声触诊组织量化技术鉴别诊断肝脏局灶性病变

目的探讨声触诊组织量化(VTQ)技术在肝脏局灶性病变鉴别诊断中的临床应用价值。方法采用VTQ技术对93例肝脏局灶性病变患者96个病灶及15名正常志愿者进行检测,获取病灶及肝实质的剪切波速度(SWV)值。结果病变组与正常对照组的SWV值的组内相关系数(ICC)均>0.71。恶性病变组SWV值最大,良性组次之,正常对照组最低(P<0.05),以SWV=1.96m/s作为良、恶性病变的诊断阈值,诊断恶性病变的准确率、敏感度、特异度、阳性和阴性预测值分别91.68%,98.41%,80.02%,89.62%和96.57%;血管瘤与肝硬化结节及局灶性结节增生(FNH)、肝细胞癌(HCC)与肝转移癌的SWV差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。局灶性恶性病变组周围肝实质SWV值大于良性组及正常组(P<0.05),良性组略大于正常组(P>0.05);血管瘤、FNH病种间和肝转移癌、HCC、肝硬化结节及胆管细胞癌(CCC)病种间的周围肝实质的SWV差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 VTQ可定量反映不同类型肝脏局灶性病变的硬度,有助于鉴别诊断。     

超声造影和声触诊组织量化技术对肝脏良、恶性病变的诊断价值

目的 探讨超声造影技术和声触诊组织量化技术鉴别诊断肝脏局灶性病变良、恶性的价值.方法 对71例患者的83个病灶进行常规超声、超声造影和声触诊组织量化技术（VTQ）检查,根据超声造影相关指标和病灶剪切波速度（SWV）,对病灶良、恶性进行判断.结果 超声造影诊断肝脏局灶性病变良、恶性的敏感度、特异度及准确率分别为91.07％、92.59％、91.57％;良、恶性病灶的SWV值分别为（1.42±0.3）m/s和（2.76±1.0）m/s,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.以SWV值=1.79m/s为临界点鉴别肝脏局灶性病变良、恶性,其敏感度、特异度和准确率分别为80.36％、92.59％、84.34％;超声造影联合VTQ诊断的敏感度、特异度和准确率分别为96.43％、85.19％、92.77％.结论 超声造影和VTQ技术均对肝脏局灶性病变有诊断价值,二者从不同方面反映病灶特征,具有一定的互补作用,联合应用时能提高诊断率.     

声触诊组织量化技术在肝脏局灶性病变中的初步应用

目的探讨声触诊组织量化技术（VTQ）在肝脏局灶性病变中的初步应用价值。方法对97例肝脏局灶性病变的患者进行VTQ检查,对各病变组和对应肝背景VTQ值,良恶性病变VTQ值进行对比分析,应用ROC曲线计算鉴别肝脏良恶性占位VTQ测值的阈值。结果原发性肝癌、转移性肝癌及肝血管瘤与各对应肝背景VTQ值比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,血管瘤与原发性肝癌及转移性肝癌VTQ值比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。良性病变与恶性病变VTQ值比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。ROC曲线分析阈值,当VTQ值≥1．85m／s时,肝脏局灶性病变诊断为恶性的敏感度和特异度均为78％,阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为80％和77％。结论VTQ可用于肝脏局灶性病变的检测,有助于鉴别肝脏局灶性病变的良恶性。     

声脉冲辐射力弹性成像鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的价值

目的探讨声脉冲辐射力(ARFI)弹性成像在甲状腺局灶性病变良恶性鉴别诊断中的价值。方法应用ARFI弹性成像声触诊组织定量(VTQ)技术检测甲状腺结节120个,记录结节的横向剪切波速度(SWV),并计算每个结节与其周围甲状腺组织的SWV比值。结果甲状腺良性和恶性结节的SWV平均值分别为(2.28±0.84)m/s(范围:0.61～9.00m/s)和(5.04±2.78)m/s(范围:2.32～9.00m/s)(P=0.000)。甲状腺良恶性病灶的SWV值分布情况有显著性差别。良性和恶性结节的病灶SWV与周围甲状腺组织的SWV比值平均值分别为1.14±0.42(范围:0.31～2.59)和2.39±1.43(范围:0.89～6.16)(P=0.000)。甲状腺良恶性病灶SWV与周围组织的SWV比值分布情况有显著性差别。将病灶SWV值及病灶SWV与周围组织的SWV比值用于鉴别甲状腺结节的良恶性,受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.849及0.806。结论 ARFI可反映甲状腺结节的弹性特征,对甲状腺结节的良恶性鉴别诊断有一定的帮助。     

肝局灶性病变的超声造影定量分析及其在定性诊断中的意义

目的评价肝局灶性病变的超声造影参数在肝局灶性病变定性诊断中的意义。方法采用对比脉冲序列超声造影成像技术及ACQ定量分析软件,记录59例患者共70个肝局灶性病灶的造影剂到达时间、造影剂灌注达峰值强度时间,并比较良恶性肿瘤在这些参数上的差异。结果肝良性病灶、恶性病灶及病灶旁肝组织造影剂到达时间分别平均为(15.26±2.79)s,(12.71±2.11)s及(15.88±3.00)s,恶性病灶组造影剂到达时间显著早于良性病灶组及病灶旁肝组织(P=0.000);良性病灶、恶性病灶及病灶旁肝组织造影剂灌注达峰值强度所用时间分别为(39.63±5.36)s,(23.25±4.55)s及(38.04±4.19)s,恶性病灶组显著早于良性病灶组及病灶旁肝组织(P=0.000);良性病灶、恶性病灶及病灶旁肝组织的峰值强度分别为(23.12±4.01)dB,(25.83±3.56)dB及(16.45±3.89)dB,良性组与恶性组间差异无统计学意义,但均显著高于病灶旁肝组织(P=0.000)。结论肝局灶性恶性病灶造影剂到达时间及造影剂达峰值强度的时间均显著早于良性病灶,在肝局灶性病变的定性诊断中具有一定的参考价值。     

声脉冲辐射力成像技术鉴别诊断肝脏良恶性局灶性病变

目的探讨声脉冲辐射力成像技术(ARFI)对肝脏良恶性局灶性病变的鉴别诊断价值。方法对64例患者76个肝脏局灶性病变进行ARFI检查并分析,包括声触诊组织成像技术(VTI)和声触诊组织量化技术(VTQ)。所有患者均经手术或穿刺病理证实或两种增强影像学检查(CEUS、CT、MRI)确诊。采用ROC曲线评价剪切波速(SWV)对肝脏局灶性病变良恶性的鉴别诊断价值,并确定临界点。结果 VTI声像图中,31个(31/40,77.50%)恶性病灶和13个(13/36,36.11%)良性病灶呈灰黑色(P<0.05);良性病灶SWV明显低于恶性病灶[(1.67±0.61)m/s vs(2.80±1.07)m/s,P<0.01)。以SWV=2.04m/s为临界点鉴别肝脏局灶性病变的良恶性,其敏感度、特异度和准确率分别是82.50%、80.60%和81.58%。结论 ARFI有助于鉴别诊断肝脏良恶性局灶性病变,具有良好的临床应用前景。     

声触诊组织定量技术鉴别肝脏良恶性病灶

目的 探讨声触诊组织定量(VTQ)技术鉴别肝脏良恶性病灶的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析123例患者共143个肝脏病灶及周围肝实质的VTQ检查资料.测量病灶及同等深度周围肝实质的剪切波速度(SWV),并计算两者比值(R值).以病理结果为金标准,分别绘制病灶SWV值及R值鉴别肝脏良恶性病灶的ROC曲线并进行分析.结果 143个病灶中,恶性病灶63个,良性病灶80个.恶性病灶SWV值[(2.81±0.71)m/s]高于良性病灶[(1.57±0.55)m/s,P<0.05].恶性病灶SWV值高于周围肝实质[(1.93±0.46)m/s,P<0.05],良性病灶与周围肝实质SWV值[(1.43±0.45)m/s]差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).恶性病灶R值(1.49±0.42)高于良性病灶(1.13±0.34,P<0.05).以病灶SWV值及R值鉴别肝脏良恶性病灶的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.91、0.77.以SWV 2.23 m/s为最佳截断点,诊断敏感度、特异度分别为88.9%、89.1%;以R值1.22为最佳截断点,诊断敏感度、特异度分别为81.5%、68.5%.结论 通过VTQ技术获得病灶SWV值及R值均可较准确地鉴别肝脏良恶性病灶,且SWV值优于R值.     

声触诊组织成像量化技术鉴别诊断睾丸良性与恶性病变价值

目的 探讨声触诊组织成像量化技术在睾丸良、恶性病变鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法 睾丸良性病变患者31例,恶性病变患者31例,采用声触诊组织成像量化技术检测睾丸病灶内部及正常睾丸剪切波速度（shear wave velocity,SWV）,并与同期体检健康者50例（对照组）进行比较。结果 睾丸良性病灶内部和恶性病灶内部SWV[（1.12±0.37）、（2.36±0.41）m/s]高于对照组正常睾丸组织[（0.81±0.14）m/s]（P〈0.05）,睾丸恶性病灶内部SWV高于良性病灶（P〈0.05）;绘制ROC曲线,病灶内部SWV诊断睾丸恶性病变的AUC为0.856,95%CI为0.786~0.947,最佳诊断截点为2.04m/s;与组织病理结果进行对照,病灶内部SWV≥2.04m/s诊断睾丸恶性病变的敏感性为82.6%,特异性为85.4%,准确率为84.8%。结论 声触诊组织量化技术可定量评价睾丸病变组织的硬度,在睾丸病变定性诊断中有较高价值。     

声触诊组织量化技术对甲状腺结节的鉴别诊断价值

目的 探讨声触诊组织量化(virtual touch tissues quantification,VTQ)技术鉴别甲状腺良恶性结节的可行性和应用价值.方法 应用VTQ技术对265例患者共275个可疑恶性的甲状腺结节进行检测,评价观察者内剪切波速度(shear wave velocity,SWV)的重复性;对照病理及穿刺细胞学结果,根据ROC曲线确定SWV诊断甲状腺癌的敏感性和特异性,并且比较良恶性结节的SWV.结果 甲状腺结节观察者内的SWV测值重复性好(ICC＞0.75);甲状腺恶性结节SWV高于良性结节,差异有统计学意义(3.13 m/s对2.07 m/s,Z=12.17,P＜0.05),由ROC曲线可知,当SWV截值=2.35 m/s(曲线下最大面积-0.946)时,其预测甲状腺恶性结节的敏感性和特异性分别为91.1％和82.3％.结论 VTQ技术具有无创、简便及重复性高的特点,有助于甲状腺良恶性结节的鉴别.     

甲状腺多发结节中偶发癌的检出:声脉冲辐射力弹性成像的应用价值

目的探讨声脉冲辐射力(ARFI)弹性成像声触诊组织成像(VTI)和声触诊组织定量(VTQ)技术在检出甲状腺多发结节中偶发癌的临床价值。方法分析经病理证实的83例甲状腺多发结节患者112个结节的VTI及VTQ特征。VTI图像分为6级,VTQ以横向剪切波速度(SWV)值表示。探讨ARFI术前检出偶发癌的敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值。结果 112个甲状腺结节,病理证实良性病变93个,恶性病变19个。恶性病变中VTI图像≥Ⅳ级的有15个,<Ⅳ级的有4个;良性病变中VTI图像≥Ⅳ级的有1个,<Ⅳ级的有92个。VTI弹性分级Ⅳ级及Ⅳ级以上检出甲状腺多发结节中偶发癌的敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为78.9%、98.9%、95.5%、93.8%及95.8%;良性和恶性结节的SWV值平均值分别为(2.37±1.08)m/s(范围:0.61～4.68m/s)和(4.40±2.53)m/s(范围:1.28～9m/s)(P=0.000)。恶性病变中VTQ的SWV值≥2.87m/s的有11个,<2.87m/s的有8个;良性病变中SWV值≥2.87m/s的有16个,<2.87m/s的有77个。以SWV值>2.87m/s为标准检出甲状腺多发结节中偶发癌的敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为57.9%、82.8%、78.6%、40.7%及90.6%。结论 ARFI弹性成像中的VTI对检出甲状腺多发结节中偶发癌有较高的临床价值,而VTQ的价值偏低。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.