经导管出血动脉栓塞术对重症急性胰腺炎并发腹腔内大出血诊治体会

目的总结经导管出血动脉栓塞术(transcatheter arterial embolization,TAE)对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)并发腹腔内大出血的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析本胰腺外科中心2000年1月至2003年1月间19例SAP并发腹腔内大出血病人经TAE诊治的临床资料。结果TAE止血近期成功率89.5%(17/19),再出血发生率36.8%(7/19),再次TAE止血成功率71.4%(5/7)。结论SAP并发腹腔内大出血多为腐蚀性/感染性动脉瘤破裂出血,主要出血血管为脾动脉和胃十二指肠动脉;就紧急止血而言,TAE最有效;对于TAE止血失败或止血后复发出血者手术止血是必要的。     

重症急性胰腺炎并发腹腔内大出血的病因分析及诊治体会

目的总结重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)并发腹腔内大出血的病因、诊断和治疗经验。方法回顾性分析1999年1月～2003年1月间37例SAP并发腹腔内大出血患者的临床资料,根据出血原因分型为腐蚀性出血、感染性出血、术中及术后出血、凝血功能异常出血,统计分析各型例数、发生出血时间、诊治方法及效果。结果各治疗方法死亡率分别为经皮出血动脉栓塞术(TAE)10%(2/19),手术30%(7/23),非手术50%(2/4);各型病例数分别为5、20、10、2例,病死率分别为0(0/5)、30%(6/20)、40%(4/10)、50%(1/2)。结论SAP并发腹腔内大出血多为腐蚀性和(或)感染性动脉瘤破裂出血,主要出血血管为脾动脉和胃十二指肠动脉;CT和选择性动脉造影是诊断SAP合并大出血的首选方法;TAE对紧急止血效果最好,无效时应积极手术止血。     

1例胃十二指肠假性动脉瘤破裂出血患者的护理

对1例全胃切除术并发胃十二指肠假性动脉瘤破裂出血的患者行腹腔干、肠系膜上动脉造影加胃十二指肠动脉主干栓塞术,并采取针对性护理措施,术后27d痊愈出院.提出对胃十二指肠术后感染症状明显患者加强吻合口瘘护理可减少炎性假性动脉瘤发生的诱因;及时观察破裂大出血征象,做好患者心理护理,把握治疗时机及观察术后有无继发性出血和伤口护理是促进患者康复的重要环节.     

内脏动脉瘤的外科治疗

目的 探讨内脏动脉瘤的外科治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析2002年2月至2010年6月收治的19例内脏动脉瘤患者外科治疗的临床资料,包括脾动脉瘤7例、肝右动脉瘤1例、胃左动脉瘤1例、胰十二指肠动脉瘤3例、胃十二指肠动脉瘤2例、肠系膜上动脉瘤、结肠中动脉瘤和左结肠动脉瘤各1例、肾动脉瘤2例。其中破裂12例。按照手术方式分为两组,介入栓塞治疗组13例,开放手术组6例。结果 4例栓塞后再出血,2例行手术探查止血、2例行二次栓塞后都得以成功止血。8例动脉瘤破裂伴休克患者术后均停止出血。1例胰十二指肠动脉瘤栓塞后出现十二指肠不全梗阻。2例脾动脉瘤患者术后出现部分脾梗死。术后随访18例,随访2 ～ 103个月,无动脉瘤复发。结论 以支配脏器和动脉解剖的特点作为内脏动脉瘤选择手术方案的主要依据。腔内治疗和开放手术在治疗内脏动脉瘤方面均有效,而对于假性动脉瘤破裂患者,腔内治疗效果满意。     

主动脉假性动脉瘤腔内修复治疗效果

目的观察腔内修复术(EVAR)治疗主动脉假性动脉瘤(AP)的效果。方法回顾接受EVAR治疗的11例AP患者,分析疗效及随访情况。结果11例AP均为单一破口,EVAR技术成功率100%;术后均无内漏、出血、重要脏器缺血等并发症,无围术期死亡。术后随访2~24个月,期间3例死亡,1例失访。2例感染性AP、1例白塞综合征合并腹主动脉假性动脉瘤患者均于术后2个月死于动脉瘤复发破裂出血;另1例白塞综合征并发腹主动脉假性动脉瘤术后1年复发,植入左髂总动脉覆膜支架后好转;其余6例覆膜支架通畅,无移位、内漏及瘤腔内血栓形成。结论EVAR治疗主动脉假性动脉瘤安全、有效,预后与病因有关。     

急诊经导管动脉栓塞治疗医源性肝动脉出血

目的探讨医源性肝动脉出血的急诊肝动脉造影表现及经导管动脉栓塞(TAE)治疗的疗效。方法对38例医源性肝动脉出血患者行急诊肝动脉造影,确定出血动脉后,以明胶海绵、PVA颗粒和弹簧圈进行急诊栓塞治疗;对其急诊肝动脉造影表现及TAE疗效进行回顾性分析。结果 38例中,21例肝动脉造影可见对比剂外溢,5例肝动静脉瘘,9例肝动脉假性动脉瘤,3例肝动脉假性动脉瘤合并肝动静脉瘘。急诊TAE后38例出血均停止,总有效率为100%(38/38)。1例术后10天复发出血,再次栓塞治疗后出血停止。随访12个月,所有患者均无肝脏坏死及异位栓塞等严重并发症发生。结论急诊TAE治疗医源性肝动脉出血安全、有效。     

胰管出血——介入钢圈栓塞治疗

<正>胰管出血或其他原因出血致血液进入胰管是罕见的上消化道出血,仅占上消化道出血的1/1 500[1]。常见病因有急、慢性胰腺炎、假性囊肿、假性动脉瘤和胰腺肿瘤等。假性动脉瘤破裂出血引起胰管出血的治疗方式主要有经导管动脉栓塞(therapeutic arterial embolization,TAE)治疗和外科手术。本文分析3例假性动脉瘤破裂出血引起胰管出血的患者经导管超选择植入钢圈栓塞治疗的资料,以评价其疗效。     

重症急性胰腺炎胰源性门静脉高压并发消化道出血5例诊治体会

目的总结重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)胰源性门静脉高压并发消化道出血的病因、诊断和治疗经验。方法回顾性分析2002年11月至2004年11月间5例SAP胰源性门静脉高压并发消化道出血病人的临床资料,统计分析发生出血时间、出血量,治疗方法采用经导管动脉(出血处)栓塞术(TAE)止血,再行脾切除术治疗。结果出血多发生在SAP发病后6~8周,出血量平均1800mL。治疗采用TAE加脾动脉栓塞,均获暂时止血效果,2例复发出血病例再次栓塞,1例成功,1例死亡。存活的4例均行脾切除术后治愈。结论胰源性门静脉高压并发消化道出血是SAP后期少见并发症,选择性动脉造影是诊断胰源性门静脉高压的首选方法;对合并消化道大出血病人,TAE加脾动脉栓塞为首选治疗方法;胰源性门静脉高压最有效的治疗是脾切除术。     

腹部脏器假性动脉瘤诊治体会

目的 总结腹部脏器假性动脉瘤的诊断和治疗经验。方法 回顾性分析1990～2001年16例腹部脏器假性动脉瘤,其中肝动脉瘤6例、脾动脉瘤6例、胃十二指肠动脉瘤4例。全部病例均获得随访,平均2年。结果 16例假性动脉瘤病人中15例表现为破裂出血。手术3例,成功2例,死亡1例。经动脉导管栓塞13例,全部成功且无并发症及复发。结论 数字减影血管造影术对腹部脏器假性动脉瘤急诊有确诊价值,经动脉导管栓塞术是绝大多数病人首选而有效的治疗方法。     

外科难治性动脉瘤的腔内治疗

目的 探讨腔内治疗外科难治性动脉瘤的有效性和优越性.方法 2004年5月至2006年7月,腔内治疗10例外科显露困难、预期并发症率高的动脉瘤.其中,左侧椎动脉假性动脉瘤、肠系膜上动脉瘤单纯切除术后近端残端假性动脉瘤、左侧股动脉假性动脉瘤第2次复发、左侧髂内动脉瘤破裂、左侧股浅动脉自发性破裂、肝总动脉瘤和多发性脾动脉瘤各1例,胸降主动脉假性动脉瘤3例.采用支架型人工血管(以下简称支架)腔内修复7例,导管栓塞2例,腔内修复联合导管栓塞1例.结果 所有病例均取得技术成功.8例随访3～24个月,围手术期和随访期间无并发症,彩超或螺旋CT血管造影证实受累动脉通畅和/或瘤腔完全血栓形成.左侧股浅动脉自发性破裂支架释放后出血立即停止,无下肢缺血,失随访.肠系膜上动脉残端假性动脉瘤患者术后第6天死于肝功能衰竭和上消化道出血. 结论腔内治疗可以为外科显露困难、预期并发症率高的动脉瘤提供一种有效的治疗选择.     

Management of Massive Arterial Hemorrhage After Pancreatobiliary Surgery: Does Embolotherapy Contribute to Successful Outcome?

Massive arterial hemorrhage is, although unusual, a life-threatening complication of major pancreatobiliary surgery. Records of 351 patients who underwent major surgery for malignant pancreatobiliary disease were reviewed in this series. Thirteen patients (3.7%) experienced massive hemorrhage after surgery. Complete hemostasis by transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) or re-laparotomy was achieved in five patients and one patient, respectively. However, 7 of 13 cases ended in fatality, which is a 54% mortality rate. Among six survivors, one underwent selective TAE for a pseudoaneurysm of the right hepatic artery (RHA). Three patients underwent TAE proximal to the proper hepatic artery (PHA): hepatic inflow was maintained by successful TAE of the gastroduodenal artery in two and via a well-developed subphrenic artery in one. One patient had TAE of the celiac axis for a pseudoaneurysm of the splenic artery (SPA), and hepatic inflow was maintained by the arcades around the pancreatic head. One patient who experienced a pseudoaneurysm of the RHA after left hemihepatectomy successfully underwent re-laparotomy, ligation of RHA, and creation of an ileocolic arterioportal shunt. In contrast, four of seven patients with fatal outcomes experienced hepatic infarction following TAE proximal to the PHA or injury of the common hepatic artery during angiography. One patient who underwent a major hepatectomy for hilar bile duct cancer had a recurrent hemorrhage after TAE of the gastroduodenal artery and experienced hepatic failure. In the two patients with a pseudoaneurysm of the SPA or the superior mesenteric artery, an emergency re-laparotomy was required to obtain hemostasis because of worsening clinical status. Selective TAE distal to PHA or in the SPA is usually successful. TAE proximal to PHA must be restricted to cases where collateral hepatic blood flow exists. Otherwise or for a pseudoaneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery, endovascular stenting, temporary creation of an ileocolic arterioportal shunt, or vascular reconstruction by re-laparotomy is an alternative.     

Nonoperative treatment for a ruptured pseudoaneurysm of the celiac trunk: Report of a case

We report the case of a 67-year-old man in whom hemorrhage from a ruptured celiac trunk pseudoaneurysm, which occurred as a consequence of leakage at the site of gastroduodenostomy, was successfully controlled by transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) with stainless steel coils and N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA). The occurrence of a pseudoaneurysm of the celiac trunk associated with anastomotic leakage is etiologically rare. We compiled reports from the literature on TAE for ruptured aneurysms of the celiac trunk, and compared its therapeutic value with that of surgical treatment. Operative death occurred in 4 of a series of 43 patients with aneurysms of the celiac trunk that were surgically treated (9.3%). In 5 patients with ruptured aneurysms, the operative mortality rate was 40% (2/5). Conversely, while the unsuccessful rate of TAE therapy was 17% (1/6), the mortality rate was nil. The patient whose case is presented here was affected by methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at the site of leakage and in the lung. Under septic conditions such as hemorrhage secondary to pancreatitis, the mortality rate of surgical therapy was 23%–29%, whereas the success rate of TAE therapy was 79% and the mortality rate was 4%. Based on these findings, it is suggested that TAE therapy is a viable alternative to surgery for patients even with ruptured pseudoaneurysms of the celiac trunk.     

Transcatheter arterial embolization of splenic artery aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms: short- and long-term results

We evaluated outcomes of endovascular treatment of splenic artery aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms. From April 2002 to May 2007, 17 patients (mean age 55.2 years, range 17-82) with splenic artery aneurysms (n = 7) or pseudoaneurysms (n = 10) underwent endovascular treatment. Six patients were asymptomatic, three had symptomatic nonruptured aneurysms, and eight had ruptured aneurysms. Lesions were in the proximal splenic artery (n = 5), intermediate splenic artery (n = 3), splenic hilum (n = 6), or parenchyma (n = 3). Embolization was with microcoils by sac packing (n = 8), sandwich occlusion of the main splenic artery (n = 4), or cyanoacrylate glue into the feeding artery (n = 4). Computed angiotomography was done within the first month and magnetic resonance angiography after 6 and 12 months, then yearly. Mean follow-up was 29 months (range 1-62). Exclusion of the aneurysm was achieved in 16 (94.1%) patients. One patient with an intraparenchymal pseudoaneurysm underwent splenectomy after failed distal catheterization. No major complications occurred. Postembolization syndrome developed in four patients, who had radiographic evidence of splenic microinfarcts. Transcatheter embolization of splenic artery aneurysms/pseudoaneurysms is safe and effective and may induce less morbidity than open surgery, in particular by preserving the spleen. Coil artifacts may make magnetic resonance angiography preferable over computed tomography for follow-up.     

Hemorrhagic pseudocyst and pseudocyst with pseudoaneurysm successfully treated by pancreatectomy: report of three cases

Hemorrhagic pseudoaneurysm of pancreatic pseudocyst is one of the serious complications of acute pancreatitis. We successfully treated three patients who had hemorrhagic pseudocyst and pseudocyst with pseudoaneurysm by pancreatectomy. Case 1 was 43-year-old Japanese man who had had several episodes of acute pancreatitis and was diagnosed with hemorrhagic pseudoaneurysm of the splenic artery in a pseudocyst in the pancreatic tail, shown on computed tomography (CT) and angiography. Transarterial embolization (TAE) yielded hemostasis of the pseudoaneurysm, but rebleeding occurred 2 weeks after the TAE. Distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy was successfully performed. Case 2 was a 64-year-old Japanese man who presented to us with several attacks of acute pancreatitis. Imagings showed bleeding pseudoaneurysm of the transverse pancreatic artery in a pseudocyst in the pancreatic body. Because of marked stenosis in the proximal portion of the transverse pancreatic artery, TAE was unsuccessful. Distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy was performed successfully. Case 3 was a 40-year-old Japanese woman who had a history of abdominal trauma. Imagings showed bleeding pseudoaneurysm of the splenic artery in a posttraumatic pseudocyst in the pancreas. TAE of the pseudoaneurysm was unsuccessful because of the proximity of the pseudoaneurysm and the splenic artery. Distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy was successfully performed and her postoperative outcome was satisfactory. Whenever interventional radiology (IVR) is not indicated or has failed, aggressive and immediate surgical intervention should be considered for early and definitive recovery in these patients. Received: November 15, 1999 / Accepted: April 6, 2000     

Clinical features and management of splenic artery pseudoaneurysm: case series and cumulative review of literature

INTRODUCTION: Splenic artery pseudoaneurysm is uncommon. We report our institution's recent 18-year experience with these aneurysms and review the literature. METHODS: We reviewed the records for 37 patients with visceral artery pseudoaneurysm evaluated at our institution from 1980 to 1998. From this group we found only 10 patients (27%) with splenic artery pseudoaneurysm. We also reviewed 147 cases of splenic artery pseudoaneurysm reported in the English literature. RESULTS: In this series of 10 patients, 5 were men. Mean age was 51.2 years (range, 35-78 years). Causes of aneurysm included chronic pancreatitis in 4 patients, trauma in 2 patients, iatrogenic cause in 1 patient, and unknown cause in 3. The most common symptom was bleeding in 7 patients and abdominal or flank pain in 5 patients; 2 patients had no symptoms. Aneurysm diameter was known for four pseudoaneurysms, and ranged from 0.3 to 3 cm (mean, 1.7 cm). Splenectomy and distal pancreatectomy were performed in 4 patients, splenectomy alone in 2 patients, endovascular transcatheter embolization in 2 patients, and simple ligation in 1 patient. One patient with a ruptured pseudoaneurysm died before any intervention could be performed; there were no postoperative deaths. Follow-up data were available for 7 patients, with a mean of 46.3 months (range, 4.5-120 months). CONCLUSIONS: Splenic artery pseudoaneurysm is rare and usually is a complication of pancreatitis or trauma. Average aneurysm diameter in our series of 10 patients was smaller than previously reported (1.7 cm vs 5.0 cm). Although conservative management has produced excellent results in some reports, from our experience and the literature, we recommend repair of all splenic artery pseudoaneurysms.     

重症急性胰腺炎并发假性动脉瘤大出血的处理

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎（severe acute pancreatitis,SAP）并发假性动脉瘤大出血的诊断和处理。方法回顾性分析1990年10月至2006年10月收治的12例SAP合并假性动脉瘤出血患者的临床资料。病因：胆源性胰腺炎6例,高脂血症3例,甲状旁腺功能亢进危象1例,原因不明2例。结果CT诊断假性动脉瘤出血6例（6／9）,血管造影均诊断正确（12／12）。受累血管主要为胰腺周围血管。8例“一点法”（出血血管近端）栓塞后成功止血,2例“两点法”（动脉瘤出血血管的近端和远端）血管栓塞后成功止血。2例急诊手术缝扎止血。“一点法”栓塞止血患者中有4例4～7d后再出血,2例急诊手术止血,2例改用“两点法”成功栓塞。3例死于感染和多器官功能不全综合征,总病死率为25％。结论血管造影是SAP并发假性动脉瘤大出血的主要诊断方法,“两点法”血管栓塞止血和急诊手术是有效的治疗手段。