had abnormal SA-ECG during ventricular pacing, but the abnormal SA-ECG in one patient had normalized during ventricular pacing. It is important to record SA-ECG before and during ventricular pacing to detect late potentials in patients with CHB. It may be useful to record SA-ECG while changing the pacing site to find ideal sites for electrode implantation for the potential prevention of ventricular arrhythmias.     

Permanent cardiac pacing in patients on chronic renal dialysis

We reviewed the need for permanent pacemaker implantation in patients with chronic renal failure who were undergoing dialysis. During a 10-year span, there were seven patients undergoing dialysis in whom a permanent pacemaker was indicated; this was an incidence of 0.68%. During that same period, the general patient population of this hospital had an incidence of permanent pacemaker implantation of about 0.29%. The need for hemodialysis in the same hospital population was 0.51%. Of the seven patients, four had universal pacemakers. Cardiac function was evaluated via radionuclide angiography. Three of the four patients showed improvement with dual-chambered pacing over ventricular pacing. Permanent pacemaker implantation was often needed after initiation of dialysis from 6 to 51 months with a mean of 21 months. During the follow-up period, three patients died from 7 months to 6 years after the institution of permanent pacing; their deaths were secondary to renal disease.     

右室双部位起搏临床应用的探讨

证实右室双部位起搏的临床疗效和置入方法的可行性。 4例因不同原因的心脏病合并严重心律失常、心功能不全。包括 2例患者已埋置永久心脏起搏器 (VVI) 2～ 4年 ,术后心功能减退 ,心律失常未获纠正的患者改行右室双部位起搏。 4例患者术后心功能及起搏器综合征明显改善 ,原已存在的心律失常得以纠正。认为右室双部位起搏简单、易操作、不增加埋置术危险度等优点 ,临床疗效明显 ,可作为双室同步起搏的另一种起搏方式在临床应用。     

右心室不同间隔部位起搏对左心室收缩功能的影响

目的 通过比较右心室心尖部及不同间隔部位（室间隔高位、中位、低位）起搏患者血浆N端B型利钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）水平、QRS时限,探讨右心室不同部位起搏对左心室收缩功能的影响.方法 选择植入VVI或DDD型起搏器患者122例,按照右心室不同起搏部位采用随机数字法分为4组：右心室心尖部起搏（RVAP）组、右心室间隔面起搏高位组（RVSP1组）、右心室间隔面起搏中位组（RVSP2组）、右心室间隔面起搏低位组（RVSP3组）,观察4组患者起搏器植入术前及术后18个月心电图QRS时限、血浆NT-proBNP水平、左心室射血分数（LVEF）、左心室舒张末期容积（LVEDV）以及出现心血管事件等指标.结果 所有患者均顺利完成导线和起搏器植入,并完成随访.心血管事件发生率比较,RVSP2组较RVAP组显著减低（4.5％对40％,P＜0.05）.术后RVAP组QRS时限最宽,RVSP2组起搏QRS时限最窄,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;术后18个月患者RVAP、RVSP1、RVSP3组NTproBNP均有不同程度增加,其中RVAP组最高（P＜0.05）;4组患者LVEDV术后18个月与术前比较,RVSP3组与RVAP组有不同程度增加（P＜0.05）,其中RVAP组增加显著（P＜0.05）;术后18个月RVSP组LVEF均无显著减低（P＞0.05）,而RVAP组显著减低（P＜0.05）.结论 选择右心室中位间隔部起搏,起搏QRS时限最窄,患者NT-proBNP水平低,可能为起搏器植入患者理想的起搏部位.     

Pacemaker catheter induced systolic murmurs in two patients

Although extracardiac sounds secondary to cardiac pacing have been well known, the murmurs originating in the heart after permanent pacemaker implantation and then disappearance after exchanging a temporary to permanent lead have rarely been reported. In this paper, two patients revealing a musical systolic murmur after placement of a transvenous endocardial pacemaker in the absence of any complications were documented. Case 1: A 43-year-old man with episodes of dizziness and brady-tachycardiac atrial fibrillation. Immediately after the implantation of a temporary transvenous right ventricular pacemaker, a high-pitched systolic musical murmur was heard at the lower left sternal border. No murmur was however gullible after a permanent pacemaker implantation in this case. Case 2 was a 83-year-old female with coronary heart disease associated with sick sinus syndrome to whom a permanent transvenous right ventricular pacemaker was inserted. A musical systolic murmur occurring immediately after the procedure was best audible at the apex. Although numerous papers concerning the mechanisms of these cardiac murmurs have been reported without reaching conclusive explanations, our data based on two cases examined with Doppler echocardiography did not support the idea of tricuspid regurgitation as one of causative factors. In the first case, this murmur appeared only a temporary pacing was performed and disappeared after implantation of a permanent pacemaker lead. On the contrary, however, the 2nd case revealed after the implantation of the permanent pacemaker with a relatively rigid bipolar lead. It is concluded that these murmurs might be produced by vibrations caused by the pacing catheters and physical properties could be related the mechanism of this phenomenon.     

INITIAL EXPERIENCE WITH PHYSIOLOGICAL PACING

Fifty patients, aged 23 to 88 years, with permanent rate-responsive dual chamber pacemakers were studied prospectively for 14.1 ± 11.4 (S.D.) months after implantation to assess the benefits and complications associated with this technique. In 12 patients the device replaced a ventricular demand pacemaker. Minor complications associated with implantation occurred in one case. Atrial leads required repositioning because of increase in threshold and/or problems of sensing in five cases and ventricular leads in five. There were two patients with symptomatic pacemaker-related arrhythmias necessitating reprogramming; one patient with pacemaker-mediated tachycardia and one with pacemaker autoinhibition. Seven patients have died; one suddenly and possibly related to a pacemaker-triggered arrhythmia. Of 43 living patients, five are now programmed to the ventricular demand mode; two with atrial fibrillation, one with failed atrial lead repositioning, one with persistent sinus tachycardia, and one because of angina pectoris. Thirty-six of the 43 living patients are asymptomatic and a further six are symptomatically improved. All 12 patients changed from ventricular demand pacing have less symptoms. Rate-responsive dual chamber pacing is safe and appears to improve symptoms in most cases. Complications are infrequent and usually easily overcome. This mode of pacing should be considered in all patients with normal sinoatrial function in whom a permanent pacemaker is indicated.     

An electrocardiographic algorithm for determining the location of pacemaker electrode in patients with right bundle branch block configuration during permanent ventricular pacing

The expected morphology of right ventricular pacing is a left bundle branch block (LBBB) pattern. However, right bundle branch block (RBBB) can also be seen during permanent right ventricular pacing. The aim of this study was to develop an electrocardiographic algorithm to differentiate this benign condition from septal and free wall perforation with subsequent left ventricular pacing. Three hundred consecutive patients who had permanent ventricular or dual-chamber pacemaker implantation between 1999 and 2000 were screened and 25 patients (8.3%) who exhibited RBBB configuration were included in the study. Echocardiograms and chest radiographs were evaluated in order to identify the pacing lead location in this group. The authors formed a study group with their own 25 patients and 22 cases of RBBB with permanent pacemaker from previous publications (total 47 patients). Frontal axis, QRS morphology in lead V(1), and the precordial transition point, which is defined as the precordial lead where R wave amplitude is equal to S wave amplitude, were examined. Placement of precordial leads V(1) and V(2) 1 interspace lower than the standard location (Klein maneuver) eliminated the RBBB pattern in 12 patients. RBBB pattern with "true right ventricular pacing" was detected in 24 of the 25 patients, and in 11 of the 22 patients reported in the literature (total 35 patients). Right ventricular pacing was correctly identified in 34 of 35 patients with use of criteria including left superior axis deviation, RS or qR morphology in lead V(1), and precordial transition at lead V(3) with a high sensitivity and specificity. A simple surface electrocardiogram can accurately predict the lead location in patients having RBBB morphology with right ventricular pacing.     

心电图判断起搏器主动固定电极的可靠性

目的探讨永久性起搏器植入术中,体表12导联心电图判断主动固定电极固定的可靠性的意义。方法选择2011年1月至2012年8月我院心内科住院的56例患者,男37例,女19例,年龄55．73岁,平均65±9岁,符合永久性起搏器植入适应证。右室电极采用流出道间隔部主动固定电极,12导联心电图,连接好肢体导联,而V,导联连接起搏电极远端,记录心内膜损伤电流,同时与美敦力公司2290型起搏器分析仪直接测量的损伤电流进行对比。结果V,导联测定的损伤电流sT段弓背上抬振幅至少≥5mV1且高于R波振幅,持续至少5rain时,与美敦力公司2290型起搏器分析仪直接测量的损伤电流的可靠指标相一致。螺旋电极旋出15min后,最后测定起搏参数,均符合起搏阈值≤1．0V、阻抗300～1000Ω、R波振幅≥5．OmV156例患者中,除3例右室流出道植入失败,被迫改为心尖部起搏外,另53例临床3个月随访发现,无一例电极脱位。结论12导联心电图机V1导联测定的损伤电流,可以作为起搏器主动固定电极植入可靠性的一项指标。     

左室功能和结构改变与心脏起搏器起搏比例的关系

目的:探讨心脏起搏器起搏比例与左室功能和结构改变的相关性。方法:选择我院2008年2月至2009年2月收治的永久性心脏起搏器植入患者40例,回顾分析相关临床资料。结果:起搏器植入后远期(3～4年)左室射血分数(LVEF)呈下降趋势,左室收缩末容积(LVESV)、左室舒张末容积(LVEDV)呈增大趋势,各参数在置入前与远期比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。将起搏心搏数/总心搏数界值定为60%,按起搏心搏数比例高组(≥60%)及低组(<60%)两个组划分,起搏心搏数比例高组较低组LVEF[(49.2±14.1)%比(63.1±7.3)%]有明显降低,LVEDV[(120.7±69.8)ml比(65.4±10.9)ml]明显增大(P<0.05)。结论:心脏起搏器植入3～4年,左室出现功能和结构重塑,起搏心搏数比例越大,左室射血分数越低,左室越大。     

Pacing Threshold Testing Induced Ventricular Fibrillation Following Acute Rate Control of Atrial Fibrillation

Background: A properly placed stimulus on the T‐wave during ventricular repolarization can result in ventricular fibrillation (VF). Initiation of VF with pacing on T‐wave is a rare event with a few reported cases in the literature. We present a unique case of induced VF attributed to a pacing stimulus on T‐wave during ventricular pacing threshold testing of a permanent pacemaker. Case Report: A 64‐year‐old woman with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) and a permanent pacemaker for tachycardia–bradycardia syndrome presented with symptomatic AF with rapid ventricular response. Acute rate control was achieved with intravenous diltiazem. During ventricular pacing threshold testing, noncapture occurred followed by a pacing spike on T‐wave initiating VF. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation converted the rhythm to rate‐controlled AF. An acute prolongation of the QT was noted and normalized within 12 hours. No antiarrhythmic medications were used. Postevent laboratory values were within normal limits. She was free of ischemia and an echocardiogram revealed normal left ventricular function. She recovered from the event and was discharged with rate‐controlled AF. No further pacing‐induced arrhythmias have occurred during follow‐up pacemaker interrogation and 12‐lead electrocardiograms continued to show normal QT intervals. Conclusion: Pacemaker‐induced VF is an extraordinarily rare complication of cardiac pacing. Alterations in ventricular repolarization with rapid slowing of the heart rate demonstrated by acute prolongation of QT intervals may play a role. This report should alert physicians to the possibility of QT prolongation and an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias following acute rate control of AF.