非体外循环经胸壁微创封堵术治疗简单先天性心脏病

目的 总结非体外循环经胸壁微创封堵术(off-pump occlusion of trans-thoracic minimal invasive surgery,OPOTTMIS)治疗房间隔缺损(ASD)、室间隔缺损(VSD)和动脉导管未闭(PDA)的经验.方法 回顾性分析2008年7月至2011年7月采用OPOTTMIS治疗92例简单先天性心脏病患者的临床资料,男38例,女54例;年龄3 ～56岁;体重8.0～54.5 kg.其中ASD 52例,VSD 26例,PDA 14例,术后3个月内每个月随访心电图及超声心动图检查1次,3个月后每3～6个月复查心电图及超声心动图检查1次.结果 91例成功实施OPOTTMIS,1例筛孔状ASD中转开胸手术,总成功率为98.9％.1例(1.1％)成人PDA因肺动脉高压危象术后第2天死亡.4例残余少量分流(2例ASD,1例VSD,1例PDA),ASD和VSD各1例Ⅱ度房室传导阻滞,心脏穿刺点处活动出血二次开胸止血治愈ASD和VSD各1例.术后72 h内总并发症发生率为6.5％(6/92例).围术期无心脏破裂、感染性心内膜炎、溶血及血栓形成等严重并发症.术后随访3个月～4年,90例心电图检查均未见Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞.心脏超声检查均无封堵器明显移位和脱落,无明显左室流出道和降主动脉血流受限,VSD和PDA各1例存在少量残余分流,2例PDA心脏较术前扩大,均无中度以上心脏瓣膜反流.心功能NYHA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级.结论 非体外循环经胸壁微创封堵术(OPOTTMIS)治疗简单先天性心脏病安全、可行、有效.     

TEE在外科微创房、室间隔缺损封堵术中的应用

目的探讨TEE引导下外科微创封堵治疗房间隔缺损(ASD)、室间隔缺损(VSD)的价值。方法 58例ASD和129例VSD患者接受TEE引导下外科微创封堵治疗。术中行胸壁小切口暴露心脏,于TEE监测下选择右心房或右心室穿刺点,指引动脉止血鞘通过缺口后释放封堵装置,待TEE多切面证实封堵器位置良好、无明显残余分流及瓣膜并发症后释放封堵器。结果 58例ASD均封堵成功,术后即刻TEE见8例封堵器周围微量残余分流。129例VSD中,114例VSD封堵成功,其中19例术后即刻TEE检查见残余分流,2例右心室流出道血流速度增快,1例变更右心室壁穿刺点后导丝顺利进入缺口;15例转行体外循环下心内直视修补术。结论 TEE可用于指导外科微创封堵治疗ASD和VSD,包括测量缺损大小和位置、选择封堵器型号、确定手术路径、引导封堵器释放和评估治疗效果。     

经胸微创非体外循环下封堵室间隔缺损:多中心经验和近中期随访结果

目的 总结多中心应用食管超声引导、经胸微创小切口、非体外循环(CPB)下封堵室间隔缺损(VSD)的临床经验和近、中期随访结果.方法 432例病儿,男235例,女197例;年龄3个月～15岁,平均(3.2±1.9)岁;体重4.0～26.0 kg,平均(13.3±5.6)kg.膜周部VSD 351例,嵴上或嵴内型VSD 57例,肌部VSD 24例(17例多发VSD).VSD直径3～12 mm,平均(5.3±1.6)mm.膜周部VSD,经剑突下或胸骨下端3～4 cm小切口进胸;嵴内或嵴上VSD,经胸骨左缘第3肋间2～3 cm小横切口进胸.暴露右心室表面,在食管超声引导和实时监测下,穿刺右心室游离壁,导引钢丝经右心室腔穿过VSD到达左心室腔,沿导引钢丝导入输送鞘管建立轨道.通过输送鞘管直接将封堵器安放在VSD部位.经食管超声多切面反复评估封堵器的位置和与周边组织的关系,若无异常情况即可释放封堵器.结果 432例中417例封堵成功(96.5%),15例(3.5%)术中改为常规CPB手术.封堵成功者中,选用对称伞238例(57.1%),偏心伞179例(42.9%).13例(3.1%)发生新的微量至轻度三尖瓣反流,11例(2.6%)术后发生不完全右束支传导阻滞,3例(0.7%)术后发生一过性完全性房室传导阻滞.术后383例(91.8%)病儿在2 h内拔除气管插管,3～5天出院.术后416例(96.2%,416/432例)随访12～38个月,平均(19.3±11.6)个月,无近、中期死亡.1例术后6个月发生完全性房室传导阻滞.其余无明显异常.结论 应用食管超声引导、经胸微创非CPB下封堵VSD技术,是一种相对简单有效的治疗方法,近、中期临床结果满意,但远期结果需要进一步观察.

Abstract：

Objective Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) guided, minimally invasive perventricular device occlusion of ventricular septal defects ( VSDs) without cardiopulmonary bypass ( CPB) has been applied in multiple centers. We reported experiences and the mid-term results. Methods Four hundred and thirty-two cases from 4 cardiac centers were involved in the study. There were 235 males and 197 females, aged from 3 months to 15 years, with a body weight varying from 4.0 to 26.0 kg. Three hundred and fifty-one patients had perimembranous VSDs, 57 had intracristal or supracristal VSDs and 24 had muscular VSDs (17 had multiple muscular VSDs). The diameter of the VSD ranged from 3 to 12 (5.3 ±1.6 ) mm.For those with perimembranous or muscular VSDs, a 3 to 5 cm inferior sternotomy was made, but for those with intracristal or supracristal VSDs, a 2 to 3 cm incision was made parastemally through the left third intercostal space. Being monitored and guided with TEE, the device was deployed to occlude the VSD through the puncture at the free wall of the right ventricle. TEE was used for assessing the residual shunting, the left and right ventricular outlet tracts, valvular function and for detecting any arrhythmia, The devices would be released if the heart rhythm was normal, as well as the residual shunting and valvular regurgilalion were not detected. Results The procedure was completed successfully in 417 cases(96.5% ) and converted to traditional surgical closure with CPB in the other 15 cases(3.5% ). Concentric devices were used in 238 cases(57.1% )and eccentric devices were used in 179 patients(42.9% ). Successful procedures finished in less than 90 minutes, and the deployment and evaluation of the devices were completed in 5 to 60 (18. 2 ± 8.6) minutes. No residual shunt and detectable aortic or tricuspid insufficiency and arrhythmia was observed. Patients were extubated within 2 hours and discharged 3 to 5 days after the operation. During fellow-up period from 3 months to 2 years, no clinically significant complications occurred. Conclusion The minimally invasive device closure of VSD under TEE guidance without CPB is proved to be a simple, safe and effective treatment for a considerable number of children with VSD. Its use in the clinical practice should be encouraged.     

经食管超声心动描记术在先天性心脏病镶嵌治疗中的应用

目的观察TEE在非体外循环下先天性心脏病镶嵌治疗中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析167例TTE初筛拟行先天性心脏病镶嵌治疗的患者,术前TEE检查进一步筛选患者,指导选择适当封堵器,术中TEE监测引导置入封堵器并评价其疗效。结果本组167例中,24例房间隔缺损(ASD)和121例室间隔缺损(VSD)成功完成镶嵌治疗,1例ASD和5例VSD术后即刻TEE可见一丝残余分流,术后3个月复查1例ASD和4例VSD残余分流消失,1例VSD右心室流出道血流速度稍加快,1例VSD术前无主动脉瓣反流,术后出现轻-中度反流。3例ASD和9例VSD镶嵌治疗不顺利,转体外循环。对1例ASD和2例VSD由于缺口过小而放弃治疗。7例VSD合并主动脉瓣脱垂直接放弃镶嵌治疗,转修补术。结论在非体外循环下先天性心脏病的镶嵌治疗中,TEE能为选择适应证和封堵器提供技术支持,实时监测指导及评价手术,降低手术风险,提高手术成功率。     

经食管超声心动图监测微创室间隔缺损封堵术

目的探讨TEE在监测探条辅助微创室间隔缺损（VSD）封堵术中的临床价值。方法 100例VSD患者术前均接受TTE检查,以明确VSD的位置、类型、大小及边缘情况,来选择合适的封堵器。在TEE引导下选择荷包开口位置,实时监测封堵器放置并即刻评价手术疗效。术后1周内行TTE复查。结果 100例患者全部封堵成功,实心探条输送法55例,中空探条输送法33例,直接输送法12例。患者均于术后3～4天出院,随访1～12个月,无封堵器脱落、移位、溶血和房室传导阻滞等并发症发生。结论 TEE在探条辅助经胸微创封堵VSD的术中引导和术后评价中均发挥重要作用,使该术成为更简便可行、成功率更高的封堵方法。     

经食管超声心动图在外科微创治疗继发孔型房间隔缺损封堵术中的应用

目的探讨TEE在外科微创置入Amplatzer封堵器治疗继发孔型房间隔缺损（ASD）中的应用价值。方法对术前经TTE及TEE筛选的22例继发孔型ASD患者行外科微创封堵术,在TEE完成治疗全程,包括引导、监测和评估,封堵器选择、术中鞘管输送、封堵器释放及术后即刻手术效果评价。结果采用外科微创封堵术成功治疗21例患者,术后即刻TEE显示封堵器位置正常,塑形良好,无残余分流及并发症。TEE测量ASD最大径为（20.14±7.35）mm,与术中所用封堵器大小[（26.66±8.70）mm]相关性良好（r=0.949,P〈0.0001）。1例患者术中TEE显示不适于微创封堵,改行小切口外科修补术获得成功。封堵术后TTE随访3个月,封堵器位置固定,无移位,无残余分流。结论 TEE在继发孔型ASD外科微创封堵治疗术中具有重要应用价值。     

经食管超声在室间隔缺损小切口封堵术中的应用

目的评价TEE在室间隔缺损（VSD）外科小切口封堵术中的价值。方法 25例VSD患者接受外科小切口封堵术,其中膜周型缺损19例,嵴内型缺损6例;缺损直径3～9mm,平均（5.25±3.47）mm。所有患者术前均接受TTE检查评估VSD。气管插管全身麻醉后,在TEE引导下,经右心室游离壁置入VSD封堵器,并于术后即刻评价手术效果。结果 25例均封堵成功,19例使用等边封堵器,6例使用偏心封堵器。25例术后即刻超声及术后超声观察,室间隔水平均无分流信号。结论 TEE在VSD小切口封堵术术中监测及术后评价中具有重要价值。     

复杂性先天性心脏病并右位主动脉弓1例

孕妇,22岁,孕2产0,孕25周,既往身体健康,无遗传性疾病和各种不良接触史。使用GE-730彩色超声诊断仪行产前常规检查。超声发现,胎儿心脏结构异常,心脏四腔切面：心尖指向左侧,心胸比不大,左、右房室大小对称失调,右心细小,左、右心房与左、右心室连接一致,心脏中央“十”字交叉消失,见一组融合的瓣膜开闭。降主动脉位于脊柱的右前方（图1）。     

实时三维经食管超声心动图在成人房间隔缺损介入封堵术中的应用

目的探讨实时三维TEE(RT-3D-TEE)在成人房间隔缺损(ASD)经导管封堵术中的应用价值。方法对TTE初筛后拟行封堵治疗的31例ASD患者行RT-3D-TEE检查,测量缺损最大径和面积,与TTE、二维TEE(2D-TEE)测值进行比较;评价缺损解剖特征,判断其是否适宜行封堵术,并选择封堵器型号。结果 TTE、2D-TEE和RT-3D-TEE测量ASD最大径分别为(21.32±6.21)mm、(22.80±5.87)mm和(23.44±5.90)mm,RT-3D-TEE与TTE和2D-TEE比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05);RT-3D-TEE所测缺损面积与最大径显著相关(r=0.92,P<0.05);RT-3D-TEE显示房间隔缺损形状多为近似椭圆形,较少为不规则形及近似圆形,可清晰显示ASD残缘情况及周围毗邻结构的空间关系;根据RT-3D-TEE结果,29例属封堵术适应证,并封堵成功,封堵器大小为最大径测值+(5.4±2.3)mm。结论 RT-3D-TEE可直观评价ASD大小、形态及毗邻结构空间关系,在成人ASD封堵治疗中有重要应用价值。     

经食管实时三维超声心动图在经胸微创继发孔型房间隔缺损封堵术中的应用

目的探讨经食管实时三维超声心动图（RT-3D-TEE）在经胸微创封堵术治疗继发孔型房间隔缺损（SASD）中的应用价值。方法对TTE诊断为SASD的58例患者行经胸微创封堵治疗。术前行RT-3D-TEE检查,明确SASD的位置、类型、大小及边缘情况,以选择合适的封堵器;术中于RT-3D-TEE引导下放置封堵器;术后即刻评价封堵效果,1周后复查TTE。结果58例患者均封堵成功,3例少量残余分流;术后1周TTE检查示封堵器位置正常,均无残余分流。结论RT-3I）_TEE可立体显示SASD的部位、形态及与周围结构的空间关系,对于选择封堵器型号、全方位引导放置封堵器及术后疗效评价具有重要临床应用价值。     

Role of transesophageal echocardiography in the management of pediatric patients with congenital heart disease

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has become a critical diagnostic and perioperative management tool for patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) undergoing cardiac and noncardiac surgical procedures. This review highlights the role of TEE in routine management of pediatric cardiac patient population with focus on indications, views, applications and technological advances.     

微创技术同期治疗漏斗胸合并先天性心脏病

目的 探讨应用微创技术同期治疗漏斗胸合并先天性心脏病(先心)的方法及可行性.方法 2006年7月至2011年6月应用双微创技术6例,其中男4例,女2例;年龄4～6岁5月,平均5岁4月;体重16 ～ 20 kg,平均(18.00±1.79) kg.CT Haller指数3.9 ～5.0,平均(4.35±0.43).其中4例行室间隔缺损微创伞封术(3例膜部和1例主动脉瓣下室间隔缺损,缺损直径4 ～5 mm);2例行中央型继发孔房间隔缺损微创伞封术,直径12～16mm.先心微创术后行Nuss手术,术后常规放置心包纵隔引流管.结果 手术顺利,术后5～11h拔除气管插管,平均(8.17±2.04)h.48h拔除心包纵隔引流管.无手术死亡、大出血及胸腔脏器损伤等危险并发症.术后检查先心封堵效果良好,肺复张良好.术后出现1例切口延期愈合,经治疗后,均顺利出院.3例行钢板取出术,效果满意.结论 微创技术同期治疗合并先心的漏斗胸安全、满意,避免了二次手术所带来的困难和风险.     

Giant aneurysm of the right atrial appendage repaired by minimally invasive approach

A 59‐year‐old female patient who was diagnosed with giant right atrial appendage aneurysm (75 × 87 mm) underwent minimally invasive repair via right mini‐thoracotomy. The aneurysm was completely excluded by linear method under beating heart without cardiac arrest. The postoperative recovery was uneventful and she was discharged home without symptoms 16 days after surgery.     

Arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide tension difference in children with congenital heart disease

In children with congenital cyanotic heart disease, right-to-leftintracardiac shunting causes an obligatory difference betweenarterial and end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (Pa_CO2–PE'_CO2)as venous blood, rich in carbon dioxide, is added to the arterialcirculation. This obligatory Pa_CO2–PE'_CO2 difference,which can be predicted from knowledge of oxygen saturation,haemoglobin concentration and Pa_CO2, increases as oxygen saturationdecreases, most markedly when the haemoglobin concentrationis high. A second possible cause of the Pa_CO2–PE'_CO2 differenceis the effect of pulmonary hypoperfusion caused by the shunt.We studied 60 children undergoing cardiac surgery and comparedthe predicted the Pa_CO2–PE'_CO2 difference with measuredvalues to investigate the extent to which additional factorsinfluence the clinically observed Pa_CO2–PE'_CO2. In manychildren, observed values were much greater than predicted,which is compatible with some degree of pulmonary hypoperfusion.However, this was not felt to represent the complete picturein all patients. Another cause of ventilation–perfusionmismatch was suspected in those children who showed a considerableimprovement in oxygen saturation during ventilation with anincreased FI_O2. We believe that pulmonary congestion causedby large left-to-right shunts may further increase the Pa_CO2–PE'_CO2difference. Br J Anaesth 2001; 86: 349–53