Videothoracoscopic treatment of postoperative bleedings and its' complications by thoracic traumas

35 patients, operated on the thoracic trauma (ISS - 9±3), had videothoracoscopy on the reason of the continued bleeding (n=6), clotted hemothorax (n=27) or pleura empyem (n=2). The best results were obtained in case of the clotted hemothorax thoracoscopic evacuation wihin 3 days after bledding. Even the late use of videothoracoscopic procedures for the treatment of postoperative complications shortens the hospital stay in comparison with the traditional methods. The video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery is an accurate and safe method for the postoperative bleeding complications in hemodynamically stable patients.     

Role of Videothoracoscopy in Chest Trauma

Background. The aim of this study was to evaluate videothoracoscopic procedures in the setting of chest trauma.Methods. We retrospectively analyzed our experience of videothoracoscopy in patients with either blunt trauma or penetrating thoracic injuries.Results. Forty-three procedures involving 42 patients were performed between July 1990 and April 1996. Indications for videothoracoscopy included suspected diaphragmatic injury (14 patients), clotted hemothorax (12), continued hemothorax (6), persistent pneumothorax (5), intrathoracic foreign body (4), posttraumatic chylothorax (1), and posttraumatic empyema (1 patient). Ten patients (24%) required conversion to thoracotomy. Two patients suffered postoperative pneumonia. There was one perioperative death. Mean hospital stay was 17 days; 21 days for patients with blunt trauma and 13 days for patients with penetrating injuries. There was no procedure-related complication. Videothoracoscopy allowed precocious discharge of patients suffering penetrating injuries and allowed faster recovery in the majority of patients suffering severe blunt trauma.Conclusions. Videothoracoscopy appears to be a safe, accurate, and useful approach in selected patients with chest trauma. It is ideal for the assessment of diaphragmatic injuries, for control of chest wall bleeding, for early removal of clotted hemothorax, for treatment of empyema, for treatment of chylothorax, for treatment of persistent pneumothorax, and for removal of intrathoracic foreign body. However, we do not recommend the use of this technique in the setting of suspected great vessel or cardiac injury.(Ann Thorac Surg 1997;63:327–33)© 1997 by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons     

Videothoracospy in thoracic trauma and penetrating injuries

Videothoracoscopy represents a valid and useful approach in some patients with blunt chest trauma or penetrating thoracic injury. This technique has been validated for the treatment of clotted hemothorax or posttraumatic empyema, traumatic chylothorax, traumatic pneumothorax, in patients with hemodynamic stability. Moreover, it is probably the most reliable technique for the diagnosis of diaphragmatic injury. It is also useful for the extraction of intrathoracic projectiles and foreign bodies. This technique might be useful in hemodynamically stable patients with continued bleeding or for the exploration of patients with penetrating injury in the cardiac area, although straightforward data are lacking to confirm those indications. Thoracotomy or median sternotomy remain indicated in patients with hemodynamic instability or those that cannot tolerate lateral decubitus position or one-lung ventilation. Performing video-surgery in the trauma setting require expertise in both video-assisted thoracic surgery and chest trauma management. The contra-indications to videothoracoscopy and indications for converting the procedure to an open thoracotomy should be perfectly known by surgeons performing video-assisted thoracic surgery in the trauma setting. Conversion to thoracotomy or median sternotomy should be performed without delay whenever needed to avoid blood loss and achieve an adequate procedure.     

Early evacuation of clotted hemothorax

Thoracotomy is infrequently required for penetrating or blunt thoracic trauma. Complications of thoracic trauma, such as clotted hemothorax and empyema, significantly increase morbidity, mortality, and length of hospitalization. Among approximately 9,000 patients with blunt or penetrating thoracic trauma seen during a recent eleven year period, 33 per cent (3,000 patients) presented with hemothorax or pneumohemothorax. The average length of hospitalization in the patient with uncomplicated thoracic trauma was less than six days. Among the 3,000 patients with hemothorax or pneumohemothorax, 2,600 (85 per cent) were treated with a drainage procedure. Among this group, clotted hemothorax or posttraumatic empyema developed in 85 (3.3 per cent). Among ten patients undergoing evacuation of a clotted hemothorax within five days of admission, there was zero mortality and an average hospital stay of ten days. Forty-one patients undergoing decortication more than five days after injury had a 2.4 per cent mortality, with the average period of hospitalization being twenty-five days. Thirty-four patients requiring decortication and drainage of empyema had a 12 per cent mortality and an average hospital stay of forty-one days. Among those patients in whom empyema developed, the most frequently associated injuries were enteric. These complications occurred due to inadequate evacuation of the original hemothorax, nonfunctioning tube thoracostomy, physician delay in recognition of the pathologic process, and bacterial contamination of the hemothorax. When complications secondary to tube thoracostomy dysfunction occurred, early operative evacuation of clotted hemothorax decreased the mortality, morbidity, and hospital stay and prevented the development of empyema.     

电视胸腔镜手术在开放性胸部损伤中的应用

目的探讨电视胸腔镜手术（video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS）在开放性胸部损伤诊断、治疗中的价值。方法2003年7月～2008年7月选择64例开放性胸部损伤应用电视胸腔镜进行探查、诊断,同时进行肺修补、心包修补、膈肌修补、止血等操作,以及小切口辅助手术。结果64例经VATS探查明确胸内脏器损伤情况：肺裂伤43例,共56处;心包裂伤7例,其中1例合并右心室裂伤;膈肌破裂9例,合并脾破裂5例、肝脏裂伤1例、胃壁裂伤穿孔1例;单纯肋间血管损伤5例,合并肋间血管损伤3例。VATS肺裂伤修补24例,其中联合胸壁止血2例;VATS联合辅助小切口使用Endo—GIA切割缝合器行肺裂伤修补11例、应用丝线褥式缝合肺裂伤6例、肺组织楔形切除2例。3例心包破裂出血在胸腔镜下完成止血及缝合修补。胸腔镜下完成膈肌修补手术5例。中转开胸完成手术13例。胸腔镜探查及治疗时间32～124min,平均65．8min。术后气胸6例,轻度皮下气肿4例,9例术后1～12d少量咳血。64例随访2～60个月,平均28．5月,复查胸片无胸腔积液、积气及阴影。结论VATS应用于开放性胸部损伤能使诊断更加及时、准确,手术创伤小,疗效满意。     

Reevaluation of early evacuation of clotted hemothorax

During an 181/2 year period, we encountered 14,300 patients with blunt or penetrating thoracic or thoracicoabdominal trauma. In 155 patients, residual clotted hemothorax or empyema developed later. Thirty-nine patients underwent early evacuation of clotted hemothorax with no mortality and an average hospital stay of only 10 days. When progression to empyema occurred, the mortality rate increased to 9.4 percent and the average hospital stay to 37.9 days. The most common related event in the development of empyema was concurrent injury to intraabdominal organs and the inevitable bacterial contamination of the thorax. In a small number of patients, tube thoracostomy drainage is inadequate and results in residual clotted hemothorax. Despite recent pleas for conservative, expectant management, it is our experience that early evacuation of clotted hemothorax is not only cost-effective, it is also associated with lower morbidity, lower mortality, and reduces the chance of development of empyema.     

Delayed pericardial effusion following stab wounds to the chest.

INTRODUCTION: Delayed pericardial effusion following penetrating cardiac trauma has not been commonly reported, and the exact incidence remains unknown. It was more common before 1960, when pericardiocentesis was still a popular treatment for stable patients presenting with a stab wound to the heart. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During an 8-year period, 24 patients were diagnosed with delayed pericardial effusions following a recent stab wound over the chest. Nine patients had been initially treated at our trauma unit, and the remaining 15 patients were referred by a peripheral clinic. RESULTS: Diagnosis was confirmed by cardiac ultrasound or echocardiogram. Sixteen patients were adequately treated by subxiphoid drainage. Sternotomy was performed in five patients, left thoracotomy in two and right thoracotomy in one patient. No actively bleeding injuries were found. Three patients had active infection in the pericardial space. Fever, pleural effusions and ascites were common associated findings. Additional procedures performed included laparotomy for acute abdominal pain in two patients (both negative), and simultaneous drainage of a pleural empyema. Two patients with staphylococcal pericardial infections required subsequent pericardiectomy. SUMMARY: The diagnosis of a penetrating cardiac patient may be missed in a stable patient, and patients may present with delayed pericardial effusions and tamponade. Post pericardiotomy syndrome may be the most common cause of delayed pericardial effusion, followed by sepsis. Subxiphoid pericardial window is an adequate form of treatment. Recent literature reveals that occult cardiac injury is not uncommon, thus a case should be made to actively investigate all patients with precordial stab wounds with cardiac ultrasound or echocardiogram.     

Successful emergency resuscitative thoracotomy and thoracoscopy in an injured patient with impending death

A 23-year-old man was bilaterally stabbed with knife creating 10 cm wide wounds similar to minithoracotomy incisions. Initially, the patient had no cardiac or respiratory activity. Emergency resuscitative thoracotomy was hastily performed on the right side. An Immediate manual occlusion of the pulmonary hilum was done as damage control. A pneumonorrhaphy was performed and the bleeding was completely stopped. The patient was stabilized and to avoid another thoracotomy on the left side due to massive blood loss, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) was performed. The wound was explored, the hemothorax was evacuated, and a superficial non-bleeding parenchymal pulmonary laceration was discovered. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged home 10 days later, and returned to his physically demanding work after 5 weeks. It is concluded that VATS can be cautiously performed on the less severely injured side in patients with bilateral thoracic penetrating trauma in extremis following successful emergency resuscitative thoracotomy.     

Surgical management of penetrating injuries to the coronary arteries.

Among 76 patients with heart wounds treated over a 4 year period, nine had penetrating injuries to the coronary arteries with clinical presentations of pericardial tamponade, electrocardiographic abnormalities of bundle branch block or ST and T wave changes, and hemothorax. The right coronary artery was injured in two patients, the left anterior descending coronary artery in six patients, and the left circumflex coronary artery in one patient. All but one of these injured coronary arteries were treated by ligation. One patient with a proximal left anterior descending coronary artery transection presented with cardiac arrest and was managed successfully by emergency cardiopulmonary support and saphenous vein bypass with ligation of the transected ends of the artery. The only death occurred six days postoperatively in a patient with a right coronary artery laceration and was not related to the heart injury. No late symptomatic or hemodynamic sequelae have been noted among any of these patients. Principles of elective cardiac surgery are readily adaptable to the patient with a coronary artery injury.     

Videothoracoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of hemothorax

Video assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has assumed greater importance in the management of pleural diseases. From 1994 to 1998 the Authors report their experience about 11 cases of hemothoraces depending on various causes: 6 hemothoraces and 3 hemopneumothoraces, some spontaneous or iatrogenic, others in patients with chest trauma; 2 clotted hemothoraces. All patients were studied by VAT detecting the source of bleeding in 6 cases of acute hemothorax and in 3 cases of acute hemopneumothorax; in 5 cases the lesions were successfully repaired with thoracoscopic technique. In others 4 patients the VATS approach was converted to thoracotomy for the seriousness of lesions: 3 acute hemothoraces (1 patient with penetrating thoracic firearms injury, 1 patient with extended lung laceration, 1 patient with iatrogenic lesion of right subclavian artery); 1 acute hemopneumothorax in one patient with penetrating thoracic firearms injury and left hemidiaphragmatic double perforation: in this case laparotomy was also operated in order to exclude others abdominal lesions. 2 cases of clotted hemothorax were operated by VATS performing the removal of clots after their fragmentation by endobabcock and pleural irrigation-aspiration with physiological solution. No procedure related complications were occurred. The authors conclude that the video-thoracoscopic approach is certainly advantageous for the management of spontaneous, traumatic or iatrogenic acute hemothoraces. This technique permits, with minimal traumatism and very little complications, the correct therapeutic programming (VATS operation or conversion to thoracotomy). However some hemothoraces (hemothoraces in patients with serious cranial trauma, with spleen rupture, with great vessels rupture, with heart rupture or with massive post-operating hemothorax) contro-indicate the thoracoscopic treatment: immediate thoracotomy and/or laparotomy, in these cases, is indispensable. In the treatment of clotted hemothoraces the VATS is a favourable alternative to thoracotomy, reforming the pleural cavity with minimal traumatism and avoiding tardive complications.     

Management of penetrating stab wounds of the chest: an assessment of the indications for early operation.

Haemothorax, haemopneumothorax, and pneumothorax were the most common complications in 85 patients with penetrating stab injuries of the chest. These complications were amenable to conservative treatment by aspiration or drainage of the pleural space. Immediate operation was indicated in 30 cases. Indications for surgery were haemorrhage from a major systemic or pulmonary vessel or the heart, cardiac tamponade, diaphragmatic penetration, oesophageal and bronchial tears, and sucking chest wounds. The need for immediate operation was clinically obvious at presentation in most cases. It should have been suspected from the situation of the entry wound, the nature of the weapon used, the size of the haemothorax, and the clinical findings in the others. All 11 deaths occurred in that group in which early operation was indicated, and some could have been averted had the need for operation been suspected early. Seven patients developed an empyema; five were in the group that required immediate surgery and in the other two infection occurred in a clotted haemothorax. Early repair of the associated visceral injuries and complete evacuation of a haemothorax, either fluid or clotted, could reduce the incidence of empyema.     

Videothoracoscopy

Background: The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic and therapeutic effectiveness of videothoracoscopy in thoracic trauma patients. Methods: The design was a retrospective review. The setting was a major trauma center at an urban county hospital. Forty-one hemodynamically stable patients sustaining thoracic trauma were reviewed (34 penetrating and 7 blunt injuries). In the acute setting (<24 h), videothoracoscopy was used for continued bleeding (6) and suspected diaphragmatic injury (17). Thoracoscopy was used in delayed settings (>24 h) for treatment of thoracic trauma complications (18) including clotted hemothorax (14), persistent air leak (1), widened mediastinum (1), and suspected diaphragmatic injury (2). Results: The average Injury Severity Score (ISS) of these patients was 18.9±10.0. Three of 6 patients (50%) with continued bleeding were successfully treated thoracoscopically. Nine of 10 (90%) diaphragmatic injuries were confirmed by thoracoscopy, and 7 of these 9 patients (77%) were repaired thoracoscopically. Thirteen of 14 patients (93%) with clotted hemothoraces and one with a persistent air leak were treated successfully using thoracoscopy. An aortic injury was ruled out in one patient. Conclusions: Videothoracoscopy is a safe, accurate, minimally invasive, and potentially cost-effective method for the diagnosis and therapeutic management of thoracic trauma patients.Presented at the annual meeting of the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES), Orlando, Florida, USA, 11–14 March 1995     

Diagnostic pericardial window. A safe alternative to exploratory thoracotomy for suspected heart injuries

During a five-year period, 104 patients underwent a pericardial window procedure to diagnose possible cardiac injury. Eighty-eight procedures were performed by a subxiphoid approach, and 16 were transdiaphragmatic in combination with an exploratory laparotomy. There were 51 patients with stab wounds, 45 with gunshot wounds, and eight with blunt trauma. All penetrating wounds were near the heart. In seven patients the window disclosed cardiac damage with no clinical signs of tamponade or shock. Fifty-one patients had signs of tamponade; however, only 12 of them had a cardiac injury diagnosed by pericardial window. Nineteen patients had cardiac injuries. One examination had false-negative results and one study had false-positive results. Cardiac wounds repaired included the right ventricle (eight), left ventricle (three), right atrium (five), and cardiac vein or pericardial wounds (three). Complications were negligible and consisted of minor wound infections (two) and postpericardiotomy syndromes (two). The pericardial window provides a rapid and safe means of diagnosing cardiac injuries in patients with equivocal signs of heart injury while sparing the patient without a heart wound a major operation.     

Videothoracoscopic evaluation of thoracic injuries

Residual thoracic collections after thoracic traumas occur in 5-30% of patients and are a major risk factor for development of empyema. Management with a thoracostomy tube is the traditional treatment but it requires a prolonged hospital stay and 20% of patients treated continue to have a residual clot. Forty-two haemodynamically stable patients with chest trauma (36 blunt and 6 penetrating) were examined thoracoscopically. Indications for videothoracoscopy included suspected diaphragmatic injury (8 patients), persistent pneumothorax (8), continued haemorrhage (6) and clotted haemothorax (20). Diaphragmatic lacerations were confirmed thoracoscopically in 7 patients. Four of them were successfully repaired with thoracoscopic techniques and three were repaired after conversion to open thoracotomy for large diaphragmatic lacerations. In patients with persistent pneumothorax, limited lung lacerations were correctly diagnosed and repaired thoracoscopically. In all patients with continued haemorrhage intercostal artery injury was confirmed and repaired by diathermy. All clotted haemothorax cases were successfully evacuated. No complications occurred. Videothoracoscopy appears to be a safe, accurate and reliable operative therapy for the assessment of diaphragmatic injuries, control of continued bleeding and evacuation of clotted haemothorax, reducing the hospital stay and possible complications.     

Retracted: Effect of chest ultrasound compared with pericardial window for the diagnosis of occult penetrating cardiac wounds in hemodynamically stable subjects with penetrating thoracic trauma: A meta-analysis

We conducted a meta-analysis to assess the diagnostic performance of chest ultrasound compared with a pericardial window for the detection of occult penetrating cardiac wounds in patients with penetrating thoracic trauma who were hemodynamically stable. A systematic literature search up to December 2022 was performed and 567 related studies were evaluated. The chosen studies comprised 629 penetrating thoracic trauma subjects who participated in the selected studies' baseline. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the effect of different chest ultrasounds on wound infection after penetrating thoracic trauma by the dichotomous methods with a random or fixed effect model. The chest ultrasound resulted in significantly lower occult penetrating cardiac wounds detection (OR, 0.02; 95% CI, 0.01–0.08, P < 0.001), higher false positive (OR, 33.85; 95% CI, 9.21–124.39, P < 0.001), and higher false negative (OR, 27.31; 95% CI, 7.62–97.86, P < 0.001) compared with the pericardial window in penetrating thoracic trauma. The chest ultrasound resulted in significantly lower occult penetrating cardiac wound detection, higher false positives, and higher false negatives compared with the pericardial window in penetrating thoracic trauma. Although care should be taken when dealing with the results because all of the studies had less than 200 subjects as a sample size     

Current evaluation of cardiac stab wounds

Background. Patients with penetrating cardiac injuries may be stable or only mildly shocked, especially if the laceration has sealed off and the patient has been aggressively resuscitated. Clinical signs, chest roentgenograms, pericardiocentesis, and subxiphoid window are not always helpful in establishing the diagnosis. We reflect on the current evaluation based on 128 patients.

Methods. There were four groups of patients, ranging from lifeless (group I) to stable (group IV). Patients in groups I and II were prepared immediately for operation. Those in groups III and IV were often investigated further (chest roentgenogram and cardiac ultrasound).

Results. Mortality was 8%. Significant findings were a precordial stab, central venous pressure of more than 15 cm of water, one or more clinical signs of tamponade, and initial shock. Cardiac ultrasound was performed in 5 patients in group II (15%), 14 patients in group III (48%), and 37 patients in group IV (86%). There were no false positives, and 6 false negatives (11%). Thirty-one patients (24%) had clotted lacerations. There were no negative sternotomies.

Conclusions. Efficient fluid resuscitation and rapid confirmation of diagnosis with cardiac ultrasound should decrease mortality. Stable patients with a precordial wound should undergo cardiac ultrasound or echocardiogram. Diagnosis may be reliably confirmed in these patients whose clinical signs often fluctuate (or rapidly deteriorate).     

Thoracic injury requiring surgery

This report concentrates on the 15% of chest injuries requiring thoracotomy. Eighty-five percent of cases may be managed by a large-bore chest tube placed in the midaxillary line. The indications for thoracotomy following placement of a chest tube are immediate egress of 1,500 ml of blood, continued bleeding at a rate of more than 100 ml/h, and large air leaks that prevent re-expansion of the lung or that, on the ventilator, constitute a significant fraction of the tidal volume. Immediate thoracotomy is also indicated for the patient with a penetrating wound that may have reached the heart in association with acute loss of vital signs or shock that does not quickly respond to blood replacement. Emergency room thoracotomy may also allow salvage of blunt trauma patients with blood loss in the chest by allowing more effective control of blood loss, cardiac massage, and cross-clamping of the aorta. A persistent diagnostic suspicion of the hidden injuries such as aortic rupture, esophageal injury, airway rupture, blunt cardiac injuries, and diaphragmatic rupture must be maintained, so that these injuries are properly diagnosed and treated. Sepsis following trauma to the chest is generally related to retained hematoma and damaged tissue. It is probably wise to resect the pulmonary parenchyma damaged by a high velocity gunshot wound. Chest tubes for hemothorax should be placed so that the blood is totally evacuated; otherwise, the clotted blood usually restricts pulmonary ventilation and commonly leads to an empyema which requires surgery.     

Video-assisted thoracoscopic pericardial window for penetrating cardiac trauma

OBJECTIVE: To report our experience with thoracoscopic pericardial window (TPW) for occult penetrating cardiac injury. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During the study period (1 January - 31 December 2000), a small group of haemodynamically stable patients with anterior left-sided praecordial wounds were selected for TPW. All patients underwent general anaesthesia with double-lumen intubation and collapse of the left lung. A rigid laparoscope was inserted through a 2 cm incision in the 5th intercostal space in the anterior axillary line. Another 3 cm incision was made in the fourth intercostal space over the cardiac silhouette. Conventional instruments were used to grasp and open the pericardium. Any myocardial injury identified was an indication to proceed to sternotomy. In the absence of a myocardial injury and bleeding, the procedure was terminated and considered therapeutic. RESULTS: Seventy-one patients with suspected penetrating cardiac injuries were seen. TPW was successfully completed in 13 patients. All were men, with a mean age of 29.8 (range 19 - 38) years. Ten and 3 patients sustained stab and gunshot wounds, respectively. The mean revised trauma score was 7.84. Ultrasound was performed in 12 patients; the results were equivocal for 2 patients, and positive for an effusion in 4 patients. Haemopericardium was found in 3 patients, 2 of whom proceeded to sternotomy. No cardiac injury was found in 1, a left ventricular contusion was identified in the second, and the third patient had no further procedure after good video-thoracoscopic visualisation of the anterior myocardium revealed no injury. In another patient, pericardial bruising was evident without any haemopericardium. The mean operative time was 13.4 (range 10 - 15) minutes, with a mean hospital stay of 5.4 (range 3 - 8) days. There were no complications. The use of a double-lumen endotracheal tube increased the cost of TPW by 23% when compared with subxiphoid pericardial window (SPW). CONCLUSION: TPW is a feasible, although in our setting not cost-effective, diagnostic option for occult penetrating cardiac injuries.     

Penetrating trauma of the lung.

Records of 373 patients with penetrating wounds of the lung seen at the Ben Taub General Hospital over a 1-year period were reviewed. Intercostal tube thoracostomy was the only therapy required in 282 patients. Thoracotomy was performed in 91 patients with repair of a pulmonary lesion in only 45 patients. Pneumonorrhaphy was performed in 33 patients, segmentectomy in six, and lobectomy in two. Four patients required repair of tracheal injuries. Fourteen patients initially treated with intercostal tube drainage required thoracotomy for complications of clotted hemothorax in eight and empyema in six. There were 29 deaths. Penetrating lung trauma in the majority of patients may be treated conservatively with a low incidence of infection or complication. Of the patients who require thoracotomy, associated injuries will frequently represent the major operative indication. Early thoracotomy for complication of clotted hemothorax or empyema is encouraged.     

Application of early videothoracoscopic pulmonary decortication in the treatment of an acute pleural empyema and suppurated clotted hemothorax

There was presented the experience of performance of videothoracoscopic pulmonary decortications in 22 patients, suffering suppurated clotted hemothorax, and in 188--an acute pleural empyema. In 97.3% patients the cessation of purulent process and pulmonary volume restoration were achieved. Residual cavities with the pulmonary nonairtightness signs were revealed in 3 (1.4%) patients, the empyema recurrence--in 1 (0.5%), suppuration of the wound, made by thoracic port--in 1 (0.5%), all the patients are alive.