腹腔神经丛联合上腹下神经丛阻滞对顽固性腹部和（或）盆腔癌痛的作用

目的：评价腹腔神经丛联合上腹下神经丛阻滞对晚期腹部和（或）盆腔恶性肿瘤并发顽固性腹部和（或）盆腔内脏痛患者的镇痛效果。方法：对45例患者,在CT引导下后路经椎间盘旁法穿刺,用90%乙醇作为毁损剂,同时行腹腔丛和上腹下神经丛毁损术。观察毁损前和毁损后24h、1周、1个月和3个月各时段的疼痛VAS评分、吗啡控释片日用量和生活质量（QOL）评分、并发症和副作用。结果：与毁损前比较,毁损后各时段VAS评分和吗啡控释片日用量均明显降低（P〈0.05）,有13例镇痛效果满意直至去世;与术前比较,毁损后24h、1周、1个月QOL评分明显升高（P〈0.05）,第3个月时QOL评分无明显差异（P〉0.05）,未发生严重并发症和副作用。结论：在CT引导下以90%乙醇行腹腔丛联合上腹下神经丛毁损术可有效减轻晚期腹、盆腔癌症患者疼痛,减少吗啡日用量,从而提高患者的生活质量。     

腹腔神经丛毁损术治疗晚期胰头癌疼痛

目的介绍腹腔神经丛毁损术治疗晚期胰头癌疼痛的方法,并探讨其效果。方法将2002年5月至2008年5月成都军区总医院收治的晚期胰头癌病人90例,按年龄、病种及病情基本接近的原则分为两组:腹腔神经丛毁损组(46例)和非毁损组(44例)。两组均行姑息减黄处理;毁损组在术中或在B型超声、CT引导下行腹腔神经丛穿刺,注入无水酒精20ml。观察两组病人术后并发症发生情况、疼痛缓解率、复发率及综合评价其临床受益反应。结果毁损组46例手术无穿刺失败,成功率100%;无严重并发症;疼痛评分(VAS)与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01);疼痛完全缓解率71.9%,部分缓解率21.9%,无效6.2%;疼痛复发率仅13.3%;临床受益反应情况较非毁损组明显增强(P0.05)。结论腹腔神经丛毁损术具有很高的安全性,能显著减轻胰腺癌性疼痛,并提高病人生存质量。     

CT引导上腹下神经丛联合腹腔神经丛毁损治疗晚期盆腔癌痛的可行性

CT引导上腹下神经丛毁损术常用于缓解晚期恶性盆腔肿瘤引起的顽固性疼痛,其即时有效率约为70%[1-2].盆腔恶性肿瘤晚期常出现广泛的腹、盆腔转移,从而使得来自腹、盆腔内脏的伤害性神经冲动不能被单一的上腹下神经丛毁损术所阻断.支配肝脏、胰腺、脾、肾、小肠和肾上腺等腹部内脏的自主神经纤维起源于腹腔神经丛.研究表明,腹腔神经丛毁损可有效减轻上腹部恶性肿瘤患者的癌痛[3-4].本研究拟评价CT引导上腹下神经丛联合腹腔神经丛毁损治疗晚期盆腔肿瘤患者癌痛的可行性.     

CT引导下经皮穿刺胸交感神经节毁损术治疗手汗症和雷诺综合征的效果

胸交感神经阻滞可用于治疗多种疼痛、非疼痛性疾病[1].但胸交感神经节的位置较深,徒手操作极易引起气胸,甚至损伤脊髓.手汗症与雷诺综合征的临床表现虽然炯然不同.但其发病机制均与胸交感神经功能紊乱有关[2-3].国内外已有C臂X线引导下胸交感神经节毁损术治疗手汗症和雷诺综合征的报道[4-5],但由于X线定位准确性较差,使其在临床疼痛治疗应用受限.本课题组近年来先后开展了"CT引导下双针会师法腹腔神经丛阻滞治疗顽固性上腹部癌痛[6]"和"CT引导下选择性脊神经背根节射频热凝治疗带状疱疹后遗神经痛[7]",发现CT引导的经皮穿刺不但定位准确.立体感强,且CI随机软件上的工具尺可辅助最佳穿刺层面的选择及穿刺路径设计,还可进行三维重建,更易于在术中及时发现并发症.因此,本研究拟评价CT引导下经皮穿刺胸交感神经节毁损术治疗手汗症和雷诺综合征的效果.     

CT引导下经皮椎体成形术治疗胸椎转移性肿瘤

目的:探讨CT引导下经皮椎体成形术治疗胸椎转移性肿瘤的安全性及疗效.方法:2004年4月～2006年2月共治疗胸椎转移性肿瘤患者18例.共30个椎体,患者均有顽固性胸背痛,术前VAS评分平均8.6分,伴脊髓压迫者6例,术前Frankel分级C级2例,D级4例,均应用CT引导下经皮椎体成形术行病变椎体内骨水泥注射治疗.随访观察并发症发生情况及治疗效果.结果:30个椎体存CT引导下均一次穿刺成功.单侧注射骨水泥12例,平均注入量2.75ml;双侧注射6例,平均注入量4.7ml,无骨水泥渗漏及神经损害加重情况发生.15例局麻药效消失后疼痛明显缓解,2例72h后疼痛缓解,1例无效.随访6～24个月,平均11.4个月.术后1周时VAS评分平均2.62分,末次随访时VAS评分平均2.94分,与术前比较均有显著改善(P<0.01).末次随访时6例脊髓压迫者神经功能2例C级恢复至D级,其余均恢复至E级.2例原发灶为肝痛及1例肺癌患者死亡,其余患者手术椎体未发生新的病理性骨折及脊髓压迫加重.结论:CT引导下经皮椎体成形术具有良好的止痛及预防病理性骨折作用,是治疗胸椎转移性肿瘤安全、有效的方法.     

腹腔神经丛阻滞术治疗晚期胰腺癌顽固性疼痛的临床研究

目的 观察无水乙醇腹腔神经丛阻滞术对晚期胰腺癌顽固性疼痛的镇痛效果、并发症发生及患者生存质量的影响。方法 选取2001年1月至2005年9月61例晚期胰腺癌伴顽固性疼痛及消化道梗阻无法行根治手术的患者，在行姑息性手术的同时，行腹腔神经丛无水乙醇阻滞治疗，观察术后3个月内疼痛缓解、生存质量评分（KPS）的变化及不良反应。结果 治疗后1周内全部患者顽固性疼痛症状明显缓解（P〈0．05），KPS评分显著提高（P〈0．05）。随诊3个月，术后86．5％（45／52）患者无痛或仅轻度疼痛，治疗过程中和治疗后未发生严重并发症。结论 无水乙醇腹腔神经丛阻滞治疗晚期胰腺癌顽固性疼痛能较好地缓解其症状，改善患者生存质量，近期疗效确切，安全性高。     

CT引导经皮肺结节穿刺活检术并发症的观察与护理

目的:探讨CT引导经皮肺结节穿刺活检术并发症的临床表现及护理措施.方法:回顾性分析16例行CT引导经皮肺结节穿刺活检术患者并发症的临床表现及护理方法.结果:16例术后均诉术前疼痛,其中气胸2例,出血4例,胸膜反应2例,通过积极有效的救治与护理,16例患者并发症均消失.结论:CT引导经皮肺结节穿刺活检术并发症临床表现多样,护理应克分掌握其临床表现,采取干预性的护理措施,可降低甚至避免并发症的发生.     

CT引导下经皮穿刺射频消融术治疗脊柱骨样骨瘤3例报告

目的评价CT引导下经皮穿刺射频消融术治疗脊柱骨样骨瘤的临床效果。方法 3例脊柱骨样骨瘤,分别位于颈椎、腰椎和骶椎,肿瘤边缘紧邻脊髓或神经。局部麻醉后,CT引导下经皮穿刺将射频电极置入骨样骨瘤中心,应用90℃的射频高温持续4 min对瘤巢进行损毁。结果术中及术后无明显并发症发生。术后分别随访2、6、7个月（平均5个月）,疼痛缓解满意,3例VAS评分分别下降了6、8、8分,随访期内疼痛无复发,无神经功能损害。结论 CT引导下经皮穿刺射频消融术治疗脊柱骨样骨瘤微创、安全,患者耐受性好,近期效果确切。     

CT引导下乙醇或阿霉素半月神经节毁损术对三叉神经痛患者的效应

目的观察CT引导下经皮卵圆孔穿刺,半月神经节注射乙醇或阿霉素毁损治疗三叉神经痛的效应。方法92例原发性三叉神经痛患者,男39例,女53例,年龄37-84岁,病程1-14年,随机分为2组。治疗前CT冠状及轴位扫描卵圆孔和颅后窝,除外继发性三叉神经痛。在穿刺卵圆孔过程中CT引导穿刺的方向并确认针尖的位置,经造影确保穿刺针准确位于神经节内,A组向三叉神经半月节注射神经破坏药乙醇,B组注射阿霉素。结果治疗后12个月,两组分别有31例和36例完全无痛,13例和6例未缓解,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组均无严重并发症。结论CT引导下经皮半月神经节毁损术治疗三叉神经痛效果明显,阿霉素的疗效优于乙醇。     

CT引导下颈侧入路舌咽神经毁损术

目的探讨CT引导下颈侧入路舌咽神经毁损术对舌咽神经痛及舌咽神经支配区顽固性疼痛的疗效. 方法 A组16例舌咽神经痛及B组12例舌咽神经支配区顽固性疼痛,采用CT引导经皮穿刺定位于茎突前缘第2颈椎水平,注入局麻药仅阻滞舌咽神经,注入7%苯酚甘油溶液0.8 ml. 结果 A组完全缓解率87.5%(14/16),总有效率100%(16/16),随访6个月无复发;B组完全缓解率50%(6/12),总有效率83.3%(10/12),随访6个月,复发6例(50.0%).2组均无严重并发症. 结论 CT介导下颈侧入路舌咽神经毁损术具有疗效可靠,定位准确,操作安全的特点,并有效减少严重并发症的发生.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.